Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3846/ijspm.2023.20564
Emre Ozmen
The scholarly modeling of property tax has always posed a challenge, with two primary concerns to be addressed: first, maintaining sustainability in the collection, which is primarily a concern for local governments; and second, ensuring fair distribution, which is of greater concern for citizens. In today’s practices, assessment-based property tax increases unmatched expenses in bubble economies. There is a substitution problem in rapid falls, the tendency to not decrease the assessments gives way to black holes and opens the door to ghost cities. This paper proposes alternative approaches, aside from market/land value or last sold price, aimed at improving sustainability and fairness rates. The dataset examined is based on 93.7K records and 88 attributes for assessed value of properties within the City of Buffalo, the United States of America. Since the label (Total Value) is a numerical and continuous value, regression models are selected, where ensemble machine learning methods categorically work well with larger datasets, combined with weak learners, like decision trees. Stacked Ensemble led the least error for regression with 0.98 R2, followed by Gradient Boosting. Results show a 79% dominance of uncontrollable attributes, such as Land Value, Neighborhood, and Sale (last sold) Price, compared to controllable attributes, such as Total Living Area, Construction Grade, Second Story Area, and many others. This article suggests having a more balanced split between uncontrollable and controllable attributes would contribute to both sustainability and fair distribution.
{"title":"SUSTAINABILITY IN PROPERTY TAXATION: AN APPLICATION FOR REVENUE STABILITY AND FAIRNESS PERSPECTIVES, THE CITY OF BUFFALO, NY","authors":"Emre Ozmen","doi":"10.3846/ijspm.2023.20564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.20564","url":null,"abstract":"The scholarly modeling of property tax has always posed a challenge, with two primary concerns to be addressed: first, maintaining sustainability in the collection, which is primarily a concern for local governments; and second, ensuring fair distribution, which is of greater concern for citizens. In today’s practices, assessment-based property tax increases unmatched expenses in bubble economies. There is a substitution problem in rapid falls, the tendency to not decrease the assessments gives way to black holes and opens the door to ghost cities. This paper proposes alternative approaches, aside from market/land value or last sold price, aimed at improving sustainability and fairness rates. The dataset examined is based on 93.7K records and 88 attributes for assessed value of properties within the City of Buffalo, the United States of America. Since the label (Total Value) is a numerical and continuous value, regression models are selected, where ensemble machine learning methods categorically work well with larger datasets, combined with weak learners, like decision trees. Stacked Ensemble led the least error for regression with 0.98 R2, followed by Gradient Boosting. Results show a 79% dominance of uncontrollable attributes, such as Land Value, Neighborhood, and Sale (last sold) Price, compared to controllable attributes, such as Total Living Area, Construction Grade, Second Story Area, and many others. This article suggests having a more balanced split between uncontrollable and controllable attributes would contribute to both sustainability and fair distribution.","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"53 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138948698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3846/ijspm.2023.20498
Hamza Usman, Mohd Lizam
This study delves into the property submarket in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia. The submarket is anticipated to be simple, uniform, and dense, making it highly influenced by neighbouring properties. However, traditional data-driven methods that overlook spatial contiguity disregard this density condition. To tackle this problem, the study investigates spatially constrained data-driven methods utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The findings reveal that spatially constrained methods outperform traditional methods by minimizing errors and enhancing model fit. Specifically, the two-step cluster method and k-means cluster method reduce errors by 6.96% and 7.22%, respectively, but at the cost of model fit by 11.23% and 13.94%. Conversely, the spatial k-means and spatial agglomerative hierarchical cluster methods reduce errors by 8.68% and 8.17%, respectively, while improving model fit by 7.1% and 6.35%. Hence, the study concludes that spatially constrained data-driven methods are more effective in differentiating commercial property submarkets than traditional methods.
