Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689531
A. Quigg, Chen Xu, W. Chin, M. Kamalanathan, J. Sylvan, Z. Finkel, A. Irwin, Kai Ziervogel, T. Wade, T. Knap, P. Hatcher, P. Santschi
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is the largest in US history in terms of oil released and the amount of dispersants applied. It is also the first spill in which the incorporation of oil and/or dispersant into marine snow was directly observable. Marine snow formation, incorporation of oil (MOS – marine oil snow) and subsequent settling to the seafloor, has been termed MOSSFA: Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation. This pathway accounts for a significant fraction of the total oil returning back to the sea floor. GOMRI funded studies have determined that important drivers of MOSSFA include, but are not limited to, an elevated and extended Mississippi River discharge, which enhanced phytoplankton production and suspended particle concentrations, zooplankton grazing, and enhanced mucus formation (operationally defined as EPS, TEP, marine snow). Efforts thus far to understand the mechanisms driving these processes are being used to aid in the development of response strategies. These include modeling efforts towards predicting plume dynamics. Although much has been learned during the GOMRI program (reviewed herein and elsewhere), there are still important unknowns that need to be addressed. Understanding of the conditions under which significant MOSSFA events occur, the consequences to the biology, the sinking velocity and distribution of the MOSSFA as well as its ultimate fate are amongst the most important consideration for future studies. Also important is the modification of the oil and dispersant within the MOS and its transport as part of MOSSFA. Ongoing studies are needed to further develop our understanding of these complex and interrelated phenomena.
{"title":"Crude oil and particulate fluxes including marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculant accumulation: Deepwater Horizon oil spill study","authors":"A. Quigg, Chen Xu, W. Chin, M. Kamalanathan, J. Sylvan, Z. Finkel, A. Irwin, Kai Ziervogel, T. Wade, T. Knap, P. Hatcher, P. Santschi","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689531","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is the largest in US history in terms of oil released and the amount of dispersants applied. It is also the first spill in which the incorporation of oil and/or dispersant into marine snow was directly observable. Marine snow formation, incorporation of oil (MOS – marine oil snow) and subsequent settling to the seafloor, has been termed MOSSFA: Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation. This pathway accounts for a significant fraction of the total oil returning back to the sea floor. GOMRI funded studies have determined that important drivers of MOSSFA include, but are not limited to, an elevated and extended Mississippi River discharge, which enhanced phytoplankton production and suspended particle concentrations, zooplankton grazing, and enhanced mucus formation (operationally defined as EPS, TEP, marine snow). Efforts thus far to understand the mechanisms driving these processes are being used to aid in the development of response strategies. These include modeling efforts towards predicting plume dynamics. Although much has been learned during the GOMRI program (reviewed herein and elsewhere), there are still important unknowns that need to be addressed. Understanding of the conditions under which significant MOSSFA events occur, the consequences to the biology, the sinking velocity and distribution of the MOSSFA as well as its ultimate fate are amongst the most important consideration for future studies. Also important is the modification of the oil and dispersant within the MOS and its transport as part of MOSSFA. Ongoing studies are needed to further develop our understanding of these complex and interrelated phenomena.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88480565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684681
Oscar García, Jay Cho, L. DiPinto, Ben Shorr, B. Todd, Daniel Han, Diana Garcia
We have developed a UAS system that collects multispectral data in order to characterize oil slick thicknesses and emulsification ratios. This system consists on a UAS that carries multiple cameras that integrate 10 wavelength band sensors ranging from Ultra-Violet (UV) to Long Wave Infrared (LW-IR). This system has been originally tested at OHMSETT and at the MC-20 site in the Gulf of Mexico. More recently this UAS was put in operation during the Lake Washington Wellhead blowout in Louisiana. In here we present examples of how this operational tool allowed oil spill responders to efficiently deploy containments of the floating oil (booming) and to monitor the collection of the oil on real time. Moreover, using a rapid classification algorithm, the multispectral data collected by our UAS allowed us to make a detailed high resolution classification of the oil detected on the shorelines of the affected areas. The UAS also delivered near real time oil detections that were used during the spill by the NOAA oil spill science coordinators through the ERMA system. This UAS has proven its ability to detect oil on ‘hard to reach areas’ and it offers a valuable option for the evaluation of affected areas impacted by the spill. We compared the SCAT surveys with the UAS oil detections and conclude the importance of adding this UAS tool as part of the operational assessment of the spill to determine the level of impact of the spill on the nearshore environment.
