Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.317848.1005155
H. Esmaeili, M. Hamedi, A. Khanjari
Background: Desert plants can’t provide all the animals requirements for calcium and mineral deficiency in camels is mostly visible in dry seasons. The present study investigates hypocalcemia in pre-partum and post-parturient camels. Methods: In a camel herd 25 out of 96 pregnant animals showed clinical signs of hypocalcemia within a week post-parturition. Two camels had abortions and 9 animals that gave birth had died. Blood sample was collected and calcium and phosphorus concentration was measured using a commercial kit. Results: The clinical and necropsy signs bore a resemblance of decline in blood calcium and the level of calcium and phosphorus had fallen below the normal range in all the tested blood. Most of the camels recovered after administration of injectable calcium and adding supplementary nutrition. Conclusion: Regarding the presence of camels suffered hypocalcemia in the current study, paying attention to minerals balance especially in last months of pregnancy and in recently parturiated camels is crucial.
{"title":"An Outbreak of Pre- and Post-Parturient Clinical Hypocalcemia in a Camel’s Herd in Iran","authors":"H. Esmaeili, M. Hamedi, A. Khanjari","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.317848.1005155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.317848.1005155","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Desert plants can’t provide all the animals requirements for calcium and mineral deficiency in camels is mostly visible in dry seasons. The present study investigates hypocalcemia in pre-partum and post-parturient camels. Methods: In a camel herd 25 out of 96 pregnant animals showed clinical signs of hypocalcemia within a week post-parturition. Two camels had abortions and 9 animals that gave birth had died. Blood sample was collected and calcium and phosphorus concentration was measured using a commercial kit. Results: The clinical and necropsy signs bore a resemblance of decline in blood calcium and the level of calcium and phosphorus had fallen below the normal range in all the tested blood. Most of the camels recovered after administration of injectable calcium and adding supplementary nutrition. Conclusion: Regarding the presence of camels suffered hypocalcemia in the current study, paying attention to minerals balance especially in last months of pregnancy and in recently parturiated camels is crucial.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44425184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.329603.1005191
A. Yousef, H. Ghasemzadeh-Nava, P. Tajik, V. Akbarinejad, A. Towhidi
BACKGROUND: Epididymal sperm collection is allowed the use of genetic material post-mortem or after orchiectomy from high-value animals or endangered species. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to improve the accessibility of the dog epididymal sperm cryopreservation system based on the appropriate dose of lecithin. METHODS: Epididymal sperm from castrated testes of mature healthy dogs in veterinary centers were collected and divided into six groups: G1: egg yolk 20% (control), G2: lecithin 0.4% (L0.4), G3: lecithin 0.8% (L0.8), G4: lecithin 1.2% (L1.2), G5: lecithin 1.6% (L1.6), and G6: lecithin 2% (L2). Evaluation of Spermatozoa was done before freezing by Motility test, Eosin- Nigrosin vital staining and Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST) and after thawing by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA), HOST, Eosin-Nigrosin vital staining, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). RESULTS: In frozen samples, total motility and proportion of sperm with intact plasma membrane integrity based on the HOS test were lesser in all groups treated with different concentrations of lecithin as compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). However, beat cross frequency (BCF) was higher in all groups treated with different concentrations of lecithin as compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Yet progressive motility, the proportion of live sperm based on the Eosin- Nigrosin test, VAP, VSL, VCL, STR, LIN, and ALH did not differ among various experimental groups (P > 0.05). The proportion of sperm with morphological defects did not differ between fresh and frozen samples and among various experimental groups (P > 0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential was greater in the control than 0.4% lecithin group (P = 0.026). The proportion of sperm positive for ROS was lesser in the control than 0.4% lecithin group (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: egg yolk was superior to the lecithin-based extenders to cryopreserve epididymal sperm of dogs.