{"title":"EXPLORING SOME SPATIALLY CONSTRAINED DELINEATION METHODS IN SEGMENTING THE MALAYSIAN COMMERCIAL PROPERTY MARKET","authors":"Hamza Usman, Mohd Lizam","doi":"10.3846/ijspm.2023.20498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.20498","url":null,"abstract":"This study delves into the property submarket in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia. The submarket is anticipated to be simple, uniform, and dense, making it highly influenced by neighbouring properties. However, traditional data-driven methods that overlook spatial contiguity disregard this density condition. To tackle this problem, the study investigates spatially constrained data-driven methods utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The findings reveal that spatially constrained methods outperform traditional methods by minimizing errors and enhancing model fit. Specifically, the two-step cluster method and k-means cluster method reduce errors by 6.96% and 7.22%, respectively, but at the cost of model fit by 11.23% and 13.94%. Conversely, the spatial k-means and spatial agglomerative hierarchical cluster methods reduce errors by 8.68% and 8.17%, respectively, while improving model fit by 7.1% and 6.35%. Hence, the study concludes that spatially constrained data-driven methods are more effective in differentiating commercial property submarkets than traditional methods.","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"9 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138949295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3846/ijspm.2023.20580
Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani, Seyed Mostafa Hedayatnezhad Kashi, J. Antuchevičienė
The present research has evaluated the spatial distribution and functional radius of land uses in the central district of Tehran city using objective and subjective methods. The findings showed; Land uses have a directional pattern with random distribution and a cluster. The functional radius also indicates a lack of desirable access for residents to land uses. On the other hand, the lack of per capita confirms the results of the functional radius of the land uses. Because the district is facing a per capita shortage in all uses and functional scales. The results of subjective evaluations also showed that residents lack ease of access to land uses. Also, the optimal access to land uses from the residents’ perspectives has been contrary to the standards of urban development plans. What has been quite evident is that spatial injustice in the distribution of land uses and the presence of disparities in access to land uses have had a negative impact on the livability of the district. Our results underscore the importance of a comprehensive examination of livability based on the spatial justice of land uses. This necessitates simultaneous attention to distribution patterns, functional radii of land uses, and the involvement of residents’ perceptions of that space.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF URBAN LIVABILITY BASED ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND FUNCTIONAL RADIUS OF LAND USES","authors":"Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani, Seyed Mostafa Hedayatnezhad Kashi, J. Antuchevičienė","doi":"10.3846/ijspm.2023.20580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.20580","url":null,"abstract":"The present research has evaluated the spatial distribution and functional radius of land uses in the central district of Tehran city using objective and subjective methods. The findings showed; Land uses have a directional pattern with random distribution and a cluster. The functional radius also indicates a lack of desirable access for residents to land uses. On the other hand, the lack of per capita confirms the results of the functional radius of the land uses. Because the district is facing a per capita shortage in all uses and functional scales. The results of subjective evaluations also showed that residents lack ease of access to land uses. Also, the optimal access to land uses from the residents’ perspectives has been contrary to the standards of urban development plans. What has been quite evident is that spatial injustice in the distribution of land uses and the presence of disparities in access to land uses have had a negative impact on the livability of the district. Our results underscore the importance of a comprehensive examination of livability based on the spatial justice of land uses. This necessitates simultaneous attention to distribution patterns, functional radii of land uses, and the involvement of residents’ perceptions of that space.","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":" 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3846/ijspm.2023.20563
R. Trojanek
The paper analysed the impact of different noise sources on the residential market. This research used the hedonic method in OLS, SAR and SEM models based on the data set containing geocoded 16,247 apartments in Poznan. Strong evidence was found that noise is negatively linked with apartment prices. The apartment prices were the most significantly influenced by railway noise – an increase of 1 dB above 55 dB causes a 1.79% decrease in the value of an apartment. For other noise sources, aviation noise had the most significant impact with a 0.59% decrease in value per dB, tram noise with a 0.32% decrease and road noise with a 0.12% decrease. The influence of different noise levels on apartments is not constant and does not assume a linear relationship. For road noise, noise below 60 dB and tram noise below 65 dB were statistically insignificant. This may indicate that these noise levels are acceptable and are compensated by better access to public roads or urban transport.
