Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141692
Rodrigo Cochrane Esteves, A. C. Pereira, R. Possobon, Gustavo Xavier
In 2000, Brazil experienced its most relevant oil spill accident until today: 1.3 thousand cubic meters (c.m.) of crude oil were leaked from a pipeline to the waters of Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro. Therefore, in 2001 the Government implemented a federal legislation requiring oil spill response plans (OSRP) which was strongly inspired in the United States requirement for ports and terminals. In 2016, an interdisciplinary task force was initiated to improve this legislation. Thus, a new risk-based framework was developed in order to better engage some of the environmental and social-economical complexities of Brazil as adequate inputs for the oil spill response planning process. This methodology was expanded from the guidelines published by International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP). First, the concept of sensitive receptors were introduced to describe any valuable element that can be harmed by the spill. These were selected from environmental sensitivities, protection areas, wildlife occurrence, human occupation, tourism and fisheries, among others. These criticalities were categorized in five classes using an oil slick forecast modelling results for different spill volumes such as the minimum time to reach these receptors and oiling probability. After this, they were associated with certain spill volumes, resulting in three possible requirement levels. Consequently, the minimum response capability demand for the facility is calculated, as well as tactical and logistics plans. This new approach not only optimizes the allocation of first response equipment at the highest risk spots, but also regulates the sharing of these capabilities when there is a concentration of these facilities. In this paper, this methodology was applied to a major oil terminal located in a high sensitivity area at Ilha Grande Bay, in Rio de Janeiro. The worst-case scenario was around 6.923 c.m., which allowed the identification of 116 vulnerable receptors. Of these, 02 were identified as having high criticality and, therefore, were prioritized for response planning. The minimum nominal response capability was estimated as being equal to 4.760 m3/day for full deployment condition after the initial 60 hours. This value is about 25% higher than that predicted in facility's existing OSRP. However, with the application of resource sharing rules, the amount of equipment staged on site is equal to only 1298 m3/d, allowing a significant optimization due to logistics processes after the initial 24h.
{"title":"New Risk-Based Framework for Oil Spill Response Planning Requirements – Ports and Oil Terminals – A Brazilian Study Case","authors":"Rodrigo Cochrane Esteves, A. C. Pereira, R. Possobon, Gustavo Xavier","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141692","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In 2000, Brazil experienced its most relevant oil spill accident until today: 1.3 thousand cubic meters (c.m.) of crude oil were leaked from a pipeline to the waters of Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro. Therefore, in 2001 the Government implemented a federal legislation requiring oil spill response plans (OSRP) which was strongly inspired in the United States requirement for ports and terminals. In 2016, an interdisciplinary task force was initiated to improve this legislation. Thus, a new risk-based framework was developed in order to better engage some of the environmental and social-economical complexities of Brazil as adequate inputs for the oil spill response planning process. This methodology was expanded from the guidelines published by International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP).\u0000 First, the concept of sensitive receptors were introduced to describe any valuable element that can be harmed by the spill. These were selected from environmental sensitivities, protection areas, wildlife occurrence, human occupation, tourism and fisheries, among others. These criticalities were categorized in five classes using an oil slick forecast modelling results for different spill volumes such as the minimum time to reach these receptors and oiling probability. After this, they were associated with certain spill volumes, resulting in three possible requirement levels. Consequently, the minimum response capability demand for the facility is calculated, as well as tactical and logistics plans. This new approach not only optimizes the allocation of first response equipment at the highest risk spots, but also regulates the sharing of these capabilities when there is a concentration of these facilities.\u0000 In this paper, this methodology was applied to a major oil terminal located in a high sensitivity area at Ilha Grande Bay, in Rio de Janeiro. The worst-case scenario was around 6.923 c.m., which allowed the identification of 116 vulnerable receptors. Of these, 02 were identified as having high criticality and, therefore, were prioritized for response planning. The minimum nominal response capability was estimated as being equal to 4.760 m3/day for full deployment condition after the initial 60 hours. This value is about 25% higher than that predicted in facility's existing OSRP. However, with the application of resource sharing rules, the amount of equipment staged on site is equal to only 1298 m3/d, allowing a significant optimization due to logistics processes after the initial 24h.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88825321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687464
J. Halonen, E. Altarriba, M. Kuosa