{"title":"Evaluation of Soy Lecithin Efficacy in Comparison with Egg Yolk on Freezing of Epididymal Sperm in Dogs","authors":"A. Yousef, H. Ghasemzadeh-Nava, P. Tajik, V. Akbarinejad, A. Towhidi","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.329603.1005191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.329603.1005191","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Epididymal sperm collection is allowed the use of genetic material post-mortem or after orchiectomy from high-value animals or endangered species. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to improve the accessibility of the dog epididymal sperm cryopreservation system based on the appropriate dose of lecithin. METHODS: Epididymal sperm from castrated testes of mature healthy dogs in veterinary centers were collected and divided into six groups: G1: egg yolk 20% (control), G2: lecithin 0.4% (L0.4), G3: lecithin 0.8% (L0.8), G4: lecithin 1.2% (L1.2), G5: lecithin 1.6% (L1.6), and G6: lecithin 2% (L2). Evaluation of Spermatozoa was done before freezing by Motility test, Eosin- Nigrosin vital staining and Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST) and after thawing by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA), HOST, Eosin-Nigrosin vital staining, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). RESULTS: In frozen samples, total motility and proportion of sperm with intact plasma membrane integrity based on the HOS test were lesser in all groups treated with different concentrations of lecithin as compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). However, beat cross frequency (BCF) was higher in all groups treated with different concentrations of lecithin as compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Yet progressive motility, the proportion of live sperm based on the Eosin- Nigrosin test, VAP, VSL, VCL, STR, LIN, and ALH did not differ among various experimental groups (P > 0.05). The proportion of sperm with morphological defects did not differ between fresh and frozen samples and among various experimental groups (P > 0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential was greater in the control than 0.4% lecithin group (P = 0.026). The proportion of sperm positive for ROS was lesser in the control than 0.4% lecithin group (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: egg yolk was superior to the lecithin-based extenders to cryopreserve epididymal sperm of dogs.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45563643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.325558.1005181
Sadaf Sadri, M. Masoudifard, D. Shirani
Background: The severity of congenital heart disease can range from trivial to life threatening and clinical signs might have no specific manifestation prior to sudden death. Due to difficulties of diagnosis based on physical examination alone, it is advisable that radiographic and echocardiographic examinations be performed on all kittens early in their lives.Objectives: To evaluate echocardiographic and radiographic findings in a group of cats with atrial septal defect (ASD) and comparing their LV-study with a group of cats with normal cardiac indices.Methods: In the group of cats with ASD medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical findings and echocardiographic data and measurements in B- mode, M- mode and Color Doppler. In the group of cats with normal heart condition, all their radiographic and echocardiographic findings were normal and their echocardiographic data were used for comparison with the same data in the group of cats with ASD. Results: The direction of the shunt in all cats with ASD was left-to-right. The mean LA/Ao and IVSd were the only two LV- study parameters that were statistically higher in the group of patients than the control group, although other LV-study parameters showed non-significant differences between these two groups. The mean IVSs, EF% and FS% in the patients were higher than the control group. The mean LVIDs in the group of patients was lower than the control group and the mean LVIDd, LVPWd and LVPWs were almost the same in the two groups. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that despite the existence of a defect on the interatrial septum in the patients, most of their left ventricular echocardiographic parameters showed no significant differences from normal references.
{"title":"Echocardiographic Findings of Left Ventricle (LV-Study) in Cats Diagnosed with Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)","authors":"Sadaf Sadri, M. Masoudifard, D. Shirani","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.325558.1005181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.325558.1005181","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The severity of congenital heart disease can range from trivial to life threatening and clinical signs might have no specific manifestation prior to sudden death. Due to difficulties of diagnosis based on physical examination alone, it is advisable that radiographic and echocardiographic examinations be performed on all kittens early in their lives.Objectives: To evaluate echocardiographic and radiographic findings in a group of cats with atrial septal defect (ASD) and comparing their LV-study with a group of cats with normal cardiac indices.Methods: In the group of cats with ASD medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical findings and echocardiographic data and measurements in B- mode, M- mode and Color Doppler. In the group of cats with normal heart condition, all their radiographic and echocardiographic findings were normal and their echocardiographic data were used for comparison with the same data in the group of cats with ASD. Results: The direction of the shunt in all cats with ASD was left-to-right. The mean LA/Ao and IVSd were the only two LV- study parameters that were statistically higher in the group of patients than the control group, although other LV-study parameters showed non-significant differences between these two groups. The mean IVSs, EF% and FS% in the patients were higher than the control group. The mean LVIDs in the group of patients was lower than the control group and the mean LVIDd, LVPWd and LVPWs were almost the same in the two groups. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that despite the existence of a defect on the interatrial septum in the patients, most of their left ventricular echocardiographic parameters showed no significant differences from normal references.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"49 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41296812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.297539.1005166
J. Lawal, Z. B. Yusuf, M. Mustapha, L. Adamu
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and type of indigestible foreign material impaction in small ruminants in Gombe State, Nigeria. Sampling was carried out between February 2019 and January 2020, systematic random sampling technique, ante-mortem examination of selected goats and sheep prior to slaughter at the major abattoirs in Gombe State. The sex, age and body condition score of each animal was observed and recorded accordingly. Post-mortem examination of the rumen and reticulum was performed and foreign materials recovered were removed from the abdominal cavity, identified and recorded. Out of 1730 small ruminants examined, 1167 (67.46%) were found to harbour various types of indigestible foreign materials in their rumen and reticulum. The prevalence was significantly (χ2 = 58.047, p < 0.0001) higher in goats (38.0%) compared to sheep (23.7%). Prevalence rates in respective LGA sampled from Gombe, Yamaltu Deba, Akko, Funakaye and Kwami LGAs was 13.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 11.8% and 11.4% respectively. The prevalence of indigestible foreign materials was found to be significantly (p< 0.0001; χ2 = 732.87; OR = 47.009) higher in adult (59.6%) compared to young (2.1%), significantly (p< 0.0001; χ2 = 637.61; OR = 31.145) higher in female (42.5%) compared to male (19.2%), higher in goats (χ2 = 177.03, p < 0.0001) and sheep (χ2 = 191.39, p < 0.0001) with poor body condition score compared to those with medium and good body condition Significantly higher proportions of indigestible foreign materials were recovered in the rumen of affected goats and sheep compared to their reticulum. Plastic was the most commonly encountered indigestible foreign materials in goats and in sheep, followed by seed/nuts, rope and cloth. Lack of adequate plastic waste disposal system, extensive management system and free grazing of livestock in urban area are among the predisposing factors to the high prevalence of indigestible foreign material in ruminants in the study area. It was therefore recommended that collaborative intervention schemes involving government’s agencies and livestock farmers are required to increase public awareness about how to properly dispose of domestic waste.
{"title":"Indigestible Foreign Materials Impaction of Small Ruminants In Gombe State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Lawal, Z. B. Yusuf, M. Mustapha, L. Adamu","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.297539.1005166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.297539.1005166","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and type of indigestible foreign material impaction in small ruminants in Gombe State, Nigeria. Sampling was carried out between February 2019 and January 2020, systematic random sampling technique, ante-mortem examination of selected goats and sheep prior to slaughter at the major abattoirs in Gombe State. The sex, age and body condition score of each animal was observed and recorded accordingly. Post-mortem examination of the rumen and reticulum was performed and foreign materials recovered were removed from the abdominal cavity, identified and recorded. Out of 1730 small ruminants examined, 1167 (67.46%) were found to harbour various types of indigestible foreign materials in their rumen and reticulum. The prevalence was significantly (χ2 = 58.047, p < 0.0001) higher in goats (38.0%) compared to sheep (23.7%). Prevalence rates in respective LGA sampled from Gombe, Yamaltu Deba, Akko, Funakaye and Kwami LGAs was 13.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 11.8% and 11.4% respectively. The prevalence of indigestible foreign materials was found to be significantly (p< 0.0001; χ2 = 732.87; OR = 47.009) higher in adult (59.6%) compared to young (2.1%), significantly (p< 0.0001; χ2 = 637.61; OR = 31.145) higher in female (42.5%) compared to male (19.2%), higher in goats (χ2 = 177.03, p < 0.0001) and sheep (χ2 = 191.39, p < 0.0001) with poor body condition score compared to those with medium and good body condition Significantly higher proportions of indigestible foreign materials were recovered in the rumen of affected goats and sheep compared to their reticulum. Plastic was the most commonly encountered indigestible foreign materials in goats and in sheep, followed by seed/nuts, rope and cloth. Lack of adequate plastic waste disposal system, extensive management system and free grazing of livestock in urban area are among the predisposing factors to the high prevalence of indigestible foreign material in ruminants in the study area. It was therefore recommended that collaborative intervention schemes involving government’s agencies and livestock farmers are required to increase public awareness about how to properly dispose of domestic waste.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42858644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.327607.1005187