{"title":"HOW DO DIFFERENT NOISE POLLUTION SOURCES AFFECT APARTMENT PRICES?","authors":"R. Trojanek","doi":"10.3846/ijspm.2023.20563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.20563","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analysed the impact of different noise sources on the residential market. This research used the hedonic method in OLS, SAR and SEM models based on the data set containing geocoded 16,247 apartments in Poznan. Strong evidence was found that noise is negatively linked with apartment prices. The apartment prices were the most significantly influenced by railway noise – an increase of 1 dB above 55 dB causes a 1.79% decrease in the value of an apartment. For other noise sources, aviation noise had the most significant impact with a 0.59% decrease in value per dB, tram noise with a 0.32% decrease and road noise with a 0.12% decrease. The influence of different noise levels on apartments is not constant and does not assume a linear relationship. For road noise, noise below 60 dB and tram noise below 65 dB were statistically insignificant. This may indicate that these noise levels are acceptable and are compensated by better access to public roads or urban transport.","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3846/ijspm.2023.20444
Lassi Tähtinen, S. Toivonen, A. Rashidfarokhi
With continuing urbanisation, real estate (RE) has become increasingly important in crisis management. The field of crisis research is still fragmented, especially in the RE context and focuses on the retrospective analysis of single crisis events. This qualitative, futures studies–based paper aims to build a more holistic, foresight-driven understanding of how diverse crises affect RE. It identifies 128 possible future crises from a societal perspective and adopts a novel method in the field, the Futures Wheel, to collect the views of 179 practicing and academic experts via 58 multidisciplinary workshops to analyse the impacts of the identified crises. From this analysis emerged the Crisis Impact Framework for Real Estate, which includes 23 impact themes that synthesise the variety of direct and indirect crisis impacts on RE’s hard elements (e.g. the physical condition of materials) and soft elements (e.g. economic value changes). This study contributes an integrated and foresight-driven perspective to the existing research literature. The framework can assist RE market participants in preparing and assessing critical elements of RE before, during and after crisis impacts have manifested and can help spatial planners, investors and RE managers to reflect in a more multidimensional manner on their vulnerabilities and crisis preparedness.
{"title":"EVADING DANGER: THE CRISIS IMPACT FRAMEWORK FOR REAL ESTATE","authors":"Lassi Tähtinen, S. Toivonen, A. Rashidfarokhi","doi":"10.3846/ijspm.2023.20444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.20444","url":null,"abstract":"With continuing urbanisation, real estate (RE) has become increasingly important in crisis management. The field of crisis research is still fragmented, especially in the RE context and focuses on the retrospective analysis of single crisis events. This qualitative, futures studies–based paper aims to build a more holistic, foresight-driven understanding of how diverse crises affect RE. It identifies 128 possible future crises from a societal perspective and adopts a novel method in the field, the Futures Wheel, to collect the views of 179 practicing and academic experts via 58 multidisciplinary workshops to analyse the impacts of the identified crises. From this analysis emerged the Crisis Impact Framework for Real Estate, which includes 23 impact themes that synthesise the variety of direct and indirect crisis impacts on RE’s hard elements (e.g. the physical condition of materials) and soft elements (e.g. economic value changes). This study contributes an integrated and foresight-driven perspective to the existing research literature. The framework can assist RE market participants in preparing and assessing critical elements of RE before, during and after crisis impacts have manifested and can help spatial planners, investors and RE managers to reflect in a more multidimensional manner on their vulnerabilities and crisis preparedness.","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"109 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3846/ijspm.2023.20425
Zhifeng Shen, Jing Li, A. Siraj, Shilpa Taneja, Zhihui Li
Large-city housing costs are commonly attributed to excessive investment or financialization of the property market. The primary cause of housing issues is the imbalance between housing supply and demand. In the context of the urban housing market, the dynamic matching of housing supply and population type plays a crucial role in promoting equilibrium, maximizing the effectiveness of the market’s long-term mechanism, and preserving the coordination and stability of the market. To illustrate this point, the paper analyzes the impact of different attributes of population on housing demand from the perspective of dynamic matching between population attributes and housing types. Taking Zhengzhou City in Henan Province as an example, we consider the relationship between population attributes and housing types in the past, construct a theoretical model of population and housing type and anticipate the future supply scale of various housing kinds. Ultimately, our findings provide a theoretical justification for curbing excessive financialization and housing bubbles in large cities. Furthermore, we propose a practical method for urban housing to return to the essence of life from the perspective of matching housing supply and demand.