{"title":"Multispectral UAS system for detecting, characterizing, and mapping oil spills on near shore environments","authors":"Oscar García, Jay Cho, L. DiPinto, Ben Shorr, B. Todd, Daniel Han, Diana Garcia","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684681","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We have developed a UAS system that collects multispectral data in order to characterize oil slick thicknesses and emulsification ratios. This system consists on a UAS that carries multiple cameras that integrate 10 wavelength band sensors ranging from Ultra-Violet (UV) to Long Wave Infrared (LW-IR). This system has been originally tested at OHMSETT and at the MC-20 site in the Gulf of Mexico. More recently this UAS was put in operation during the Lake Washington Wellhead blowout in Louisiana. In here we present examples of how this operational tool allowed oil spill responders to efficiently deploy containments of the floating oil (booming) and to monitor the collection of the oil on real time. Moreover, using a rapid classification algorithm, the multispectral data collected by our UAS allowed us to make a detailed high resolution classification of the oil detected on the shorelines of the affected areas. The UAS also delivered near real time oil detections that were used during the spill by the NOAA oil spill science coordinators through the ERMA system. This UAS has proven its ability to detect oil on ‘hard to reach areas’ and it offers a valuable option for the evaluation of affected areas impacted by the spill. We compared the SCAT surveys with the UAS oil detections and conclude the importance of adding this UAS tool as part of the operational assessment of the spill to determine the level of impact of the spill on the nearshore environment.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90092575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141705
Seong-Gil Kang, T. Joung, Siyeon Lee, Joung-Yun Lee, Haemin Won, Young You
This analysis has been implemented firstly under the project of ‘Development of information Sharing Platform on oil and HNS spills in the NOWPAP region' which was propose at the 18th MERRAC Focal Points meeting (August 2015) and approved by the 20th NOWPAP Intergovernmental meeting (November 2015). The detailed information on scope of data collection used in this analysis is as follows; Data used in this analysis was scoped from the year of 1990 to 2017Incidents of oil spillage with over 10 tons were only collected from the member states on a regular basisMERRAC established the guidelines to clear the terms and meanings to analyzeFrom 1990 to 1997, incidents of oil spill with over 50 tons were collectedThe incident data provides incident dates, locations, vessel types, incident types, pollution types and pollution quantities
{"title":"Statistical analysis of the oil and HNS spill incidents occurred in NOWPAP region from 1990 to 2017","authors":"Seong-Gil Kang, T. Joung, Siyeon Lee, Joung-Yun Lee, Haemin Won, Young You","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141705","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This analysis has been implemented firstly under the project of ‘Development of information Sharing Platform on oil and HNS spills in the NOWPAP region' which was propose at the 18th MERRAC Focal Points meeting (August 2015) and approved by the 20th NOWPAP Intergovernmental meeting (November 2015). The detailed information on scope of data collection used in this analysis is as follows; Data used in this analysis was scoped from the year of 1990 to 2017Incidents of oil spillage with over 10 tons were only collected from the member states on a regular basisMERRAC established the guidelines to clear the terms and meanings to analyzeFrom 1990 to 1997, incidents of oil spill with over 50 tons were collectedThe incident data provides incident dates, locations, vessel types, incident types, pollution types and pollution quantities","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90413422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.679374
E. Owens, R. Santner
The Shoreline Response Program (SRP) is an adjustment within an Incident Management System (IMS) intended to improve current practices. An SRP builds on the recognized strengths of an IMS-based organization and of a SCAT program that utilizes an integrated and focused approach to streamline and better coordinate the decision and planning processes and the operational implementation activities. An SRP is an extension of the traditional SCAT program but with a broader focuses on strategic and tactical planning to minimize the short- and long-term impacts of oil on shorelines, the efforts and costs involved in a shoreline response, and the volumes of waste that would be generated. The inclusion of an SRP concept in drills, exercises and preparedness training can directly improve the ability to respond quickly and effectively during the initial response phase. Not implementing an SRP at the very outset of a spill response, when typically the best opportunities exist for the removal of bulk oil, can have significant long-term consequences. Shifting an emphasis on management and physical resources from, often only partially successful, on-water activities to onshore shoreline activities when oil can be picked up more rapidly and effectively can significantly reduce i) the footprint of the response, ii) the duration and scale of the shoreline operation, iii) the exposure of shore zone resources to the oil, and so accelerate environmental recovery, and iv) waste generation.
