Over the past 15 years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the pharmacology and toxicology of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This review focuses on the fate of gadolinium cation (Gd 3+ ) in bone tissues. The evidence indicates that Gd 3+ can persist in bone for extended periods, with higher retention observed for GBCAs with linear ligand structures as opposed to macrocyclic ones. The prolonged presence of Gd, with a significant proportion in species other than the initial intact injected GBCA form, raises concerns about potential toxicological effects, although no direct clinical consequences on bone physiology have been reported so far. This review discusses the complex interactions between Gd 3+ and bone matrix components, such as hydroxyapatite, collagen, and proteoglycans, which might contribute to the mechanisms of Gd retention. It also explores the potential for Gd to interfere with bone remodelling processes and cellular functions, as suggested by in vitro studies, and in comparison with that known for other rare earth elements (REE).
The next-generation, high relaxivity, gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are discussed, together with new studies of safety, improvements in MR technique, and the ongoing development of additional agents. It is likely that the next generation agents, gadopiclenol and gadoquatrane, will largely replace the current standards, the macrocyclic gadolinium chelates, despite the excellent safety profile and very high stability of the latter. In the Group of Seven (G7) nations, which includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, use of the linear gadolinium chelates has largely ceased, due to concerns regarding their relative instability as compared to the macrocyclic agents and the deposition of gadolinium that occurs in many tissues, including brain and bone, following their injection. Manganese-based compounds are once again being investigated, a field largely untouched since the initial development of clinical MR contrast media in the 1980s. Their potential impact on clinical imaging is, however, unclear. New information continues to emerge regarding differences in stability of the gadolinium-based agents. Artificial intelligence and deep learning techniques are maturing and are discussed briefly, given their potential and recent clinical application involving MR contrast media.
Objective: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can be used to effectively monitor hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment response to percutaneous ablation and transarterial chemoembolization. Here, we performed a supplementary analysis of a prospective study to evaluate HCC participants treated with yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization (Y90-TARE). We evaluated the utility of quantifiable parameters obtained from CEUS up to 2 weeks posttreatment for predicting treatment response compared with the standard of care cross-sectional imaging performed 2 to 6 months posttreatment (reference standard).
Materials and methods: In this IRB-approved, prospective clinical trial, participants with HCC scheduled for Y90-TARE underwent 3 CEUS sessions. These sessions occurred 1 to 4 hours post-Y90-TARE, 1 week, and 2 weeks posttreatment. Each CEUS examination involved a 10-minute infusion of Optison (GE HealthCare) using an Acuson Sequoia 2.0 or a HELX S3000 scanner (Siemens Healthineers) with 6C1 transducer. During each CEUS examination, flash-replenishment sequences were performed at the tumor midline for CEUS replenishment imaging. Changes between baseline and 1 or 2 weeks were used for quantitative analyses. Fractional tumor vascularity (FTV in %), perfusion (in mL/s*mg), peak enhancement (au), and time to peak (TTP in seconds) were calculated offline using Matlab (MathWorks) to quantitatively evaluate TARE response. Two abdominal radiologists read the reference standard MRI or CT obtained post-Y90-TARE and characterized the tumor as nonviable (complete response) or viable (partial response/stable disease). Unpaired t tests were performed to evaluate differences in nonviable versus viable disease. ROC analysis and logistic regression were evaluated to determine diagnostic performance and disease prediction.
Results: Final analysis included 38 participants. Of these, 22 had nonviable disease (58%, 22/38) and 16 had viable disease (42%, 16/38). FTV showed a difference between nonviable and viable tumors at 2 weeks post-Y90-TARE (38% ± 24% vs 62% ± 28%, P = 0.008). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in the change in FTV from immediately post-Y90-TARE to 2 weeks after treatment between participants with viable and nonviable disease (41% ± 31% vs 11% ± 26%, P = 0.006). No significant difference was found between viable and nonviable disease across examinations for any of the other variables (P > 0.13).
Conclusions: Quantitative CEUS appears to provide an early indicator of treatment response ∼2 weeks post-Y90-TARE.