{"title":"HOUSING TYPES, POPULATION ATTRIBUTES AND THE DEVELOPMENT PATH OF HOUSING IN LARGE CITIES – A CASE STUDY OF ZHENGZHOU, CHINA","authors":"Zhifeng Shen, Jing Li, A. Siraj, Shilpa Taneja, Zhihui Li","doi":"10.3846/ijspm.2023.20425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.20425","url":null,"abstract":"Large-city housing costs are commonly attributed to excessive investment or financialization of the property market. The primary cause of housing issues is the imbalance between housing supply and demand. In the context of the urban housing market, the dynamic matching of housing supply and population type plays a crucial role in promoting equilibrium, maximizing the effectiveness of the market’s long-term mechanism, and preserving the coordination and stability of the market. To illustrate this point, the paper analyzes the impact of different attributes of population on housing demand from the perspective of dynamic matching between population attributes and housing types. Taking Zhengzhou City in Henan Province as an example, we consider the relationship between population attributes and housing types in the past, construct a theoretical model of population and housing type and anticipate the future supply scale of various housing kinds. Ultimately, our findings provide a theoretical justification for curbing excessive financialization and housing bubbles in large cities. Furthermore, we propose a practical method for urban housing to return to the essence of life from the perspective of matching housing supply and demand.","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizational structure refers to the formal framework of roles, responsibilities, and relationships within an organization. It defines the hierarchy, reporting lines, and decision-making processes that shape how work is carried out and how goals are achieved. An effective organizational structure is crucial for the successful implementation of strategic plans as it ensures efficient coordination, resource allocation, and alignment of efforts. The implementation of strategic plans involves translating strategic objectives into actionable steps and initiatives. It requires clear communication, effective leadership, and the mobilization of resources. Implementation involves setting priorities, assigning responsibilities, and establishing performance measures to track progress towards strategic goals. A well-defined organizational structure provides the framework for executing these tasks and enables the organization to respond to challenges and opportunities in a coordinated and efficient manner. The research findings indicate that Etisalat has made efforts to align its hierarchical organizational structure with its strategic goals. The clear lines of authority and accountability have facilitated efficient decision-making and resource allocation for strategic initiatives. Regular evaluations allow the organization to identify areas of improvement, make necessary adjustments, and ensure strategic alignment. The study concluded that organizational structure has enabled cross-functional collaboration and coordination, facilitating the implementation of innovative services and infrastructure projects. The company has effectively communicated its strategic objectives to stakeholders, resulting in partnerships, regulatory support, and customer satisfaction. The study recommended that Etisalat should focus on fostering flexibility and adaptability within its hierarchical organizational structure which can be achieved by implementing agile methodologies and creating cross-functional teams that can respond quickly to market changes and emerging trends. Etisalat should strengthen its performance monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure the effective implementation of strategic plans. Keywords: Organizational Structure, Implementation, Strategic Plans, UAE
{"title":"Organizational Structure and Implementation of Strategic Plans: A Case Study of Etisalat in UAE","authors":"","doi":"10.53819/81018102t5287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5287","url":null,"abstract":"Organizational structure refers to the formal framework of roles, responsibilities, and relationships within an organization. It defines the hierarchy, reporting lines, and decision-making processes that shape how work is carried out and how goals are achieved. An effective organizational structure is crucial for the successful implementation of strategic plans as it ensures efficient coordination, resource allocation, and alignment of efforts. The implementation of strategic plans involves translating strategic objectives into actionable steps and initiatives. It requires clear communication, effective leadership, and the mobilization of resources. Implementation involves setting priorities, assigning responsibilities, and establishing performance measures to track progress towards strategic goals. A well-defined organizational structure provides the framework for executing these tasks and enables the organization to respond to challenges and opportunities in a coordinated and efficient manner. The research findings indicate that Etisalat has made efforts to align its hierarchical organizational structure with its strategic goals. The clear lines of authority and accountability have facilitated efficient decision-making and resource allocation for strategic initiatives. Regular evaluations allow the organization to identify areas of improvement, make necessary adjustments, and ensure strategic alignment. The study concluded that organizational structure has enabled cross-functional collaboration and coordination, facilitating the implementation of innovative services and infrastructure projects. The company has effectively communicated its