Liver transplantation is the primary treatment for various end-stage hepatic diseases but is hindered by the lack of donor organs, complications associated with rejection and immunosuppression. An increasingly unbridgeable gap exists between the supply and demand of transplantable organs. Hence stem cell research and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize the future of medicine with the ability to regenerate damaged and diseased organs. Stem cells serving as a repair system for the body, can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells. These cells could relieve the symptoms of liver disease or the genetic error could potentially be corrected by gene therapy. In cases of acute liver failure in adults, stem cell therapies might be used to support the liver, allowing it time to recover.
{"title":"Stem Cells and Liver Disease","authors":"J. Akhter, Aa Aziz, A. Ajlan","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I2.68200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I2.68200","url":null,"abstract":"Liver transplantation is the primary treatment for various end-stage hepatic diseases but is hindered by the lack of donor organs, complications associated with rejection and immunosuppression. An increasingly unbridgeable gap exists between the supply and demand of transplantable organs. Hence stem cell research and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize the future of medicine with the ability to regenerate damaged and diseased organs. Stem cells serving as a repair system for the body, can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells. These cells could relieve the symptoms of liver disease or the genetic error could potentially be corrected by gene therapy. In cases of acute liver failure in adults, stem cell therapies might be used to support the liver, allowing it time to recover.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77803065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Paul, I. Saha, A. Mukherjee, Sima Roy, R. Biswas, Chaudhuri Rn
The present study was carried out to analyze the growth pattern of preterm and IUGR infants from birth up to nine months of age. A longitudinal study was conducted in an urban slum of Chetla, Kolkata, India. Study population comprised of 36 low birth weight babies, out of which 13 were preterms and rest 23 were IUGR babies. Different anthropometric parameters like weight, length, head and chest circumference was measured and compared between two groups. During the entire follow up period, all the mean anthropometric parameters of the preterms lagged behind their IUGR counterparts; in contrast the growth potential of the preterms was more as revealed by their increased mean increments in terms of weight, length, head and chest circumference. Regular growth monitoring should be an essential component of care of both preterm and IUGR babies with more focused health care services for IUGR babies, so as to detect growth faltering at the earliest
{"title":"Growth pattern of preterm and IUGR babies in an urban slum of Kolkata, west Bengal, India","authors":"B. Paul, I. Saha, A. Mukherjee, Sima Roy, R. Biswas, Chaudhuri Rn","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I2.68192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I2.68192","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out to analyze the growth pattern of preterm and IUGR infants from birth up to nine months of age. A longitudinal study was conducted in an urban slum of Chetla, Kolkata, India. Study population comprised of 36 low birth weight babies, out of which 13 were preterms and rest 23 were IUGR babies. Different anthropometric parameters like weight, length, head and chest circumference was measured and compared between two groups. During the entire follow up period, all the mean anthropometric parameters of the preterms lagged behind their IUGR counterparts; in contrast the growth potential of the preterms was more as revealed by their increased mean increments in terms of weight, length, head and chest circumference. Regular growth monitoring should be an essential component of care of both preterm and IUGR babies with more focused health care services for IUGR babies, so as to detect growth faltering at the earliest","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80886134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present review article summarizes the current state radiolabeled nanoparticles for molecular imaging applications mainly targeting cancer. Due to their enormous flexibility, and versatility the radiolabeled nanoparticles have shown their potential in the diagnosis and therapy. As the matter of fact, these radiolabeled imaging agents enable the visualization of the cellular function and the follow-up of the molecular process in living organisms. Moreover, the rapidly advancing field of nanotechnology has provided various innovative radionuclides and delivery systems, such as liposomes, magnetic agents, polymers, dendrimers, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes to cope up with the hurdles which have been posed by various disease states.
{"title":"Nanoparticles in Nuclear Imaging","authors":"V. Mody","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63972","url":null,"abstract":"The present review article summarizes the current state radiolabeled nanoparticles for molecular imaging applications mainly targeting cancer. Due to their enormous flexibility, and versatility the radiolabeled nanoparticles have shown their potential in the diagnosis and therapy. As the matter of fact, these radiolabeled imaging agents enable the visualization of the cellular function and the follow-up of the molecular process in living organisms. Moreover, the rapidly advancing field of nanotechnology has provided various innovative radionuclides and delivery systems, such as liposomes, magnetic agents, polymers, dendrimers, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes to cope up with the hurdles which have been posed by various disease states.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86130333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giant strides in knowledge about nanoparticles have lead to the development of sophisticated fluorescent quantum dots that have enhanced our understanding of the disease process as well as the healing mechanism following appropriate therapy. This article focuses on various aspects of fluorescent quantum dots which are now knocking at our doors to let them in to assist us in molecular imaging.