Background: Functional imaging of the kidney in pediatric patients is typically performed using contrast-enhanced MR urography (MRU) or nuclear scintigraphy, both of which require either gadolinium-based contrast agents or ionizing radiation. Furosemide, a loop diuretic routinely used in both modalities to stimulate urinary flow, acutely increases tubular fluid volume. These changes in renal water content can be detected by MRI-based quantitative T2 mapping, which may provide a contrast- and radiation-free alternative for evaluating kidney function.
Objective: To assess renal T2 relaxation time changes following intravenous furosemide administration as a surrogate marker for differential renal function (DRF) in pediatric MRU.
Materials and methods: In this prospective single-center study (June 2024 to March 2025), pediatric patients undergoing clinically indicated MRU received additional dynamic T2 mapping during furosemide administration using a respiratory-triggered gradient-and-spin-echo (GraSE) sequence. Two readers independently assessed T2 relaxation time changes. DRF was derived from the slope of the T2 increase (SlopeDRF) as well as from pre-T2 to post-T2 differences, expressed as each kidney's relative contribution to total function. These measures were compared with contrast-enhanced, Patlak-derived DRF (pDRF) using Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. Interreader agreement was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
Results: Thirty-two patients (16 males; median age: 7 y, IQR: 0 to 11) were included. Renal parenchymal T2 relaxation times increased significantly after furosemide administration (pre: 118.4 ms, IQR: 110.8 to 124.4; post: 134.8 ms, IQR: 126.9 to 141.3; P < 0.001). SlopeDRF correlated strongly with pDRF (r = 0.81), and T2-difference DRF also demonstrated strong correlation with pDRF (r = 0.80). Interreader agreement for DRF was excellent (ICC = 0.94).
Conclusion: Dynamic renal T2 mapping after intravenous furosemide administration shows strong correlation with Patlak-derived DRF from contrast-enhanced MRU and may provide a noninvasive, contrast- and radiation-free method for quantifying differential renal function in children.
Objectives: Effective dose management in computed tomography is impeded by 2 key operational challenges: error-prone manual protocol mapping and the high volume of nonactionable alerts from fixed diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). This "alert fatigue" creates a risk of overlooking clinically significant dose deviations. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted framework to automate scan classification and provide a patient-specific context for dose assessment.
Materials and methods: This retrospective study analyzed 2955 CT irradiation events. A processing pipeline was developed that first performs automated body segmentation using a deep learning model. A random forest classifier was then trained on the resulting organ volumes to identify 15 distinct scan regions. For 4 common examination types, linear regression models were established to predict the CT dose index (CTDIvol) based on the patient's mean cross-sectional water-equivalent area. Cases were identified as statistical outliers if the absolute standardized residual was >2. The number of these outliers was compared with the number of conventional DRL exceedances.
Results: The automated scan region classifier achieved high accuracy, with a macro-averaged F1 score of 93.8% on the hold-out test set. The regression models demonstrated a clear linear correlation between patient anatomy and CTDIvol (r = 0.56 to 0.79). Crucially, the patient-specific models identified substantially fewer cases for review (60 statistical outliers) compared with the standard DRL-based method (170 exceedances). Manual analysis confirmed that all flagged cases were clinically justified.
Conclusions: Our findings validate that an AI-assisted, patient-centered framework is a highly effective strategy for dose management. By shifting the paradigm from rigid, population-based thresholds to a dynamic, patient-specific assessment, our approach provides a more effective method for identifying potential dose deviations while substantially reducing the burden of nonactionable alerts. This work charts a course towards a new standard of radiation dose monitoring, advancing the field in the direction of a more efficient and reliable form of personalized dose monitoring.