An oil spill reaching ashore may generate massive amounts of oiled waste as oil contaminates soil, vegetation and floating debris. The resulting volume of oiled waste may be multiple compared with the original volume of spilt oil. The Finnish authorities responsible for the oil spill response in nearshore waters have calculated that the target scenario, to which the national and regional contingency plans should respond, is an oil spill of 30 000 tonnes resulting in over 500 000 tonnes of oily wastes. Safe and efficient handling of that waste volume requires a thorough pre-planning. As the capacities of the waste disposal facilities are mainly measured up to the domestic wastes, temporary arrangements will be necessary. Further, in order to maximize the differentiated capacities of each available disposal plant, the wastes should be segregated. Segregation also decreases the costs related to the final disposal. In Finland, where the coastline is ragged and, in some places, difficult to access, the logistic chain of wastes may consist of several stages and transportation modes. The complexity of the transportation chain combined with the requirement of segregation will challenge the waste management during an incident. Therefore, contingency plans are developed to include also site-specific logistic plans with pre-defined transportation and storage points. In addition, easy-to-use segregation guidelines are produced using colour codes for different waste types together with the inserted Quick Response (QR) codes to provide segregation instructions. To keep track on the segregated waste units, the Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology might provide a useful option. This paper examines the usability of RFID tracking in oil spill response waste management. The observations are based on field exercises aiming to study the benefits of technology using RFID tags and RFID readers. The aim of the exercises was also to determine the quality and quantity of the data needed to be stored on tags in different transportation scenarios. In addition, this paper introduces the QR segregation guideline and its interoperability with the identification and tracking technology tested.
{"title":"Tools for Oil Spill Response Waste Management and Logistic Support – Field Exercises Testing the RFID Technology and QR Codes","authors":"J. Halonen, E. Altarriba, M. Kuosa","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687464","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An oil spill reaching ashore may generate massive amounts of oiled waste as oil contaminates soil, vegetation and floating debris. The resulting volume of oiled waste may be multiple compared with the original volume of spilt oil. The Finnish authorities responsible for the oil spill response in nearshore waters have calculated that the target scenario, to which the national and regional contingency plans should respond, is an oil spill of 30 000 tonnes resulting in over 500 000 tonnes of oily wastes. Safe and efficient handling of that waste volume requires a thorough pre-planning. As the capacities of the waste disposal facilities are mainly measured up to the domestic wastes, temporary arrangements will be necessary. Further, in order to maximize the differentiated capacities of each available disposal plant, the wastes should be segregated. Segregation also decreases the costs related to the final disposal. In Finland, where the coastline is ragged and, in some places, difficult to access, the logistic chain of wastes may consist of several stages and transportation modes. The complexity of the transportation chain combined with the requirement of segregation will challenge the waste management during an incident. Therefore, contingency plans are developed to include also site-specific logistic plans with pre-defined transportation and storage points. In addition, easy-to-use segregation guidelines are produced using colour codes for different waste types together with the inserted Quick Response (QR) codes to provide segregation instructions. To keep track on the segregated waste units, the Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology might provide a useful option. This paper examines the usability of RFID tracking in oil spill response waste management. The observations are based on field exercises aiming to study the benefits of technology using RFID tags and RFID readers. The aim of the exercises was also to determine the quality and quantity of the data needed to be stored on tags in different transportation scenarios. In addition, this paper introduces the QR segregation guideline and its interoperability with the identification and tracking technology tested.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89501352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688820
Alexander Tripp
In March 2019, TOTAL planned and executed the first of its kind Large Scale Exercise (LSE) in Nigeria. Before this operator led LSE, capping equipment had not been deployed in Africa. Since this was the first exercise of the sort to be undertaken in Nigeria, there were several objectives defined at the outset of the exercise: test the entire response chain (logistics, preparation, execution and communication);demonstrate to the Nigerian authorities that a comprehensive and efficient response could be executed in a timely manner; anddocument, record lessons learned and then feed them back to the local affiliate and others to improve future response operations For this exercise, TOTAL deployed its Subsea Emergency Response System (SERS) which was commissioned for construction at the beginning of 2012. Two systems were developed for drilling and production hydrocarbon blowout scenarios. The LSE's focus was to deploy the capping system while also taking the opportunity to simulate pumping dispersant. TOTAL has two SERS's that are stored in Pointe Noire, Congo and Luanda, Angola. Due to the readiness of the system in Congo (recently tested and the appropriate connector installed), it was chosen to be used for the LSE. An abandoned appraisal well was chosen for the exercise due to it being free from subsea infrastructure. The