{"title":"The Role of Nanotechnology in Molecular Imaging by using Fluorescent Quantum Dots","authors":"Sd Dongre, S. Sankaye","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63974","url":null,"abstract":"Giant strides in knowledge about nanoparticles have lead to the development of sophisticated fluorescent quantum dots that have enhanced our understanding of the disease process as well as the healing mechanism following appropriate therapy. This article focuses on various aspects of fluorescent quantum dots which are now knocking at our doors to let them in to assist us in molecular imaging.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88328477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Menezes, Priyadharshini S Menezes, Cylma Menezes
Nanoscience is at the leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Nanosciences and nanotechnology are transforming a wide array of products and services that have the potential to enhance the practice of medicine and improve public health. Several areas of medical care are already benefiting from the advantages that nanotechnology can offer. Applications of nanoscience are in biotechnology, medicine, pharmaceuticals, physics, material science and also electronics. Nanotechnology extends the limits of molecular diagnostics to the nanoscale. Nanotechnology on a chip is one more dimension of microfluidic/lab on a chip technology. We still suffer serious and complex illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes as well as different kinds of serious inflammatory or infectious diseases (e.g. HIV). It is of extreme importance to face these diseases with appropriate means. The interplay between nanoscience and biomedicine is the hallmark of current scientific research worldwide. The use of nanoscience may open new vistas of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of medical diagnosis and therapeutics, so called nanomedicine. An appealing example is the use of quantum dots as fluorescent labels. Despite recent progress in the treatment of cancer, the majority of cases are still diagnosed only after tumors metastasize, leaving the patient with a grim prognosis. Nanotechnology is in a unique position to transform cancer diagnostics and to produce a new generation of biosensors and medical imaging techniques with higher sensitivity and precision of recognition. Novel nanotechnologies can complement and augment existing genomic and proteomic techniques employed to analyze variations across different tumor types, thus offering the potential to distinguish between normal and malignant cells. This brief review tries to reiterate the most contemporary developments in the field of applied nanoscience, particularly in their relevance in diagnosis of various diseases and discuss their future prospects.
{"title":"Nanoscience in diagnostics: A short review","authors":"G. Menezes, Priyadharshini S Menezes, Cylma Menezes","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63971","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoscience is at the leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Nanosciences and nanotechnology are transforming a wide array of products and services that have the potential to enhance the practice of medicine and improve public health. Several areas of medical care are already benefiting from the advantages that nanotechnology can offer. Applications of nanoscience are in biotechnology, medicine, pharmaceuticals, physics, material science and also electronics. Nanotechnology extends the limits of molecular diagnostics to the nanoscale. Nanotechnology on a chip is one more dimension of microfluidic/lab on a chip technology. We still suffer serious and complex illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes as well as different kinds of serious inflammatory or infectious diseases (e.g. HIV). It is of extreme importance to face these diseases with appropriate means. The interplay between nanoscience and biomedicine is the hallmark of current scientific research worldwide. The use of nanoscience may open new vistas of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of medical diagnosis and therapeutics, so called nanomedicine. An appealing example is the use of quantum dots as fluorescent labels. Despite recent progress in the treatment of cancer, the majority of cases are still diagnosed only after tumors metastasize, leaving the patient with a grim prognosis. Nanotechnology is in a unique position to transform cancer diagnostics and to produce a new generation of biosensors and medical imaging techniques with higher sensitivity and precision of recognition. Novel nanotechnologies can complement and augment existing genomic and proteomic techniques employed to analyze variations across different tumor types, thus offering the potential to distinguish between normal and malignant cells. This brief review tries to reiterate the most contemporary developments in the field of applied nanoscience, particularly in their relevance in diagnosis of various diseases and discuss their future prospects.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81441189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extended spectrum beta - lactamases (ESBLs) are on the rise in hospital settings across the globe. The presence of ESBLs significantly affects the outcome of an infection and poses a challenge to the management of infection worldwide. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence and susceptibility of extended spectrum beta - lactamase in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli (E.coli) in a tertiary care hospital, Chennai-South India. A total of 450 urinary isolates of E.coli were collected over a period of six months from April 2008 to September 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined to commonly used antibiotics using the modified Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method. ESBL detection was done by the screening method of double disc synergy test and then confirmed by the phenotypic confirmatory test with combination disc as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method using the E test strips (AB Biodisk,Sweden )- as per manufacturer's instructions. The prevalence of E.coli ESBL was 60%. The ESBL producing isolates were significantly resistant (p < 0.01) to ampicillin, trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid as compared to non-ESBL producers. Multidrug resistance was significantly (p < 0.01) higher (69%) in ESBL positive isolates than non-ESBL isolates (21%). Knowledge of the prevalence of ESBL and resistance pattern of bacterial isolates in a geographical area will help the clinicians to formulate the guidelines for antibiotic therapy to avoid inappropriate use of extended spectrum cephalosporins.