strategic objectives to stakeholders, resulting in partnerships, regulatory support, and customer satisfaction. The study recommended that Etisalat should focus on fostering flexibility and adaptability within its hierarchical organizational structure which can be achieved by implementing agile methodologies and creating cross-functional teams that can respond quickly to market changes and emerging trends. Etisalat should strengthen its performance monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure the effective implementation of strategic plans. Keywords: Organizational Structure, Implementation, Strategic Plans, UAE","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"18 13","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study sought to investigate the influence of bank credit scheme management in Kigali on the success of business projects filed by borrowers. It focused on examining the loan processes that lead to project success and identifying obstacles that impede it. The study was driven by three specific objectives: to determine the impact of credit appraisal on the success of business projects, to measure the influence of credit risk control, and to assess the effect of debt collection policy on project success. To accomplish these goals, the study adopted a descriptive case study design, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods to gain comprehensive insights. The study encompassed a population of 14,856, with a sample size of 95 respondents selected through a comprehensive sampling technique. Data collection was executed using questionnaires and unstructured interviews, with the Scientific Package for Social Science (SPSS) earmarked for data analysis using mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficients. The study results indicated a significant consideration of respondent suggestions and inputs in financial statement lending and operating cash flow assumptions. The updated variables reflected a short to medium-term operating cash burn in the bank as per the financed projects. A strong correlation was found between credit appraisal and the success of business projects, evidenced by a Pearson correlation of 0.917** and a p-value of 0.000, significantly below the standard significance level of 0.01. This suggests that credit appraisal is a critical factor for the success of business projects financed by banks in Rwanda. The study recommended that the management should fortify financial statement lending and update operating cash flow assumptions regularly to mirror changing variables. Additionally, management should comprehend the probability of loss due to a borrower's failure by involving in participative budgeting and engaging in the credit preparation process to mitigate potential losses. The study also recommends prioritizing and improving credit appraisal processes to ensure thorough evaluation of loan applicants, strengthening debt collection policies to reduce default rates, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement and collaboration among banks in Rwanda. Additionally, it suggests a review of credit risk control practices to align them with the specific needs of businesses in the region Keywords: Bank Credit, Scheme Management, Success of Business Projects, Bank of Kigali, Rwanda
{"title":"Bank Credit Scheme Management and Success of Business Projects Financed by Banks in Rwanda; A Case Study of Bank of Kigali","authors":"","doi":"10.53819/81018102t5285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5285","url":null,"abstract":"The study sought to investigate the influence of bank credit scheme management in Kigali on the success of business projects filed by borrowers. It focused on examining the loan processes that lead to project success and identifying obstacles that impede it. The study was driven by three specific objectives: to determine the impact of credit appraisal on the success of business projects, to measure the influence of credit risk control, and to assess the effect of debt collection policy on project success. To accomplish these goals, the study adopted a descriptive case study design, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods to gain comprehensive insights. The study encompassed a population of 14,856, with a sample size of 95 respondents selected through a comprehensive sampling technique. Data collection was executed using questionnaires and unstructured interviews, with the Scientific Package for Social Science (SPSS) earmarked for data analysis using mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficients. The study results indicated a significant consideration of respondent suggestions and inputs in financial statement lending and operating cash flow assumptions. The updated variables reflected a short to medium-term operating cash burn in the bank as per the financed projects. A strong correlation was found between credit appraisal and the success of business projects, evidenced by a Pearson correlation of 0.917** and a p-value of 0.000, significantly below the standard significance level of 0.01. This suggests that credit appraisal is a critical factor for the success of business projects financed by banks in Rwanda. The study recommended that the management should fortify financial statement lending and update operating cash flow assumptions regularly to mirror changing variables. Additionally, management should comprehend the probability of loss due to a borrower's failure by involving in participative budgeting and engaging in the credit preparation process to mitigate potential losses. The study also recommends prioritizing and improving credit appraisal processes to ensure thorough evaluation of loan applicants, strengthening debt collection policies to reduce default