detailed work scope for the LSE was as follows: SERS ○ Controls Distribution Unit (CDU) deployment○ Flying Lead Deployment Frame (FLDF) deployment○ Diverter Spool Assembly (DSA) deployment○ Connection of the Hydraulic Flying Leads (HFL's) and Electric Flying Leads (EFL's)○ Landing the DSA and locking the connector by Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV)○ Performing an Acoustic Communication System (ACS) test Subsea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) ○ Deploying the Hose Deployment Frame (HDF)○ Deploying the routing manifold on Coiled Tubing (CT)○ Connecting all hoses with the ROV○ Simulating pumping dispersant over the well All equipment was successfully deployed and tested with all objectives achieved. The highlights of the operations were as follows: ○ 20 days from Congo SERS equipment loadout until the end of operations○ Approximately 27 hours from OneSubsea (OSS) arrival on the vessel until the DSA was locked on the wellhead○ DSA connector lock and unlock between 4 to 5 minutes○ 52.1 bbls of simulated dispersant pumped within a one hour timeframe
{"title":"Blowout Well Response: TOTAL Large Scale Exercise Drill in the Gulf of Guinea","authors":"Alexander Tripp","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688820","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In March 2019, TOTAL planned and executed the first of its kind Large Scale Exercise (LSE) in Nigeria. Before this operator led LSE, capping equipment had not been deployed in Africa. Since this was the first exercise of the sort to be undertaken in Nigeria, there were several objectives defined at the outset of the exercise: test the entire response chain (logistics, preparation, execution and communication);demonstrate to the Nigerian authorities that a comprehensive and efficient response could be executed in a timely manner; anddocument, record lessons learned and then feed them back to the local affiliate and others to improve future response operations\u0000 For this exercise, TOTAL deployed its Subsea Emergency Response System (SERS) which was commissioned for construction at the beginning of 2012. Two systems were developed for drilling and production hydrocarbon blowout scenarios. The LSE's focus was to deploy the capping system while also taking the opportunity to simulate pumping dispersant. TOTAL has two SERS's that are stored in Pointe Noire, Congo and Luanda, Angola. Due to the readiness of the system in Congo (recently tested and the appropriate connector installed), it was chosen to be used for the LSE.\u0000 An abandoned appraisal well was chosen for the exercise due to it being free from subsea infrastructure. The detailed work scope for the LSE was as follows:\u0000 SERS ○ Controls Distribution Unit (CDU) deployment○ Flying Lead Deployment Frame (FLDF) deployment○ Diverter Spool Assembly (DSA) deployment○ Connection of the Hydraulic Flying Leads (HFL's) and Electric Flying Leads (EFL's)○ Landing the DSA and locking the connector by Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV)○ Performing an Acoustic Communication System (ACS) test\u0000 Subsea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) ○ Deploying the Hose Deployment Frame (HDF)○ Deploying the routing manifold on Coiled Tubing (CT)○ Connecting all hoses with the ROV○ Simulating pumping dispersant over the well\u0000 All equipment was successfully deployed and tested with all objectives achieved. The highlights of the operations were as follows: ○ 20 days from Congo SERS equipment loadout until the end of operations○ Approximately 27 hours from OneSubsea (OSS) arrival on the vessel until the DSA was locked on the wellhead○ DSA connector lock and unlock between 4 to 5 minutes○ 52.1 bbls of simulated dispersant pumped within a one hour timeframe","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89963426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689558
L. Cook, Laurie D. Benton, Melanie Edwards
Field sampling investigations in response to oil spill incidents are growing increasingly more complex with analytical data collected by a variety of interested parties over many years and with different investigative purposes. For the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) Oil Spill, the analytical chemistry data and toxicity study data were required to be validated in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) data validation for Superfund program methods. The process of validating data according to EPA guidelines is a manual and time-consuming process focused on chemistry results for individual samples within a single data package to assess if data meet quality control criteria. In hindsight, the burden of validating all of the chemistry data appears to be excessive, and for some parameters unnecessary, which was costly and slowed the process of disseminating data. Depending on the data use (e.g., assessing human and ecological risk, qualitative oil tracking, or forensic fingerprinting), data validation may not be needed in every circumstance or for every data type. Publicly available water column, sediment, and oil chemistry analytical data associated with the DWH Oil Spill, obtained from the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information and Data Cooperative data portal were evaluated to understand the impact, effort, accuracy, and benefit of the data validation process. Questions explored include: What data changed based on data validation reviews?How would these changes affect the associated data evaluation findings?Did data validation introduce additional errors?What data quality issues did the data validation process miss?What statistical and data analytical approaches would more efficiently identify potential data quality issues? Based on our evaluation of the chemical data associated with the DWH Oil Spill, new strategies to assess the quality of data associated with oil spill investigations will be presented.