M. T. Garoussi, Ebrahim Hosseinabdai, A. Khosravi, Faramarz Gharaghozloo, Babak Khorramian, F. Moosakhani
Background: Prototheca Spp. belongs to family Chlorellaceae and can cause mastitis in dairy cattle herds. Several Prototheca species could be isolated in different parts of the dairy herds. Objectives: The objectives were to determine: (1) the investigation status of bulk tank milk Prototheca Spp prevalence in industrial dairy cattle herds in different area of Iran. And (2). To evaluate the fungal agent prevalence of bulk tank milk of dairy cattle herds in different seasons. Materials and Methods: Bulk tank milk for the presence of Prototheca and fungal agents from 165 industrial dairy cattle herds complexes were tested. The population of each herd were about 850–3500 Holstein dairy cows. The samples were taken from 32 cities and 16 provinces of Iran, respectively. In total, almost 66800 Holstein dairy cows represented. The population of lactating cows included about 25800. Samples were cultured on sabouraud glucose agar (SGA) medium with chloramphenicol (100 mg / l). Results: Only 8 (4.84%) out of 165 samples were isolated for Prototheca Spp. It had been isolated in different seasons. They were 2, 4, 1 and 1 samples in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Candida, Fusarium and Trichosporon Spp. were isolated from 137, 2 and 1 samples, respectively. According to the obtained results Prototheca and fungal agents are present in bulk tank milk of industrial dairy cattle herds in different provinces of Iran. Conclusion: It is concluded that exposure to Prototheca and different fungal agents could be common in the dairy cattle herds in Iran. The results are important as dairy cattle health and human sanitation hazards.
{"title":"Prevalence of Prototheca and fungal contamination of bulk tank milk of industrial dairy cattle herds in Iran","authors":"M. T. Garoussi, Ebrahim Hosseinabdai, A. Khosravi, Faramarz Gharaghozloo, Babak Khorramian, F. Moosakhani","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.327607.1005187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.327607.1005187","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prototheca Spp. belongs to family Chlorellaceae and can cause mastitis in dairy cattle herds. Several Prototheca species could be isolated in different parts of the dairy herds. Objectives: The objectives were to determine: (1) the investigation status of bulk tank milk Prototheca Spp prevalence in industrial dairy cattle herds in different area of Iran. And (2). To evaluate the fungal agent prevalence of bulk tank milk of dairy cattle herds in different seasons. Materials and Methods: Bulk tank milk for the presence of Prototheca and fungal agents from 165 industrial dairy cattle herds complexes were tested. The population of each herd were about 850–3500 Holstein dairy cows. The samples were taken from 32 cities and 16 provinces of Iran, respectively. In total, almost 66800 Holstein dairy cows represented. The population of lactating cows included about 25800. Samples were cultured on sabouraud glucose agar (SGA) medium with chloramphenicol (100 mg / l). Results: Only 8 (4.84%) out of 165 samples were isolated for Prototheca Spp. It had been isolated in different seasons. They were 2, 4, 1 and 1 samples in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Candida, Fusarium and Trichosporon Spp. were isolated from 137, 2 and 1 samples, respectively. According to the obtained results Prototheca and fungal agents are present in bulk tank milk of industrial dairy cattle herds in different provinces of Iran. Conclusion: It is concluded that exposure to Prototheca and different fungal agents could be common in the dairy cattle herds in Iran. The results are important as dairy cattle health and human sanitation hazards.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44605438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.327183.1005185
Molarameh Poudineh Morref, M. Koohi, Mojtaba Alimolaei, T. Emami, J. Hassan
BACKGROUND: The high potential toxicity of epsilon toxin (Etx) produced by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type D, has made it the third most lethal clostridial toxin behind botulinum and tetanus, therefore, having a pure and concentrated Etx is very important. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to purify Etx as pure as possible with an applicable, cost-effective, multistep purification protocol with the lowest and shortest time. METHODS: The purification of the Etx was carried out in multiple consecutive steps; ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, size exclusion chromatography by G50, two concentration steps, and ultrafiltration. The Etx activity after different steps was evaluated by the minimum lethal dose (MLD) calculation, according to the standard operating procedure. Toxin quantification was determined using Lowry technique, and its presence and specificity was tracked to identify pure Etx by SDS- PAGE and western blotting. Finally, the purity of Etx was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS: The purified Etx formed a single band of about 32.9 kDa in SDS-PAGE and blotting. The pure Etx concentration was calculated to be 3.9 mg/ml and its MLD value was the dilution of 1/24000 after the ultrafiltration step. The presented purification processes to purify Etx resulted in ~ 87-fold concentration and 88.6% purity. CONCLUSIONS: Due to this high Etx purity, the processes used in this study can provide the technical knowledge of toxin production in a larger industrial scale that can be used in development of clostridial toxoid vaccines, as well as quality control and/or diagnostic tests.