{"title":"Integration of a Shoreline Response Program (SRP) and SCAT","authors":"E. Owens, R. Santner","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.679374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.679374","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Shoreline Response Program (SRP) is an adjustment within an Incident Management System (IMS) intended to improve current practices. An SRP builds on the recognized strengths of an IMS-based organization and of a SCAT program that utilizes an integrated and focused approach to streamline and better coordinate the decision and planning processes and the operational implementation activities. An SRP is an extension of the traditional SCAT program but with a broader focuses on strategic and tactical planning to minimize the short- and long-term impacts of oil on shorelines, the efforts and costs involved in a shoreline response, and the volumes of waste that would be generated. The inclusion of an SRP concept in drills, exercises and preparedness training can directly improve the ability to respond quickly and effectively during the initial response phase. Not implementing an SRP at the very outset of a spill response, when typically the best opportunities exist for the removal of bulk oil, can have significant long-term consequences. Shifting an emphasis on management and physical resources from, often only partially successful, on-water activities to onshore shoreline activities when oil can be picked up more rapidly and effectively can significantly reduce i) the footprint of the response, ii) the duration and scale of the shoreline operation, iii) the exposure of shore zone resources to the oil, and so accelerate environmental recovery, and iv) waste generation.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81233458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.658764
LT Jordan Ortiz, LT Lynn Schrayshuen
Over the past decade, the United States Coast Guard Sector Southeastern New England (SENE) along with state and local partner agencies in the New Bedford, Massachusetts area have been attempting to understand commercial vessel's inability to comply with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) regarding oily bilge waste and proper disposal options. The regulations have been in effect since 1983 requiring oceangoing vessels of less than 400 gross tons to have the capacity to retain all oily mixtures onboard or install an approved oily water separator (OWS) equipment for processing oily mixtures from bilges. New Bedford, MA is the homeport to over 400 commercial fishing vessels within a 2 square mile port area. The circumstances in New Bedford are considered to be representative of most ports for vessels less than 400 gross tons nationwide. Sector SENE has used various mechanisms to educate the local commercial vessel fleet owners and operators. The education includes the issuance of Marine Safety Information Bulletin 03-18 by Coast Guard Headquarters (United States Coast Guard, 2018). In 2012, the Partner Agency - Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection created and funded the Bilge-Pump-Out Program. This voluntary program provides commercial vessels with free oily bilge waste disposal services. Previously, there was no established “permanent” solution to the pervasive oily discharge problem and bad practice of illegally disposing of oily waste directly from commercial vessel bilges overboard into U.S. navigable waterways. In conjunction with local authorities having jurisdiction, Sector SENE began a focused pollution prevention and enforcement effort. Several pollution cases were forwarded to the Department of Justice (DOJ) and fines of over 1 million dollars have been issued for the illegal practices. The culmination of educational outreach, surge operations and coordinated interagency efforts have led to the initial levels of compliance.
{"title":"Successful Investigative and Regulatory approaches to Reducing Pollution from Commercial Vessel Machinery Space Bilges","authors":"LT Jordan Ortiz, LT Lynn Schrayshuen","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.658764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.658764","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the past decade, the United States Coast Guard Sector Southeastern New England (SENE) along with state and local partner agencies in the New Bedford, Massachusetts area have been attempting to understand commercial vessel's inability to comply with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) regarding oily bilge waste and proper disposal options. The regulations have been in effect since 1983 requiring oceangoing vessels of less than 400 gross tons to have the capacity to retain all oily mixtures onboard or install an approved oily water separator (OWS) equipment for processing oily mixtures from bilges.\u0000 New Bedford, MA is the homeport to over 400 commercial fishing vessels within a 2 square mile port area. The circumstances in New Bedford are considered to be representative of most ports for vessels less than 400 gross tons nationwide. Sector SENE has used various mechanisms to educate the local commercial vessel fleet owners and operators. The education includes the issuance of Marine Safety Information Bulletin 03-18 by Coast Guard Headquarters (United States Coast Guard, 2018).\u0000 In 2012, the Partner Agency - Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection created and funded the Bilge-Pump-Out Program. This voluntary program provides commercial vessels with free oily bilge waste disposal services. Previously, there was no established “permanent” solution to the pervasive oily discharge problem and bad practice of illegally disposing of oily waste directly from commercial vessel bilges overboard into U.S. navigable waterways. In conjunction with local authorities having jurisdiction, Sector SENE began a focused pollution prevention and enforcement effort. Several pollution cases were forwarded to the Department of Justice (DOJ) and fines of over 1 million dollars have been issued for the illegal practices. The culmination of educational outreach, surge operations and coordinated interagency efforts have led to the initial levels of compliance.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77827818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141612
M. Siewert, F. Saathoff, Sebastian Fürst
The use of new methods and gear in oil spill response requires a profound knowledge on the logistics, the handling and the expected results within the response team. This includes responders in the field, on scene commanders and spill response managers likewise. Within the project SBOIL (2016-2019) the airborne application of biodegradable sorbents and subsequent offshore and onshore recovery was introduced in the South Baltic Area. To ensure a successful implementation, a holistic training concept, including three different types of training, was developed and executed.