{"title":"Beyond Data Validation – Advanced Strategies for Assessing Data Quality for Oil Spill Investigations","authors":"L. Cook, Laurie D. Benton, Melanie Edwards","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689558","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Field sampling investigations in response to oil spill incidents are growing increasingly more complex with analytical data collected by a variety of interested parties over many years and with different investigative purposes. For the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) Oil Spill, the analytical chemistry data and toxicity study data were required to be validated in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) data validation for Superfund program methods. The process of validating data according to EPA guidelines is a manual and time-consuming process focused on chemistry results for individual samples within a single data package to assess if data meet quality control criteria. In hindsight, the burden of validating all of the chemistry data appears to be excessive, and for some parameters unnecessary, which was costly and slowed the process of disseminating data. Depending on the data use (e.g., assessing human and ecological risk, qualitative oil tracking, or forensic fingerprinting), data validation may not be needed in every circumstance or for every data type.\u0000 Publicly available water column, sediment, and oil chemistry analytical data associated with the DWH Oil Spill, obtained from the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information and Data Cooperative data portal were evaluated to understand the impact, effort, accuracy, and benefit of the data validation process. Questions explored include: What data changed based on data validation reviews?How would these changes affect the associated data evaluation findings?Did data validation introduce additional errors?What data quality issues did the data validation process miss?What statistical and data analytical approaches would more efficiently identify potential data quality issues?\u0000 Based on our evaluation of the chemical data associated with the DWH Oil Spill, new strategies to assess the quality of data associated with oil spill investigations will be presented.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"231 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76109124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688739
H. Dubach, Steven G. Buschang
The ICS 232 Resources at Risk summary form is a key tool for the communication of resources at risk from an oil or chemical spill. Completion of the form requires consideration of environmental, archeocultural, and socio-economic resources that may be affected by a spill. This process of research, identification, prioritization, documentation, and communication of potential resources in the pathway of a spill is typically conducted within the Environmental Unit (EU) by the Resources at Risk (RAR) Technical Specialist or Environmental Unit Leader (EUL), with input from relevant stakeholders and trustees. The purpose of the form is twofold: to provide environmental information to aid assessment and decision making, for example: identifying where to conduct wildlife reconnaissance surveys, identifying resources of concern for Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA)/ Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA), and recommending cleanup techniques and endpoints; andTo provide direct priorities for protection for response operations, such as from pre-established Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) or Geographic Response Strategies (GRSs), and other static or Geographic Informational Systems (GIS) data sources. In recent years, GRP/GRSs have become more commonplace in contingency plans, and have become more practical for response operations, to a degree that some plans include executing the GRP/GRSs as ready-made ICS 204 (work order) forms to provide direct instruction to response operations on site location, access, operational strategies, and equipment required to protect specific resources. This pre-spill information can be valuable to ensure that priority resources are protected within the short window of opportunity that is typically available at the beginning of a response; and allows quick decision-making without the need for in-depth consideration of sensitivity and resource maps. A potential downside to this convenient data, which will be explored in this paper, is that we risk relying entirely on using the GRP data to provide operational protection priorities and losing the specific data on the resources we are aiming to protect. This reduces the purpose of the form to a purely operational instruction, without the documentation of environmental data that is essential for assessment and decision making within the Environmental Unit. This paper considers the use of the ICS 232 (Resources at Risk) form, how its use has developed over the years, and how the availability of GRPs has, in some areas, shifted the use of the form to a more directly operational purpose. Recommendations are provided for ensuring that the environmental information component is not forgotten.