{"title":"A new practical purification method for type D Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin by Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Ultrafiltration (UF)","authors":"Molarameh Poudineh Morref, M. Koohi, Mojtaba Alimolaei, T. Emami, J. Hassan","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.327183.1005185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.327183.1005185","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The high potential toxicity of epsilon toxin (Etx) produced by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type D, has made it the third most lethal clostridial toxin behind botulinum and tetanus, therefore, having a pure and concentrated Etx is very important. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to purify Etx as pure as possible with an applicable, cost-effective, multistep purification protocol with the lowest and shortest time. METHODS: The purification of the Etx was carried out in multiple consecutive steps; ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, size exclusion chromatography by G50, two concentration steps, and ultrafiltration. The Etx activity after different steps was evaluated by the minimum lethal dose (MLD) calculation, according to the standard operating procedure. Toxin quantification was determined using Lowry technique, and its presence and specificity was tracked to identify pure Etx by SDS- PAGE and western blotting. Finally, the purity of Etx was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS: The purified Etx formed a single band of about 32.9 kDa in SDS-PAGE and blotting. The pure Etx concentration was calculated to be 3.9 mg/ml and its MLD value was the dilution of 1/24000 after the ultrafiltration step. The presented purification processes to purify Etx resulted in ~ 87-fold concentration and 88.6% purity. CONCLUSIONS: Due to this high Etx purity, the processes used in this study can provide the technical knowledge of toxin production in a larger industrial scale that can be used in development of clostridial toxoid vaccines, as well as quality control and/or diagnostic tests.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49374555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.318812.1005160
D. Iliyasu, Mohammed Abdullahi, A. M. Abdullahi, F. Adamu
BACKGROUND: The seeds of Moringa oleifera are known to have high content of protein and vitamins. The seeds are excellent sources of antioxidants. The seeds were extracted using aqueous extraction method. Thereafter acute toxicity test was carried out.OBJECTIVES: The research was designed to examine the influence of graded dose of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera on testicular pathology, gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves of Wistar rat experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. METHODS: The rats were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) group E was control. Group A to D were inoculated with 1× 106 virulent T. brucei brucei intra-peritoneal, the rats were kept for one week post infection to exhibit clinical signs prior to commencement of the treatment with the extract. The rats were treated daily at 10:00 AM for five weeks with 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract for group A, B, C and D respectively. While group E was control received 0.5 ml/kg of water. Blood samples were collected every Monday between 10:00-11:00 AM for hematological indices. At the end of six weeks of the experiment all the rats were humanely sacrificed, gonadal and extra gonadal sperm reserves were harvested and examined and processed for histopathology. RESULTS: Gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves (sperm× 106) of the rats (group A to E) post treatment revealed significant increased 213±2.3a; 221±3.1; 250±1.7c; 259±2.6d; 295±2.5e and 115±1.1; 160±2.1; 153±0.0; 167±1.7; 120±1.2 respectively, compared to control group at p <0.05 level. Sperm concentration of the right epididymis (sperm× 106) 60.0±0.6a; 90.2±1.1b; 96.5±0.0c; 98.7±0.9d; 69.4±0.6e were significantly higher compared to the left epididymis 5.0±0.5; 69.8±1.1; 56.5±0.0; 68.3±0.8; 50.6±0.6. The blood were evaluated for group A to E and the PCV (%) and WBC (×103/μL) were progressively in group A, B and C compared to group E post infection. Infection with T. brucei at weeks 2 and 3 shows poor semen characteristics, thereafter the semen quality has improved. CONCLUSIONS: Moringa oleifera aqueous seeds extract has significantly reduced the impact of trypanosomosis and improved semen quality of the experimental rats.