{"title":"Implementation of new spill response technology through multi-level exercises in the South Baltic Area","authors":"M. Siewert, F. Saathoff, Sebastian Fürst","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141612","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The use of new methods and gear in oil spill response requires a profound knowledge on the logistics, the handling and the expected results within the response team. This includes responders in the field, on scene commanders and spill response managers likewise. Within the project SBOIL (2016-2019) the airborne application of biodegradable sorbents and subsequent offshore and onshore recovery was introduced in the South Baltic Area. To ensure a successful implementation, a holistic training concept, including three different types of training, was developed and executed.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79666973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.875642
Charlie Williams, H. Hopkins
The oil and natural gas industry has worked collaboratively in many areas to make great strides to improve the safety of offshore drilling and producing operations since the Horizon incident in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The paper will discuss these activities. Immediately following the incident, the U.S. oil and natural gas industry launched a comprehensive review of offshore safety and operations to identify potential improvements in spill prevention, intervention, and response capabilities. Four joint industry task forces were assembled to focus on the critical areas of equipment, operating procedures, subsea well control and oil spill response. In addition to their own work, the task forces fully considered the recommendations of the Presidential Oil Spill Commission in forming their recommendations to improve offshore safety and response in the respective four areas. One of the major recommendations and actions directly linked to the Presidential Commission recommendations was the formation of an industry organization fully focused on Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) and managing risk. The industry organization formed is the Center for Offshore Safety (COS). The COS is fully focused on SEMS and its continual improvement through SEMS Auditing, safety data collection and analysis, good practice development, and sharing industry information. Additionally, there has been a continuing special focus on new and enhanced Industry standards. The task force on equipment and other post-Horizon reports contained strong recommendations on the need to develop new and revised standards to enhance safety in the offshore. This work was done through the standards development process and organizations including collaboration with national and international Standards Development Organizations, the offshore oil and gas community, and the Federal government. The presentation will give an overview of the new and revised standards work to date including API Standard 53 Blowout Prevention Equipment Systems for Drilling Operations; API Standard 65-2 Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well Construction; and API RP 96 Deepwater Well Design and Construction.
自美国墨西哥湾“地平线”号事故以来，石油和天然气行业在许多领域通力合作，在提高海上钻井和生产作业的安全性方面取得了巨大进展。本文将讨论这些活动。事故发生后，美国石油和天然气行业立即对海上安全和作业进行了全面审查，以确定在防止泄漏、干预和响应能力方面的潜在改进。组建了四个联合行业工作组，重点关注设备、操作程序、海底井控和溢油响应等关键领域。除了他们自己的工作外，工作组还充分考虑了总统溢油委员会的建议，以形成他们的建议，以改善各自四个领域的海上安全和响应。与总统委员会的建议直接相关的主要建议和行动之一是成立一个完全专注于安全和环境管理系统(SEMS)和风险管理的行业组织。形成的行业组织是海上安全中心(COS)。COS完全专注于SEMS及其通过SEMS审计、安全数据收集和分析、良好实践开发和共享行业信息的持续改进。此外，人们一直特别关注新的和增强的行业标准。设备工作组和其他“地平线”事件后的报告强烈建议有必要制定新的和修订的标准，以加强海上作业的安全。这项工作是通过标准开发过程和组织完成的，包括与国家和国际标准开发组织、海上石油和天然气社区以及联邦政府的合作。该报告将概述迄今为止新修订的标准工作，包括API标准53钻井作业防井喷设备系统;API标准65-2在建井过程中隔离潜在流层;和API RP 96深水钻井设计与施工。
{"title":"FOLLOWING THROUGH: How Industry is Continually Improving the Safety of Offshore Development Post-Horizon","authors":"Charlie Williams, H. Hopkins","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.875642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.875642","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The oil and natural gas industry has worked collaboratively in many areas to make great strides to improve the safety of offshore drilling and producing operations since the Horizon incident in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The paper will discuss these activities. Immediately following the incident, the U.S. oil and natural gas industry launched a comprehensive review of offshore safety and