{"title":"Resources at risk: making the most of the ICS 232 form","authors":"H. Dubach, Steven G. Buschang","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688739","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The ICS 232 Resources at Risk summary form is a key tool for the communication of resources at risk from an oil or chemical spill. Completion of the form requires consideration of environmental, archeocultural, and socio-economic resources that may be affected by a spill. This process of research, identification, prioritization, documentation, and communication of potential resources in the pathway of a spill is typically conducted within the Environmental Unit (EU) by the Resources at Risk (RAR) Technical Specialist or Environmental Unit Leader (EUL), with input from relevant stakeholders and trustees. The purpose of the form is twofold: to provide environmental information to aid assessment and decision making, for example: identifying where to conduct wildlife reconnaissance surveys, identifying resources of concern for Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA)/ Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA), and recommending cleanup techniques and endpoints; andTo provide direct priorities for protection for response operations, such as from pre-established Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) or Geographic Response Strategies (GRSs), and other static or Geographic Informational Systems (GIS) data sources.\u0000 In recent years, GRP/GRSs have become more commonplace in contingency plans, and have become more practical for response operations, to a degree that some plans include executing the GRP/GRSs as ready-made ICS 204 (work order) forms to provide direct instruction to response operations on site location, access, operational strategies, and equipment required to protect specific resources. This pre-spill information can be valuable to ensure that priority resources are protected within the short window of opportunity that is typically available at the beginning of a response; and allows quick decision-making without the need for in-depth consideration of sensitivity and resource maps. A potential downside to this convenient data, which will be explored in this paper, is that we risk relying entirely on using the GRP data to provide operational protection priorities and losing the specific data on the resources we are aiming to protect. This reduces the purpose of the form to a purely operational instruction, without the documentation of environmental data that is essential for assessment and decision making within the Environmental Unit. This paper considers the use of the ICS 232 (Resources at Risk) form, how its use has developed over the years, and how the availability of GRPs has, in some areas, shifted the use of the form to a more directly operational purpose. Recommendations are provided for ensuring that the environmental information component is not forgotten.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74319800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688563
Christopher J. Pfützner, S. Tuttle, T. N. Loegel, Iwona A. Leska, B. T. Fisher
This paper investigates the ignitability and effectiveness of burning crude oil spills at sea with respect to the type of oil, weathering time, and seawater emulsion content. In the event of an oil or fuel spill at sea, in situ burning can be a practical method of removing the oil and preventing it from reaching vulnerable coastlines. However, the specific chemistry of the oil and its resulting behavior dictates how well this method works. In order to understand this behavior, Santa Barbara Channel crude oils were tested and burned in combinations of fresh, weathered, and seawater-emulsified at discrete ratios. A cone calorimeter was used to monitor time to ignition, mass loss, heat release rate, and smoke production for laboratory-scale burn tests. Weathering generally increased ignition time, but also changed the miscibility with water; this changed both heat released and burn efficiency. Emulsions with seawater fractions below approximately 20 % were found to improve the heat release rate and burn efficiency compared to oil-only burns; suggesting that some water emulsification can benefit oil burning. The results indicate that a targeted approach to the type of oil and degree of emulsification can expand the window of opportunity for in situ oil burns.
{"title":"In Situ Burn Testing of Weathered and Emulsified Crude Oils","authors":"Christopher J. Pfützner, S. Tuttle, T. N. Loegel, Iwona A. Leska, B. T. Fisher","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688563","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates the ignitability and effectiveness of burning crude oil spills at sea with respect to the type of oil, weathering time, and seawater emulsion content. In the event of an oil or fuel spill at sea, in situ burning can be a practical method of removing the oil and preventing it from reaching vulnerable coastlines. However, the specific chemistry of the oil and its resulting behavior dictates how well this method works. In order to understand this behavior, Santa Barbara Channel crude oils were tested and burned in combinations of fresh, weathered, and seawater-emulsified at discrete ratios. A cone calorimeter was used to monitor time to ignition, mass loss, heat release rate, and smoke production for laboratory-scale burn tests. Weathering generally increased ignition time, but also changed the miscibility with water; this changed both heat released and burn efficiency. Emulsions with seawater fractions below approximately 20 % were found to improve the heat release rate and burn efficiency compared to oil-only burns; suggesting that some water emulsification can benefit oil burning. The results indicate that a targeted approach to the type of oil and degree of emulsification can expand the window of opportunity for in situ oil burns.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73142545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141383
Cathrine Stephansen, O. W. Brude, A. Bjørgesæter, Ute Brönner, Tonje Rogstad Waterloo, G. Kjeilen-Eilertsen
ERA Acute is a globally applicable method and software tool for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of acute oil spills (Stephansen et. al, 2017a and 2017b; Libre et al, 2018), and is to be implemented as the new industry standard ERA methodology on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). This paper describes the proposed adaptation and further development of the established ERA Acute method to enhance the functionality for ERA of acute oil spills in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). Due to the highly dynamic nature of the MIZ, the pilot ERA Acute MIZ proposes to use high temporal resolution data on ice concentrations and presence of Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) in newly developed functions to calculate impacts in the MIZ. Based on literature and preliminary sensitivity tests; parameter values and risk functions have been proposed for the MIZ (ice concentrations in intervals between 10–80 %). The functions reflect that presence of ice reduces the available space for surface activities; foraging, diving, entering and exiting the water and concentrates the oil in the same space between ice floes. These functions will now be further revised, tested and implemented in a software tool. This paper presents the proposed ERA Acute MIZ methodology.