{"title":"Influence Of Graded Dose Of Moringa oleifera Seed Extract Administered Orally On Testicular Pathology, Gonadal And Extra Gonadal Sperm Reserves Of Wistar Rats Experimentally Infected With Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei","authors":"D. Iliyasu, Mohammed Abdullahi, A. M. Abdullahi, F. Adamu","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.318812.1005160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.318812.1005160","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The seeds of Moringa oleifera are known to have high content of protein and vitamins. The seeds are excellent sources of antioxidants. The seeds were extracted using aqueous extraction method. Thereafter acute toxicity test was carried out.OBJECTIVES: The research was designed to examine the influence of graded dose of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera on testicular pathology, gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves of Wistar rat experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. METHODS: The rats were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) group E was control. Group A to D were inoculated with 1× 106 virulent T. brucei brucei intra-peritoneal, the rats were kept for one week post infection to exhibit clinical signs prior to commencement of the treatment with the extract. The rats were treated daily at 10:00 AM for five weeks with 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract for group A, B, C and D respectively. While group E was control received 0.5 ml/kg of water. Blood samples were collected every Monday between 10:00-11:00 AM for hematological indices. At the end of six weeks of the experiment all the rats were humanely sacrificed, gonadal and extra gonadal sperm reserves were harvested and examined and processed for histopathology. RESULTS: Gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves (sperm× 106) of the rats (group A to E) post treatment revealed significant increased 213±2.3a; 221±3.1; 250±1.7c; 259±2.6d; 295±2.5e and 115±1.1; 160±2.1; 153±0.0; 167±1.7; 120±1.2 respectively, compared to control group at p <0.05 level. Sperm concentration of the right epididymis (sperm× 106) 60.0±0.6a; 90.2±1.1b; 96.5±0.0c; 98.7±0.9d; 69.4±0.6e were significantly higher compared to the left epididymis 5.0±0.5; 69.8±1.1; 56.5±0.0; 68.3±0.8; 50.6±0.6. The blood were evaluated for group A to E and the PCV (%) and WBC (×103/μL) were progressively in group A, B and C compared to group E post infection. Infection with T. brucei at weeks 2 and 3 shows poor semen characteristics, thereafter the semen quality has improved. CONCLUSIONS: Moringa oleifera aqueous seeds extract has significantly reduced the impact of trypanosomosis and improved semen quality of the experimental rats.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48715787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-10DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.327380.1005186
N. D. Davachi, P. Bartlewski, R. Masoudi, B. Ahmadi, M. Didarkhah
BACKGROUND: Rabbits are reflex ovulators with the ovulatory process triggered by neuro-hormonal impulses generated during natural mating. When applying artificial insemination (AI), an array of biostimulation techniques and/or exogenous hormones (e.g., gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or its analogues) must be used to induce ovulations in female rabbits. However, the effectiveness of various biostimulation techniques and exogenous hormones is not always satisfactory and the use of GnRH analogues is additionally associated with high production costs. Therefore, developing an alternative inexpensive, efficient and safe treatment for the induction of ovulation in artificially inseminated does is urgently needed. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we examined and compared the effects of mated doe serum (MDS) and GnRH analogue (Gonadorelin) administered immediately after artificial insemination on circulating concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and fertility in New Zealand does. METHODS: Forty artificially inseminated does were allocated to four equinumerous groups that received: 0.2 ml of saline i.m. (Control G), 0.8 µg of Gonadorelin dissolved in 0.2 ml of saline i.m. (Treatment G), 2.5 ml of mixed sex normal rabbit serum i.v. (Control M) or 2.5 ml of mated doe serum (MDS)/doe i.v. (Treatment M). RESULTS: A peak in systemic LH concentrations occurred earlier in Treatment M compared with Treatment G does (71 vs. 107 min post-AI, respectively; P≤ 0.05); mean LH concentrations did not vary (P≤ 0.05) from the pre-AI values in both control groups. Serum LH concentrations remained higher (P≤ 0.05) in Treatment M compared with Treatment G does from 30 to 90 min post-AI but they were greater (P≤ 0.05) in Treatment G than in Treatment M group at 120 and 160 min after AI. Gonadorelin and MDS injections both resulted in the same kindling rate (80%) at each of the four consecutive AI’s (initiated 30 days post-partum) and they were significantly greater than those recorded in control animals (20%). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that MDS administration is an effective treatment to induce ovulations in rabbits, with the repeatability like that achieved with a GnRH analogue.