operations to identify potential improvements in spill prevention, intervention, and response capabilities. Four joint industry task forces were assembled to focus on the critical areas of equipment, operating procedures, subsea well control and oil spill response. In addition to their own work, the task forces fully considered the recommendations of the Presidential Oil Spill Commission in forming their recommendations to improve offshore safety and response in the respective four areas. One of the major recommendations and actions directly linked to the Presidential Commission recommendations was the formation of an industry organization fully focused on Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) and managing risk. The industry organization formed is the Center for Offshore Safety (COS). The COS is fully focused on SEMS and its continual improvement through SEMS Auditing, safety data collection and analysis, good practice development, and sharing industry information. Additionally, there has been a continuing special focus on new and enhanced Industry standards. The task force on equipment and other post-Horizon reports contained strong recommendations on the need to develop new and revised standards to enhance safety in the offshore. This work was done through the standards development process and organizations including collaboration with national and international Standards Development Organizations, the offshore oil and gas community, and the Federal government. The presentation will give an overview of the new and revised standards work to date including API Standard 53 Blowout Prevention Equipment Systems for Drilling Operations; API Standard 65-2 Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well Construction; and API RP 96 Deepwater Well Design and Construction.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84608202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.690093
T. Nedwed, Doug Mitchell, W. Konkel, Tom Coolbaugh
Tier II/III SMART protocol for dispersant use requires placing fluorometers in the water and towing them under a slick by boat. To protect the health of SMART teams, boats typically remain at least 2 miles away from slicks during aerial dispersant treatment. After the spray completes, the SMART boats transit into oil slicks. The time between completion of spray and initiation of SMART monitoring can be > 30 minutes. In 30 minutes, dispersed oil plumes will significantly dilute making them difficult to detect based on fluorescence. Further, we identified a separate issue. That is, oil fluoresces primarily because of the aromatic constituents in the oil and many of the aromatics in oil are at least somewhat volatile and water soluble. Modeling found that these aromatics leach from the oil prior to the application of dispersant. So, even if fluorometers were immediately underneath dispersing oils slicks, the loss of aromatics from the oil challenges SMART. The combination of aromatic leaching and rapid plume dilution limits the ability of the Tier II/III SMART protocol to identify fluorescence signals above the recommended five times background. This means that effectively dispersed oil slicks might not be accurately characterized. What is needed is a monitoring technique that can be applied rapidly and targets some other characteristic of the oil. Polarized infrared (IR) cameras can measure both the thermal differences between slicks and water and the difference in emissivity when IR energy is emitted by sheens / slicks relative to water. These cameras can be easily flown on dispersant spray/support planes. They can be used to image oil slicks before, during, and after dispersant spray operations. Effectively dispersed oil slicks will have a significant change in their thermal signature and IR emissivity as the oil transfers from the water surface into the water column. Polarized infrared cameras can be an effective tool for monitoring dispersant operations. They can be deployed continually during slick dispersion providing a longitudinal and synoptic record of the dispersion process. In this paper, we describe modeling to estimate the water-column concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (both mono and polycyclic) from plumes after applying dispersants to an oil slick. In addition, we describe testing of a polarized IR camera at the OHMSETT tank during dispersant testing. We use the modeling to identify the need for modifying SMART and the OHMSETT testing to show that polarized IR cameras can meet this need.