ERA Acute是一种全球适用的急性溢油环境风险评估(ERA)方法和软件工具(Stephansen等人，2017a和2017b;Libre等人，2018)，并将作为挪威大陆架(NCS)的新行业标准ERA方法实施。本文介绍了对已建立的ERA急性方法的改进和进一步发展，以增强边缘冰区(MIZ)急性溢油的ERA功能。由于MIZ的高度动态性，试点ERA急性MIZ建议在新开发的功能中使用冰浓度和有价值生态系统成分(VECs)存在的高时间分辨率数据来计算MIZ的影响。基于文献和初步敏感性测试;已经提出了MIZ(冰浓度在10 - 80%之间)的参数值和风险函数。这些函数反映了冰的存在减少了地表活动的可用空间;觅食，潜水，进出水，并在浮冰之间的同一空间集中石油。这些功能现在将在一个软件工具中进一步修订、测试和实施。本文提出了拟议的ERA急性MIZ方法。
{"title":"ERA Acute – Extending an Environmental Risk Assessment Model to the Marginal Ice Zone","authors":"Cathrine Stephansen, O. W. Brude, A. Bjørgesæter, Ute Brönner, Tonje Rogstad Waterloo, G. Kjeilen-Eilertsen","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141383","url":null,"abstract":"ERA Acute is a globally applicable method and software tool for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of acute oil spills (Stephansen et. al, 2017a and 2017b; Libre et al, 2018), and is to be implemented as the new industry standard ERA methodology on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). This paper describes the proposed adaptation and further development of the established ERA Acute method to enhance the functionality for ERA of acute oil spills in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ).\u0000 Due to the highly dynamic nature of the MIZ, the pilot ERA Acute MIZ proposes to use high temporal resolution data on ice concentrations and presence of Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) in newly developed functions to calculate impacts in the MIZ.\u0000 Based on literature and preliminary sensitivity tests; parameter values and risk functions have been proposed for the MIZ (ice concentrations in intervals between 10–80 %). The functions reflect that presence of ice reduces the available space for surface activities; foraging, diving, entering and exiting the water and concentrates the oil in the same space between ice floes. These functions will now be further revised, tested and implemented in a software tool. This paper presents the proposed ERA Acute MIZ methodology.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74433759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686359
A. Thuring, Jonathan A. Abramson
SONS (Spill of National Significance) have been extensively studied from multiple perspectives. In the realm of the Incident Command Structure (ICS) there have been numerous Operations, Planning, and Logistics examinations, reviews, and recommendations. The fourth ICS node – Finance – has seen little such scrutiny or review. This paper, written by two individuals at the heart of each respective response, will address that gap and identify the problems that arose, were solved, or remain problematic for the next SONS that occurs in the United States. Each spill posed different problems, driven by statute, prior experience, fiscal systems, and the expectations of outside stakeholders. The paper will examine the following dimensions. 1) The available fund balance at the start of the response, and how the fund could be replenished under existing statute.2) The financial role taken by the spillers/responsible parties.3) The mechanisms to provide response funding to the FOSC during the incident.4) Funding National Contingency Plan participants (Federal, State, Local) supporting the FOSC response.5) Funding Trustee led natural resource damage assessments and damage restoration plans during and after the response concluded.6) Payment of claims to injured third parties.7) Billing the spillers/responsible parties for the incident costs and the disposition of the resulting payments. The paper will conclude with an examination of the financial issues that remain and will probably arise for the next SONS. It will summarize possible solutions, reflecting when appropriate a number of legislative changes that have been proposed by various parties.