rates, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement and collaboration among banks in Rwanda. Additionally, it suggests a review of credit risk control practices to align them with the specific needs of businesses in the region Keywords: Bank Credit, Scheme Management, Success of Business Projects, Bank of Kigali, Rwanda","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"31 41","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of the balanced scorecard model on organization performance in Rwanda, specifically focusing on a private institution of higher learning. The study assessed the impact of considering the financial perspective on the organization's performance, investigated the influence of the customer perspective on performance, explored the impact of the learning and growth perspective on performance, and determined the influence of internal process analysis on the organization's performance. Both descriptive and correlational research designs were used. The target population consisted of 150 employees, and 109 were selected randomly using basic random sampling methods. Inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analysis, were employed to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, were used for variables and constructs. The results were presented in tables, and the research followed ethical guidelines throughout the study process. The correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between the financial perspective and organization performance (r = 0.770**, p = 0.000) and between the customer perspective and organization performance (r = 0.819**, p = 0.000). Learning and growth showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.617**, p = 0.000), and internal process analysis had a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.691**, p = 0.000). Since the p-values for all four variables were <0.01, the correlations were statistically significant, leading to the rejection of the null hypotheses. The findings from the regression analysis indicated that the R Square value was 0.693, with the adjusted R Square at 0.680 when organization performance was regressed against independent variables. In conclusion, the study found that an organization's performance is positively impacted by the implementation of a balanced scorecard model. The study recommends that organizations, particularly those in the private higher education sector in Rwanda, should consider adopting and implementing the balanced scorecard model as a strategic management tool. Organizational management should adopt sustainable customer relationship strategies to improve their perception. The study also recommends continuous internal processes analysis such as customer complain analysis, timely customer feedback consideration and compliance to regulatory bodies to improve the decision-making processes. Keywords: Financial perspective, Customer perspective, Learning and growth perspective, Internal processes perspective and Performance
本研究的目的是检验平衡计分卡模型对卢旺达组织绩效的影响，特别关注一所私立高等教育机构。本研究评估了考虑财务视角对组织绩效的影响，调查了顾客视角对绩效的影响，探讨了学习和成长视角对绩效的影响，确定了内部过程分析对组织绩效的影响。描述性和相关性研究设计均被采用。目标人群为150名员工，其中109人采用基本随机抽样方法随机抽取。推论统计包括相关分析和回归分析来确定自变量和因变量之间的关系。描述性统计，如频率、百分比、平均值和标准差，用于变量和结构。结果以表格形式呈现，整个研究过程都遵循了伦理准则。相关分析显示，财务视角与组织绩效之间存在显著正相关(r = 0.770**， p = 0.000)，客户视角与组织绩效之间存在显著正相关(r = 0.819**， p = 0.000)。学习与成长呈中等正相关(r = 0.617**， p = 0.000)，内部过程分析呈中等正相关(r = 0.691**， p = 0.000)。由于所有四个变量的p值均为<0.01，因此相关性在统计上显著，导致拒绝原假设。回归分析结果表明，组织绩效对自变量进行回归时，R平方值为0.693，调整后的R平方值为0.680。综上所述，本研究发现平衡计分卡模型的实施对组织的绩效有积极的影响。研究报告建议各组织，特别是卢旺达私立高等教育部门的组织，应考虑采用和执行平衡计分卡模式，作为战略管理工具。组织管理应采用可持续的客户关系策略，以提高他们的感知。该研究还建议持续的内部流程分析，如客户投诉分析，及时的客户反馈考虑和遵守监管机构，以改善决策过程。关键词:财务视角、客户视角、学习与成长视角、内部流程视角和绩效
{"title":"Balanced Scorecard Model and Organization Performance in Rwanda","authors":"","doi":"10.53819/81018102t5288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5288","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of the balanced scorecard model on organization performance in Rwanda, specifically focusing on a private institution of higher learning. The study assessed the impact of considering the financial perspective on the organization's performance, investigated the influence of the customer perspective on performance, explored the impact of the learning and growth perspective on performance, and determined the influence of internal process analysis on the organization's performance. Both descriptive and correlational research designs were used. The target population consisted of 150 employees, and 109 were selected randomly using basic random sampling methods. Inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analysis, were employed to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, were used for variables and constructs. The results were presented in tables, and the research followed ethical guidelines throughout the study process. The correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between the financial perspective and organization performance (r = 0.770**, p = 0.000) and between the customer perspective and organization performance (r = 0.819**, p = 0.000). Learning and growth showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.617**, p = 0.000), and internal process analysis had a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.691**, p = 0.000). Since the p-values for all four variables were <0.01, the correlations were statistically significant, leading to the rejection of the null hypotheses. The findings from the regression analysis indicated that the R Square value was 0.693, with the adjusted R Square at 0.680 when organization performance was regressed against independent variables. In conclusion, the study found that an organization's performance is positively impacted by the implementation of a balanced