{"title":"SMART Protocol Using Polarized Infrared Cameras","authors":"T. Nedwed, Doug Mitchell, W. Konkel, Tom Coolbaugh","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.690093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.690093","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tier II/III SMART protocol for dispersant use requires placing fluorometers in the water and towing them under a slick by boat. To protect the health of SMART teams, boats typically remain at least 2 miles away from slicks during aerial dispersant treatment. After the spray completes, the SMART boats transit into oil slicks. The time between completion of spray and initiation of SMART monitoring can be > 30 minutes. In 30 minutes, dispersed oil plumes will significantly dilute making them difficult to detect based on fluorescence. Further, we identified a separate issue. That is, oil fluoresces primarily because of the aromatic constituents in the oil and many of the aromatics in oil are at least somewhat volatile and water soluble. Modeling found that these aromatics leach from the oil prior to the application of dispersant. So, even if fluorometers were immediately underneath dispersing oils slicks, the loss of aromatics from the oil challenges SMART. The combination of aromatic leaching and rapid plume dilution limits the ability of the Tier II/III SMART protocol to identify fluorescence signals above the recommended five times background. This means that effectively dispersed oil slicks might not be accurately characterized. What is needed is a monitoring technique that can be applied rapidly and targets some other characteristic of the oil.\u0000 Polarized infrared (IR) cameras can measure both the thermal differences between slicks and water and the difference in emissivity when IR energy is emitted by sheens / slicks relative to water. These cameras can be easily flown on dispersant spray/support planes. They can be used to image oil slicks before, during, and after dispersant spray operations. Effectively dispersed oil slicks will have a significant change in their thermal signature and IR emissivity as the oil transfers from the water surface into the water column. Polarized infrared cameras can be an effective tool for monitoring dispersant operations. They can be deployed continually during slick dispersion providing a longitudinal and synoptic record of the dispersion process.\u0000 In this paper, we describe modeling to estimate the water-column concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (both mono and polycyclic) from plumes after applying dispersants to an oil slick. In addition, we describe testing of a polarized IR camera at the OHMSETT tank during dispersant testing. We use the modeling to identify the need for modifying SMART and the OHMSETT testing to show that polarized IR cameras can meet this need.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84633870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141677
Nickolas Dyer
There are many factors that contribute to the complexity of co-ordinating effective oil spill response in remote locations. This poster will focuses on the complexities associated with unique risks encountered in remote locations, with an emphasis on water resources. The hydrogeological setting must be understood if oil spill response organisations (OSRO) are to co-ordinate a response that affords the environment and local populations the best level of protection. The relationship between communities and their environment should be clearly understood as part of preparedness work. This will facilitate the implementation of a suitable and timely response with pre-defined ‘end-points’.
{"title":"Oil Spill Response in Remote Inland Locations","authors":"Nickolas Dyer","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141677","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There are many factors that contribute to the complexity of co-ordinating effective oil spill response in remote locations. This poster will focuses on the complexities associated with unique risks encountered in remote locations, with an emphasis on water resources.\u0000 The hydrogeological setting must be understood if oil spill response organisations (OSRO) are to co-ordinate a response that affords the environment and local populations the best level of protection.\u0000 The relationship between communities and their environment should be clearly understood as part of preparedness work. This will facilitate the implementation of a suitable and timely response with pre-defined ‘end-points’.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83101002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.685087
V. Kourafalou, D. Justić, Y. Androulidakis, A. Bracco
As a marginal sea connected to neighboring basins through straits, the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is dynamically and topographically complex. Physical processes are strongly influenced by the interaction of circulation in the GoM deep basin interior and in the surrounding shelf areas of diverse morphologies that include deltas, estuaries, barrier islands and marshes. This was particularly evident during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DwH) incident, a deep blow-out close to the Northern GoM shelves, over an area strongly affected by the brackish river plume originated from the Mississippi River Delta. The specific physical conditions are revisited, to illustrate the synergy between the evolution of the Loop Current – Florida Current system and the rapidly changing shelf and coastal currents under the influence of river runoff and winds. Each of these physical factors had been studied prior to the DwH incident, but their combined effects on hydrocarbon pathways were not known. Examples are given on what has been learned through research under the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) in the last 10 years. The focus is on transport processes in the GoM along the ocean continuum from the deep basin interior to the coastal and wetland areas, and their relevance for oil transport and fate. Post-DwH studies have advanced regarding methodologies and tools. These include multi-platform observations and data analyses, in tandem with high-resolution, data assimilative models for past simulations and predictions. Important new findings include the connectivity between remote coastal regions, as deep oceanic currents can facilitate the cross-marginal transport of materials not only locally, but regionally. This creates a broader and more challenging view for the management of coastal marine resources that should be integrated for preparedness and response. Two examples are presented on connectivity processes. First, advances in the understanding of transport rates and pathways from the Mississippi Delta to the Florida Keys. Second, new findings on how coastal circulation near Cuba influences the evolution of the Loop Current system and the oil fate from a potential oil spill in Cuban waters. The synthesis of the above findings aims to demonstrate how knowledge acquired during GoMRI can advise future planning of scientific research to aid preparedness and response not only for the GoM, but for many offshore areas of oil exploration. The goal is to advance the understanding and predictability of oil slick trajectories over pathways from the deep to the coastal environment and vice versa.