{"title":"The SONS Money Tale: From Exxon Valdez to Deepwater Horizon to ??","authors":"A. Thuring, Jonathan A. Abramson","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686359","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 SONS (Spill of National Significance) have been extensively studied from multiple perspectives. In the realm of the Incident Command Structure (ICS) there have been numerous Operations, Planning, and Logistics examinations, reviews, and recommendations. The fourth ICS node – Finance – has seen little such scrutiny or review. This paper, written by two individuals at the heart of each respective response, will address that gap and identify the problems that arose, were solved, or remain problematic for the next SONS that occurs in the United States.\u0000 Each spill posed different problems, driven by statute, prior experience, fiscal systems, and the expectations of outside stakeholders. The paper will examine the following dimensions. 1) The available fund balance at the start of the response, and how the fund could be replenished under existing statute.2) The financial role taken by the spillers/responsible parties.3) The mechanisms to provide response funding to the FOSC during the incident.4) Funding National Contingency Plan participants (Federal, State, Local) supporting the FOSC response.5) Funding Trustee led natural resource damage assessments and damage restoration plans during and after the response concluded.6) Payment of claims to injured third parties.7) Billing the spillers/responsible parties for the incident costs and the disposition of the resulting payments.\u0000 The paper will conclude with an examination of the financial issues that remain and will probably arise for the next SONS. It will summarize possible solutions, reflecting when appropriate a number of legislative changes that have been proposed by various parties.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74694944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689609
C. Mclelland, Haley Kennard
The Northwest Region (the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho) of the United States is home to 43 federally recognized treaty Tribes, who are resource co-managers within their traditional territories and have both decision-making power and sovereign legal rights. There is also a significant refinement and transportation of petroleum products (by rail, pipeline, and vessel) within this area and in our transboundary waters. In Washington alone, more than 20 billion gallons are moved through and across the state on an annual basis. The Northwest Area Committee (NWAC) and Region 10 Regional Response Team (RRT10), the federally mandated bodies which conduct oil pollution and hazardous materials spill response planning, are therefore robust and very active. Within the last decade, tribal engagement in the NWAC and RRT10 has expanded significantly; the RRT10 now has three official tribal members, and the NWAC has supported a Tribal Engagement Task Force for the past four years and is currently looking at transitioning it to a longer-term and more permanent sub-committee strategy. This presentation will discuss the following pieces of the efforts towards tribal engagement in the NWAC/RRT10: 1) The evolution of tribal engagement in the RRT10/NWAC and lessons learned from this process 2) A case study of the unique experience of the Makah Tribe's engagement with the greater response community including both becoming the first tribal member of the NWAC/RRT10 and the development of their memorandum of agreement with the US Coast Guard, and 3) Results from the 2019 Tribal Engagement Task Force's tribal feedback survey (sent out to all Tribes in the region) to identify barriers and strategies for improved meaningful tribal engagement. This reflects the commitment of the NWAC/RRT10 to improving tribal engagement by understanding; the results can not only inform partners in other regions but will inform the next phase of the NWAC/RRT10's approach to tribal engagement. The Northwest Area model for tribal engagement in oil spill planning, preparedness, and response is an important precedent for national and international engagement with Indigenous peoples in this arena.