{"title":"Induction of ovulation after artificial insemination in rabbits: Intramuscular injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist vs. intravenous administration of mated doe serum","authors":"N. D. Davachi, P. Bartlewski, R. Masoudi, B. Ahmadi, M. Didarkhah","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.327380.1005186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.327380.1005186","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Rabbits are reflex ovulators with the ovulatory process triggered by neuro-hormonal impulses generated during natural mating. When applying artificial insemination (AI), an array of biostimulation techniques and/or exogenous hormones (e.g., gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or its analogues) must be used to induce ovulations in female rabbits. However, the effectiveness of various biostimulation techniques and exogenous hormones is not always satisfactory and the use of GnRH analogues is additionally associated with high production costs. Therefore, developing an alternative inexpensive, efficient and safe treatment for the induction of ovulation in artificially inseminated does is urgently needed. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we examined and compared the effects of mated doe serum (MDS) and GnRH analogue (Gonadorelin) administered immediately after artificial insemination on circulating concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and fertility in New Zealand does. METHODS: Forty artificially inseminated does were allocated to four equinumerous groups that received: 0.2 ml of saline i.m. (Control G), 0.8 µg of Gonadorelin dissolved in 0.2 ml of saline i.m. (Treatment G), 2.5 ml of mixed sex normal rabbit serum i.v. (Control M) or 2.5 ml of mated doe serum (MDS)/doe i.v. (Treatment M). RESULTS: A peak in systemic LH concentrations occurred earlier in Treatment M compared with Treatment G does (71 vs. 107 min post-AI, respectively; P≤ 0.05); mean LH concentrations did not vary (P≤ 0.05) from the pre-AI values in both control groups. Serum LH concentrations remained higher (P≤ 0.05) in Treatment M compared with Treatment G does from 30 to 90 min post-AI but they were greater (P≤ 0.05) in Treatment G than in Treatment M group at 120 and 160 min after AI. Gonadorelin and MDS injections both resulted in the same kindling rate (80%) at each of the four consecutive AI’s (initiated 30 days post-partum) and they were significantly greater than those recorded in control animals (20%). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that MDS administration is an effective treatment to induce ovulations in rabbits, with the repeatability like that achieved with a GnRH analogue.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47636164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-02DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.321594.1005165
M. H. Anaraki, N. Sheikhi, H. H. Nazarpak, Gholamreza Nikbahkt
BACKGROUND: Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has a great potential for genetic variability which leads to generating new virus strains. The changes in IBV genome often cause alterations in the virulence, tissue tropism and viral replication in the host tissues. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to identify the virus variant strains in trachea, lung and kidney of infected birds. The possible relationship of IBV variants with the relative quantity of virus in each organ was also investigated.METHODS: IBV variant strains were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Amongst samples collected during one season (spring), from infected commercial broiler flocks located at Golastan and Mazandaran province of Iran, 9 flocks (3 flocks per each variant) were selected based on the identified variants. Trachea, lung and kidney samples of 5 birds per flock were examined for the presence of virus and variants. Virus also quantified in target organs using relative quantitative real time PCR.RESULTS: Based on the PCR and sequencing, three IBV variants were selected (A, B and C). Virus type A and B were detected in all target organs but virus type C detected in trachea and kidney. Virus type C had the highest quantity (17.02 ± 5.22) and virus type A showed the lowest quantity (5.68 ± 2.4) in infected tissues. Relative quantity of virus detected in tissues significantly correlated with IBV variant. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic polymorphism at IBV field strains has revealed significant correlations with viral quantity in lung, trachea and kidney. Our finding is an update of current knowledge on the associations between viral genotype, virulence and pathogenicity.