墨西哥湾作为一个通过海峡与邻近盆地相连的边缘海，其动态和地形都十分复杂。墨西哥湾深盆地内部和周围不同形态的陆架地区(包括三角洲、河口、堰洲岛和沼泽)的环流相互作用对物理过程产生了强烈影响。这一点在2010年深水地平线(DwH)事故中尤为明显，那次事故发生在墨西哥湾北部大陆架附近，该地区受到来自密西西比河三角洲的咸淡河水羽流的强烈影响。我们重新考察了具体的物理条件，以说明环流-佛罗里达流系统的演变与河流径流和风的影响下快速变化的陆架和沿海流之间的协同作用。在DwH事故发生之前，这些物理因素就已经被研究过了，但它们对碳氢化合物路径的综合影响尚不清楚。举例说明了过去10年在墨西哥湾研究计划(Gulf of Mexico research Initiative，简称GoMRI)下的研究成果。重点是墨西哥湾沿着海洋连续体从深盆地内部到沿海和湿地地区的运输过程，以及它们与石油运输和命运的关系。dwh后的研究在方法和工具方面取得了进展。其中包括多平台观测和数据分析，以及用于过去模拟和预测的高分辨率数据同化模型。重要的新发现包括偏远沿海地区之间的连通性，因为深海洋流可以促进物质的跨边缘运输，不仅是局部的，而且是区域的。这为沿海海洋资源的管理创造了一个更广阔和更具挑战性的观点，应将其纳入备灾和应对之中。给出了关于连接过程的两个示例。首先，对密西西比三角洲到佛罗里达群岛的运输速率和路径的理解取得了进展。第二，关于古巴附近沿海环流如何影响环流系统的演变以及古巴水域潜在石油泄漏的石油命运的新发现。综合上述发现的目的是证明在GoMRI期间获得的知识如何为未来的科学研究规划提供建议，以帮助不仅为墨西哥湾，而且为许多海上石油勘探地区提供准备和响应。目标是提高对浮油轨迹的理解和可预测性，从深海到沿海环境，反之亦然。
{"title":"From the deep ocean to the coasts and estuaries through the shelf: linking coastal response to a deep blow-out","authors":"V. Kourafalou, D. Justić, Y. Androulidakis, A. Bracco","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.685087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.685087","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As a marginal sea connected to neighboring basins through straits, the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is dynamically and topographically complex. Physical processes are strongly influenced by the interaction of circulation in the GoM deep basin interior and in the surrounding shelf areas of diverse morphologies that include deltas, estuaries, barrier islands and marshes. This was particularly evident during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DwH) incident, a deep blow-out close to the Northern GoM shelves, over an area strongly affected by the brackish river plume originated from the Mississippi River Delta. The specific physical conditions are revisited, to illustrate the synergy between the evolution of the Loop Current – Florida Current system and the rapidly changing shelf and coastal currents under the influence of river runoff and winds. Each of these physical factors had been studied prior to the DwH incident, but their combined effects on hydrocarbon pathways were not known.\u0000 Examples are given on what has been learned through research under the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) in the last 10 years. The focus is on transport processes in the GoM along the ocean continuum from the deep basin interior to the coastal and wetland areas, and their relevance for oil transport and fate. Post-DwH studies have advanced regarding methodologies and tools. These include multi-platform observations and data analyses, in tandem with high-resolution, data assimilative models for past simulations and predictions.\u0000 Important new findings include the connectivity between remote coastal regions, as deep oceanic currents can facilitate the cross-marginal transport of materials not only locally, but regionally. This creates a broader and more challenging view for the management of coastal marine resources that should be integrated for preparedness and response. Two examples are presented on connectivity processes. First, advances in the understanding of transport rates and pathways from the Mississippi Delta to the Florida Keys. Second, new findings on how coastal circulation near Cuba influences the evolution of the Loop Current system and the oil fate from a potential oil spill in Cuban waters.\u0000 The synthesis of the above findings aims to demonstrate how knowledge acquired during GoMRI can advise future planning of scientific research to aid preparedness and response not only for the GoM, but for many offshore areas of oil exploration. The goal is to advance the understanding and predictability of oil slick trajectories over pathways from the deep to the coastal environment and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"311 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72761679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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