{"title":"Prevalence and Susceptibility of extended spectrum beta-lactamases in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Chennai- South India","authors":"A. Narayanaswamy, M. Mallika","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63975","url":null,"abstract":"Extended spectrum beta - lactamases (ESBLs) are on the rise in hospital settings across the globe. The presence of ESBLs significantly affects the outcome of an infection and poses a challenge to the management of infection worldwide. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence and susceptibility of extended spectrum beta - lactamase in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli (E.coli) in a tertiary care hospital, Chennai-South India. A total of 450 urinary isolates of E.coli were collected over a period of six months from April 2008 to September 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined to commonly used antibiotics using the modified Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method. ESBL detection was done by the screening method of double disc synergy test and then confirmed by the phenotypic confirmatory test with combination disc as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method using the E test strips (AB Biodisk,Sweden )- as per manufacturer's instructions. The prevalence of E.coli ESBL was 60%. The ESBL producing isolates were significantly resistant (p < 0.01) to ampicillin, trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid as compared to non-ESBL producers. Multidrug resistance was significantly (p < 0.01) higher (69%) in ESBL positive isolates than non-ESBL isolates (21%). Knowledge of the prevalence of ESBL and resistance pattern of bacterial isolates in a geographical area will help the clinicians to formulate the guidelines for antibiotic therapy to avoid inappropriate use of extended spectrum cephalosporins.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82395454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epigenetic inactivation of genes that are crucial for the control of normal cell growth is a hallmark of cancer cells. Epigenetic modifications of the DNA do not alter the nucleotide sequence instead they involve the regulation of gene transcription and DNA methylation. Hypermethylation or histone deacetylation, which is within the promoter of a tumor suppressor gene, leads to the silencing as well as a deletion or a mutation of that gene. Cancer cells often show aberrant methylation and the frequency of aberrations increases is seen with the progression of disease. Hypermethylation events can occur early in tumorogenesis, involving the disruption of pathways that may predispose cells to malignant transformation. Epigenetic modification such as DNA methylation can be exploited for clinical purposes in cancer patients, first using hypermethylation as a molecular biomarker of cancer cells and second, epigenetic changes which are potentially reversible.
{"title":"Cancer Epigenomics: a review","authors":"Robby Kumar, N. Sharan","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63977","url":null,"abstract":"Epigenetic inactivation of genes that are crucial for the control of normal cell growth is a hallmark of cancer cells. Epigenetic modifications of the DNA do not alter the nucleotide sequence instead they involve the regulation of gene transcription and DNA methylation. Hypermethylation or histone deacetylation, which is within the promoter of a tumor suppressor gene, leads to the silencing as well as a deletion or a mutation of that gene. Cancer cells often show aberrant methylation and the frequency of aberrations increases is seen with the progression of disease. Hypermethylation events can occur early in tumorogenesis, involving the disruption of pathways that may predispose cells to malignant transformation. Epigenetic modification such as DNA methylation can be exploited for clinical purposes in cancer patients, first using hypermethylation as a molecular biomarker of cancer cells and second, epigenetic changes which are potentially reversible.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83885339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Deaths from cancer are continuously rising worldwide with a projection of about 12 million deaths from cancer in 2030. Hence, over the past few years, tremendous attention has been given to the cancer related research and there has been an outstanding progress in the basic cancer biology. The present article deals with the recent developments in cancer nanotechnologies and its potential application in cancer therapeutics. Nanotechnology is one of the most rapidly growing fields in the 21st century. It may be defined as the creation of materials, drugs and devices that are used to manipulate matter of size in the range of 1-100nm. Nanotechnology has found its applications in many fields related to medicine including novel drug delivery systems, biotechnology to name a few. Many different types of nanosystems have been utilized in diagnostics and therapeutics of various diseases. To subside the disadvantages of conventional cancer therapeutics, nanotechnology has been given considerable attention. In this paper, the current nanotechnologies that can be utilized in oncological interventions will be discussed. These mainly include arrays of nanocantilevers, nanotubes and nanowires for multiplexing detection, multifunctional injectable nanovectors for therapeutics and diagnostics.