scorecard model. The study recommends that organizations, particularly those in the private higher education sector in Rwanda, should consider adopting and implementing the balanced scorecard model as a strategic management tool. Organizational management should adopt sustainable customer relationship strategies to improve their perception. The study also recommends continuous internal processes analysis such as customer complain analysis, timely customer feedback consideration and compliance to regulatory bodies to improve the decision-making processes. Keywords: Financial perspective, Customer perspective, Learning and growth perspective, Internal processes perspective and Performance","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"53 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134902497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Differentiation strategy is a strategic approach adopted by firms to create unique and distinct offerings in the market. It involves developing and promoting unique features, benefits, and value propositions that set the firm apart from competitors. The success of a differentiation strategy is measured by its impact on the firm's performance indicators such as market share, profitability, and customer loyalty. Effective differentiation enables firms to command premium pricing, attract and retain customers, and gain a competitive advantage. Continuous innovation, brand positioning, customer-centricity, and market research are key elements in implementing a successful differentiation strategy. The study used the descriptive research design. The target population was 40 heads of departments in Godrej Consumer Products firm in India. The study did sampling of 30 respondents that were selected from the target population of 40 heads of departments in Godrej Consumer Products firm in India. The collection of the data was done using questionnaires. The study concluded that GCPL's differentiation strategy has proven effective in creating a distinct identity for their products. The company's emphasis on continuous product innovation and understanding of consumer needs has allowed them to develop unique offerings that cater to specific segments. The ability to command premium pricing, capture market share, and consistently deliver revenue growth and profitability indicates the strength of the differentiation approach. The study recommended that the firm should conduct regular market research and gather consumer insights which will help in identifying emerging trends and unmet needs, allowing GCPL to develop innovative offerings that resonate with target consumers. The company should focus on strengthening product innovation, enhancing brand positioning and communication, expanding regional customization, embracing digital transformation, fostering sustainability, and fostering collaboration and partnerships. This will help in solidifying its market position, attracting and retaining loyal consumers, and navigate the evolving FMCG landscape with success. Keywords: Differentiation Strategy, Performance, FMCG Firms, India
{"title":"Differentiation Strategy and Performance of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Firms. A study of Godrej Consumer Products in India.","authors":"","doi":"10.53819/81018102t5286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5286","url":null,"abstract":"Differentiation strategy is a strategic approach adopted by firms to create unique and distinct offerings in the market. It involves developing and promoting unique features, benefits, and value propositions that set the firm apart from competitors. The success of a differentiation strategy is measured by its impact on the firm's performance indicators such as market share, profitability, and customer loyalty. Effective differentiation enables firms to command premium pricing, attract and retain customers, and gain a competitive advantage. Continuous innovation, brand positioning, customer-centricity, and market research are key elements in implementing a successful differentiation strategy. The study used the descriptive research design. The target population was 40 heads of departments in Godrej Consumer Products firm in India. The study did sampling of 30 respondents that were selected from the target population of 40 heads of departments in Godrej Consumer Products firm in India. The collection of the data was done using questionnaires. The study concluded that GCPL's differentiation strategy has proven effective in creating a distinct identity for their products. The company's emphasis on continuous product innovation and understanding of consumer needs has allowed them to develop unique offerings that cater to specific segments. The ability to command premium pricing, capture market share, and consistently deliver revenue growth and profitability indicates the strength of the differentiation approach. The study recommended that the firm should conduct regular market research and gather consumer insights which will help in identifying emerging trends and unmet needs, allowing GCPL to develop innovative offerings that resonate with target consumers. The company should focus on strengthening product innovation, enhancing brand positioning and communication, expanding regional customization, embracing digital transformation, fostering sustainability, and fostering collaboration and partnerships. This will help in solidifying its market position, attracting and retaining loyal consumers, and navigate the evolving FMCG landscape with success. Keywords: Differentiation Strategy, Performance, FMCG Firms, India","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"11 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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