{"title":"Meaningful Engagement: Improving and Expanding Tribal Engagement in Federal Emergency Response in the Pacific Northwest","authors":"C. Mclelland, Haley Kennard","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689609","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Northwest Region (the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho) of the United States is home to 43 federally recognized treaty Tribes, who are resource co-managers within their traditional territories and have both decision-making power and sovereign legal rights. There is also a significant refinement and transportation of petroleum products (by rail, pipeline, and vessel) within this area and in our transboundary waters. In Washington alone, more than 20 billion gallons are moved through and across the state on an annual basis. The Northwest Area Committee (NWAC) and Region 10 Regional Response Team (RRT10), the federally mandated bodies which conduct oil pollution and hazardous materials spill response planning, are therefore robust and very active. Within the last decade, tribal engagement in the NWAC and RRT10 has expanded significantly; the RRT10 now has three official tribal members, and the NWAC has supported a Tribal Engagement Task Force for the past four years and is currently looking at transitioning it to a longer-term and more permanent sub-committee strategy. This presentation will discuss the following pieces of the efforts towards tribal engagement in the NWAC/RRT10: 1) The evolution of tribal engagement in the RRT10/NWAC and lessons learned from this process 2) A case study of the unique experience of the Makah Tribe's engagement with the greater response community including both becoming the first tribal member of the NWAC/RRT10 and the development of their memorandum of agreement with the US Coast Guard, and 3) Results from the 2019 Tribal Engagement Task Force's tribal feedback survey (sent out to all Tribes in the region) to identify barriers and strategies for improved meaningful tribal engagement. This reflects the commitment of the NWAC/RRT10 to improving tribal engagement by understanding; the results can not only inform partners in other regions but will inform the next phase of the NWAC/RRT10's approach to tribal engagement. The Northwest Area model for tribal engagement in oil spill planning, preparedness, and response is an important precedent for national and international engagement with Indigenous peoples in this arena.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74349304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686936
P. Pocwiardowski
The paper presents the outline of the Spill Detection and Recognition system – SpiDeR and its application to underwater oil and gas detection, classification and source characterization demonstrated in the remote-sensing survey of Mississippi Canyon area in the Gulf of Mexico founded by BSEE in 2017. The main objective of the operation was to deploy sensor package from a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) to survey, detect, and map the location(s) of hydrocarbon emissions that are responsible for the surface oil spill and sheen footprint in the Mississippi Canyon Area. The objectives have been accomplished by conducting a multi-day, three-part survey mapping the area of interest, generation of georeferenced charts and 3D visualizations with detected oil active spills, all supported by a ROV intervention outfitted with oil spill detection and recognition system SpiDeR. SpiDeR is a modular sensor suite capable of detecting, recognizing the source and classifying the hydrocarbon underwater leaks. The sensor suit with selectable configuration can be installed on any type of ROV vehicle and interfaces to the ROV with a single cable conducting the power and data. The presented here and used during the mission complete sensor suite consist of two 3D, broad band, electronically scanning multibeam sonar systems NORBIT WBMS STX, one Forward Looking Sonar NORBIT WBMS FLS, fluorescent oil classifier LIF – Laser Induced Fluorescence detection unit and the video camera with lights. The most useful capability of the SpiDeR is the ability to generate 3D imagery (georeferenced bathymetry) even when the ROV is not moving. That combined with time gives 4D observable capabilities of the oil spill. The 4D capabilities have been proven useful during the u-bathymetry part in Phase 2 and forward-looking 3D in Phase 3 of this mission. The system has been deployed from the ROV in the area where it has been known for the last decade that the leak of hydrocarbons is coming from. The real task at hand was to recognize the leak source and that source contain hydrocarbons and accurately document the source location and provide measurable documentation of its character.
{"title":"SpiDeR –Spill Detection and Recognition system for ROV operations","authors":"P. Pocwiardowski","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686936","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper presents the outline of the Spill Detection and Recognition system – SpiDeR and its application to underwater oil and gas detection, classification and source characterization demonstrated in the remote-sensing survey of Mississippi Canyon area in the Gulf of Mexico founded by BSEE in 2017. The main objective of the operation was to deploy sensor package from a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) to survey, detect, and map the location(s) of hydrocarbon emissions that are responsible for the surface oil spill and sheen footprint in the Mississippi Canyon Area. The objectives have been accomplished by conducting a multi-day, three-part survey mapping the area of interest, generation of georeferenced charts and 3D visualizations with detected oil active spills, all supported by a ROV intervention outfitted with oil spill detection and recognition system SpiDeR.\u0000 SpiDeR is a modular sensor suite capable of detecting, recognizing the source and classifying the hydrocarbon underwater leaks. The sensor suit with selectable configuration can be installed on any type of ROV vehicle and interfaces to the ROV with a single cable conducting the power and data. The presented here and used during the mission complete sensor suite consist of two 3D, broad band, electronically scanning multibeam sonar systems NORBIT WBMS STX, one Forward Looking Sonar NORBIT WBMS FLS, fluorescent oil classifier LIF – Laser Induced Fluorescence detection unit and the video camera with lights.\u0000 The most useful capability of the SpiDeR is the ability to generate 3D imagery (georeferenced bathymetry) even when the ROV is not moving. That combined with time gives 4D observable capabilities of the oil spill. The 4D capabilities have been proven useful during the u-bathymetry part in Phase 2 and forward-looking 3D in Phase 3 of this mission.\u0000 The system has been deployed from the ROV in the area where it has been known for the last decade that the leak of hydrocarbons is coming from. The real task at hand was to recognize the leak source and that source contain hydrocarbons and accurately document the source location and provide measurable documentation of its character.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83975175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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