{"title":"CANCER NANOTECHNOLOGY: RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS","authors":"H. Mody","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63969","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Deaths from cancer are continuously rising worldwide with a projection of about 12 million deaths from cancer in 2030. Hence, over the past few years, tremendous attention has been given to the cancer related research and there has been an outstanding progress in the basic cancer biology. The present article deals with the recent developments in cancer nanotechnologies and its potential application in cancer therapeutics. Nanotechnology is one of the most rapidly growing fields in the 21st century. It may be defined as the creation of materials, drugs and devices that are used to manipulate matter of size in the range of 1-100nm. Nanotechnology has found its applications in many fields related to medicine including novel drug delivery systems, biotechnology to name a few. Many different types of nanosystems have been utilized in diagnostics and therapeutics of various diseases. To subside the disadvantages of conventional cancer therapeutics, nanotechnology has been given considerable attention. In this paper, the current nanotechnologies that can be utilized in oncological interventions will be discussed. These mainly include arrays of nanocantilevers, nanotubes and nanowires for multiplexing detection, multifunctional injectable nanovectors for therapeutics and diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"62 1","pages":"3-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80792421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaundice in newborns provides a different response from the parents when compared to jaundice in older children and adults. Physiologic hyperbilirubinemia occurs commonly in term newborn infants in the absence of any underlying pathologic cause. Yet, the jaundice itself is commonly regarded as a problem in the transition to extrauterine life. In Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NHB) the total bilirubin level is greater than 15mg/dL in 15 day or less old neonates and 2mg/dL in neonates above 15 days of age. Estimation of total bilirubin is preferred in the routine analyses for NHB compared to measurement of direct bilirubin. If certain conditions like sepsis, hepatic infections and other liver diseases are present it may be prudent to use direct bilirubin measurement. Yet contrary to the usual assumption of pathology, there are several lines of evidence supporting an adaptive role for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. First, experimental and clinical evidence indicate that neonatal enzyme systems are not yet mature at birth; bilirubin has been demonstrated to scavenge potentially toxic oxygen free radicals that in later life are removed by the mature antioxidant enzyme system. Second, presence of bilirubin in mammals, similar patterns of expression of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in nonhuman primates, and significant inter population variation in newborn serum bilirubin levels among humans all suggest that bilirubin production, metabolism, and excretion are under genetic control. Therefore bilirubin metabolism and its understanding may help improve its diagnosis and prognosis.
{"title":"Perspective on Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia","authors":"D. Sheriff, A. Jarari","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I1.63976","url":null,"abstract":"Jaundice in newborns provides a different response from the parents when compared to jaundice in older children and adults. Physiologic hyperbilirubinemia occurs commonly in term newborn infants in the absence of any underlying pathologic cause. Yet, the jaundice itself is commonly regarded as a problem in the transition to extrauterine life. In Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NHB) the total bilirubin level is greater than 15mg/dL in 15 day or less old neonates and 2mg/dL in neonates above 15 days of age. Estimation of total bilirubin is preferred in the routine analyses for NHB compared to measurement of direct bilirubin. If certain conditions like sepsis, hepatic infections and other liver diseases are present it may be prudent to use direct bilirubin measurement. Yet contrary to the usual assumption of pathology, there are several lines of evidence supporting an adaptive role for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. First, experimental and clinical evidence indicate that neonatal enzyme systems are not yet mature at birth; bilirubin has been demonstrated to scavenge potentially toxic oxygen free radicals that in later life are removed by the mature antioxidant enzyme system. Second, presence of bilirubin in mammals, similar patterns of expression of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in nonhuman primates, and significant inter population variation in newborn serum bilirubin levels among humans all suggest that bilirubin production, metabolism, and excretion are under genetic control. Therefore bilirubin metabolism and its understanding may help improve its diagnosis and prognosis.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"15 1","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91132830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis to distal acral skeleton – humerus within two months of diagnosis of the primary is being reported. The metastasis to the bones from carcinoma cervix is uncommon especially in the distal appendicular skeleton. A 47 years female came with spontaneous fracture of right humerus shaft. The tissue from fracture site revealed metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. X-Ray lung and USG abdomen did not show any organ involvement. She was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma cervix stage III B two months before and put on radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This is one of the few documented cases of metastasis to humerus without involvement of lung liver or brain within two months of diagnosis of the primary.
{"title":"Humeral Metastasis in a case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma - a Case Report","authors":"B. Baviskar, S. Pruthi, Sd Dongre, R. Karle","doi":"10.4314/IJMU.V6I2.68194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMU.V6I2.68194","url":null,"abstract":"A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis to distal acral skeleton – humerus within two months of diagnosis of the primary is being reported. The metastasis to the bones from carcinoma cervix is uncommon especially in the distal appendicular skeleton. A 47 years female came with spontaneous fracture of right humerus shaft. The tissue from fracture site revealed metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. X-Ray lung and USG abdomen did not show any organ involvement. She was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma cervix stage III B two months before and put on radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This is one of the few documented cases of metastasis to humerus without involvement of lung liver or brain within two months of diagnosis of the primary.","PeriodicalId":14472,"journal":{"name":"Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88438509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：