Objectives: To propose simultaneous acquisition of free-breathing, noncontrast-enhanced 3D perfusion-weighted (QW) and ventilation-weighted (VW) maps using 3D ultrashort echo-time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Materials and methods: This prospective study included 1 healthy volunteer (25 years; female) and 5 patients (65 ± 10 y; 1 female) with diffuse pulmonary diseases [2 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 2 interstitial lung disease (ILD), 1 asthma], conducted between January 2022 and March 2024. Three-dimensional QW and VW maps were obtained through retrospective cardiac and respiratory gating using 3D UTE MRI on a 3T clinical scanner (Magnetom Prisma; Siemens Healthineers). QW maps were generated by voxel-wise subtraction between maximum and minimum values of 8 cardiac phase-resolved images at end-expiration, and VW maps by subtraction between end-inspiration and end-expiration images. Validation of QW maps involved: (1) assessment of coefficient of variation (CV) across 12 lung segments compared with SPECT, (2) structural similarity index measure (SSIM) analysis compared with SPECT, and (3) evaluation of anteroposterior gravity-dependence by 1D coronal slice profiles. Repeatability was tested in one healthy subject with multiple scans on separate days. In patients, regional perfusion was assessed in lesions identified on CT, and V/Q match or mismatch was evaluated in asthma and emphysema-predominant COPD. Statistical analysis included SSIM and Mann-Whitney U tests (P < 0.05).
Results: UTE MRI-based QW and VW maps showed high similarity with corresponding SPECT maps [SSIM: 0.86 (QW), 0.87 (VW); P >0.05 for CV across 12 lung segments]. Both maps demonstrated gravity-dependence with high correlation to SPECT (correlation coefficient: QW = 0.91, VW = 0.96). QW maps show reduced perfusion in emphysema regions and increased perfusion in regions with consolidation, ground-glass opacity (GGO), and inflammation around fibrotic cysts. Comparing asthma and emphysema-predominant COPD, QW and VW maps demonstrated V/Q mismatch in asthma but matched defects in COPD.
Conclusions: Simultaneous noncontrast-enhanced 3D UTE MRI effectively provides reliable regional perfusion and ventilation information for pulmonary disease evaluation without exposure to ionizing radiation. By providing perfusion and ventilation information simultaneously, the proposed method can help to provide precise and comprehensive functional assessment of pulmonary diseases, including differentiation of pathophysiological conditions and improved evaluation of disease severity and prognosis.
Objectives: To explore magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gallium-68 (68Ga)-DOTATATE positron emission tomography (PET) performance in the assessment of neuroendocrine liver metastases (NELMs) on a per-lesion basis, with particular attention to the contribution of individual MRI sequences and assessment of other factors that might influence their detection.
Materials and methods: This observational retrospective study included patients with histologically confirmed neuroendocrine tumors who underwent both contrast-enhanced MRI and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET within 12 weeks between August 2017 and December 2023. Three readers in consensus assessed individual MRI sequences [diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging (DCE), and hepatobiliary phase (HBP) imaging when available], entire MRI data set, and PET in random order. The reference standard was histopathology or follow-up imaging. Diagnostic performance metrics were calculated using generalized estimating equations with Bonferroni correction. Correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients.
Results: A total of 1249 lesions, comprising 1050 metastases, were analyzed in 60 patients (mean age: 64.9±11.5 years; 56.7% male). Compared with PET, MRI demonstrated superior sensitivity (93% vs. 59%, P<0.001) and accuracy (93% vs. 63%, P<0.001), with DWI and HBP providing the highest sensitivity (89% and 92%). Size-stratified analysis showed that MRI outperformed PET, particularly for metastases <5 mm (81.6% vs. 19.7%) and 5 to 10 mm (96.1% vs. 61.8%) (P<0.001). Arterial enhancement and portal venous washout were present in 67.8% and 23.7% of metastases, respectively, with only portal venous washout showing size dependence (11.9% in <5 mm to 55.6% in >20 mm lesions, P<0.01). PET-negative metastases were smaller than PET-positives (5.0 vs. 8.0 mm, P=0.001), with lesion size correlating with maximum standardized uptake values and normalized uptake ratios (r=0.54 to 0.59, P<0.001).
Conclusions: MRI outperformed 68Ga-DOTATATE PET in detecting NELMs, with DWI and HBP providing particularly high sensitivity for small metastases.
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