{"title":"Real Time Detection of different Variant Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Trachea, Lung and Kidney of Infected Broiler Chickens","authors":"M. H. Anaraki, N. Sheikhi, H. H. Nazarpak, Gholamreza Nikbahkt","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.321594.1005165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.321594.1005165","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has a great potential for genetic variability which leads to generating new virus strains. The changes in IBV genome often cause alterations in the virulence, tissue tropism and viral replication in the host tissues. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to identify the virus variant strains in trachea, lung and kidney of infected birds. The possible relationship of IBV variants with the relative quantity of virus in each organ was also investigated.METHODS: IBV variant strains were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Amongst samples collected during one season (spring), from infected commercial broiler flocks located at Golastan and Mazandaran province of Iran, 9 flocks (3 flocks per each variant) were selected based on the identified variants. Trachea, lung and kidney samples of 5 birds per flock were examined for the presence of virus and variants. Virus also quantified in target organs using relative quantitative real time PCR.RESULTS: Based on the PCR and sequencing, three IBV variants were selected (A, B and C). Virus type A and B were detected in all target organs but virus type C detected in trachea and kidney. Virus type C had the highest quantity (17.02 ± 5.22) and virus type A showed the lowest quantity (5.68 ± 2.4) in infected tissues. Relative quantity of virus detected in tissues significantly correlated with IBV variant. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic polymorphism at IBV field strains has revealed significant correlations with viral quantity in lung, trachea and kidney. Our finding is an update of current knowledge on the associations between viral genotype, virulence and pathogenicity.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46031766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-02DOI: 10.22059/IJVM.2021.314813.1005143
Sahar Rezaei, A. Asghari, S. Hassanpour, Farnoosh Arfaei
BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition which mediates by complex mechanisms via nerve neurotransmitter release. A correlation exists between sex hormones and neuropathic pain, but many aspects of this phenomenon still unclear.OBJECTIVE: So, the aim of the current study was to determine anti-nociceptive activity of the testosterone and its interaction with opioidergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic receptors in sciatic nerve ligated male rat.METHODS: In this study 170 adult male following sciatic nerve ligature randomly allocated into 4 experimental group. In experiment 1, animals were injected (i.p) with saline, testosterone (10 and 15mg/kg), morphine (5mg/kg), and 30 minutes later injected with formalin into the plantar surface of the right paw. In experiment 2, animals were injected with saline, testosterone (15mg/kg), naloxone (2mg/kg) and testosterone (15mg/kg)+naloxone (2mg/kg). In experiments 3 and 4 flumazenil (5mg/kg) and yohimbine (2mg/kg) were injected instead of naloxone. Then, the time spent for paw licking was determined the in first and second phase after formalin injection.RESULTS: According to the results, injection of the testosterone in a dose dependent manner decreased time of the licking and biting in injected paw compared to the control group(p <0.05). Pre-treatment with naloxone or flumazenil significantly decreased anti-nociceptive effect of the testosterone(p <0.05). Pre-treatment with yohimbine significantly increased anti-nociceptive effect of the testosterone(p <0.05).CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested, testosterone has anti-nociceptive activity and this effects mediates via opioidergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic receptors in sciatic nerve ligated male rat.
{"title":"Anti-nociceptive mechanisms of Testosterone in unilateral sciatic nerve ligated male rat: role of opioidergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic receptors","authors":"Sahar Rezaei, A. Asghari, S. Hassanpour, Farnoosh Arfaei","doi":"10.22059/IJVM.2021.314813.1005143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2021.314813.1005143","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition which mediates by complex mechanisms via nerve neurotransmitter release. A correlation exists between sex hormones and neuropathic pain, but many aspects of this phenomenon still unclear.OBJECTIVE: So, the aim of the current study was to determine anti-nociceptive activity of the testosterone and its interaction with opioidergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic receptors in sciatic nerve ligated male rat.METHODS: In this study 170 adult male following sciatic nerve ligature randomly allocated into 4 experimental group. In experiment 1, animals were injected (i.p) with saline, testosterone (10 and 15mg/kg), morphine (5mg/kg), and 30 minutes later injected with formalin into the plantar surface of the right paw. In experiment 2, animals were injected with saline, testosterone (15mg/kg), naloxone (2mg/kg) and testosterone (15mg/kg)+naloxone (2mg/kg). In experiments 3 and 4 flumazenil (5mg/kg) and yohimbine (2mg/kg) were injected instead of naloxone. Then, the time spent for paw licking was determined the in first and second phase after formalin injection.RESULTS: According to the results, injection of the testosterone in a dose dependent manner decreased time of the licking and biting in injected paw compared to the control group(p <0.05). Pre-treatment with naloxone or flumazenil significantly decreased anti-nociceptive effect of the testosterone(p <0.05). Pre-treatment with yohimbine significantly increased anti-nociceptive effect of the testosterone(p <0.05).CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested, testosterone has anti-nociceptive activity and this effects mediates via opioidergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic receptors in sciatic nerve ligated male rat.","PeriodicalId":14566,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48029654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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