Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2017.60794.1376
M. Afshar, H. rad
In this paper, an advanced analysis of a novel hybrid compression-absorption refrigeration system (HCARS) for natural gas dew point control unit in a gas refinery is presented. This unit separates the heavy hydrocarbon molecules in the natural gas, which is traditionally carried out by natural gas cooling in a compression refrigeration cycle (CRS). The power input required for the refrigeration cycle compressors is usually provided by gas turbines. The low efficiency of gas turbines and the excessive power required for running the CRS compressors have made it crucial to investigate different means to decrease the energy consumption of this cooling system. The waste heat of gas turbines flue gas can be recovered and utilized as the heating source for running an absorption refrigeration system (ARS) to provide part of the needed cooling load; hence, a hybrid compression absorption refrigeration system (HCARS) is launched. In this work, the application of HCARS is extended to the Fajr-e-Jam gas refinery currently operating with a CRS, and an advanced exergetic analysis of the proposed ARS is performed to further improve the proposed system. The effect of different variables on the performance of the proposed HCARS is also inspected. The proposed system and these analyses are novel for the gas refinery dew point control unit. Real CRS operational data are utilized in all the investigations, and proper means are presented for the validation of the simulation results. The proposed system resulted in 63% additional cooling capacity of the HCARS (12550 KW) in comparison to the current CRS (7670 kW) for the equal natural gas consumption, which overall saves about 50000 SCMD of natural gas. Based on the exergy analysis of all the equipment, the exergy efficiency of the proposed ARS is 0.155. In addition, the parametric study of the effects of the gas turbine flue gas exit temperature and flow rate, ambient temperature, partial load operation of CRS, absorption solution flow rate, and concentration on the HCARS performance is carried out. These studies should provide the information needed for operating the proposed system in different situations.
{"title":"Advanced Analysis of Dew Point Control Unit of Hybrid Refrigeration Systems in Gas Refineries","authors":"M. Afshar, H. rad","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2017.60794.1376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2017.60794.1376","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an advanced analysis of a novel hybrid compression-absorption refrigeration system (HCARS) for natural gas dew point control unit in a gas refinery is presented. This unit separates the heavy hydrocarbon molecules in the natural gas, which is traditionally carried out by natural gas cooling in a compression refrigeration cycle (CRS). The power input required for the refrigeration cycle compressors is usually provided by gas turbines. The low efficiency of gas turbines and the excessive power required for running the CRS compressors have made it crucial to investigate different means to decrease the energy consumption of this cooling system. The waste heat of gas turbines flue gas can be recovered and utilized as the heating source for running an absorption refrigeration system (ARS) to provide part of the needed cooling load; hence, a hybrid compression absorption refrigeration system (HCARS) is launched. In this work, the application of HCARS is extended to the Fajr-e-Jam gas refinery currently operating with a CRS, and an advanced exergetic analysis of the proposed ARS is performed to further improve the proposed system. The effect of different variables on the performance of the proposed HCARS is also inspected. The proposed system and these analyses are novel for the gas refinery dew point control unit. Real CRS operational data are utilized in all the investigations, and proper means are presented for the validation of the simulation results. The proposed system resulted in 63% additional cooling capacity of the HCARS (12550 KW) in comparison to the current CRS (7670 kW) for the equal natural gas consumption, which overall saves about 50000 SCMD of natural gas. Based on the exergy analysis of all the equipment, the exergy efficiency of the proposed ARS is 0.155. In addition, the parametric study of the effects of the gas turbine flue gas exit temperature and flow rate, ambient temperature, partial load operation of CRS, absorption solution flow rate, and concentration on the HCARS performance is carried out. These studies should provide the information needed for operating the proposed system in different situations.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"32-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86729709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2017.58038.1350
J. Azizi, S. Shadizadeh, A. K. Manshad, N. Jadidi
Water flooding is one of the most influential methods for pressure maintenance and enhanced oil recovery. However, water flooding is likely to develop the formation of oilfield scale. Scale formation in reservoirs, due to the mixing of injection water and formation water, could cause formation damage and production limit. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate the compatibility of brine and injection water. Scale prediction is performed using many thermodynamic and/or kinetic based models. In this study, simulations with speciation (ion pairing) are studied, which is a thermodynamic based tool. The utilization of reservoir conditions, formation water analysis, and sea water analysis as the inputs in this method resulted to the accurate prediction of potential scales. In this study, the factors impacting on the scale potential such as pH, temperature, and mixing ratio were also investigated. The obtained results showed that calcite and aragonite were the major scale potential to precipitate. Finally, the results illustrated the important effect of pH and temperature on different scales formation.
{"title":"Effects of pH and Temperature on Oilfield Scale Formation","authors":"J. Azizi, S. Shadizadeh, A. K. Manshad, N. Jadidi","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2017.58038.1350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2017.58038.1350","url":null,"abstract":"Water flooding is one of the most influential methods for pressure maintenance and enhanced oil recovery. However, water flooding is likely to develop the formation of oilfield scale. Scale formation in reservoirs, due to the mixing of injection water and formation water, could cause formation damage and production limit. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate the compatibility of brine and injection water. Scale prediction is performed using many thermodynamic and/or kinetic based models. In this study, simulations with speciation (ion pairing) are studied, which is a thermodynamic based tool. The utilization of reservoir conditions, formation water analysis, and sea water analysis as the inputs in this method resulted to the accurate prediction of potential scales. In this study, the factors impacting on the scale potential such as pH, temperature, and mixing ratio were also investigated. The obtained results showed that calcite and aragonite were the major scale potential to precipitate. Finally, the results illustrated the important effect of pH and temperature on different scales formation.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"18-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81119441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2018.75178.1381
M. Bagheri, M. Riahi
Random or incoherent noise is an important type of seismic noise, which can seriously affect the quality of the data. Therefore, decreasing the level of this category of noises is necessary for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of seismic records. Random noises and other events overlap each other in time domain, which makes it difficult to attenuate them from seismic records. In this research, a new technique is produced, by joining FX deconvolution (FXD) and a special kind of median filter in order to suppress random noise from seismic records. The technique is operated in some stages; firstly, FXD is tried to eliminate the Gaussian noise, and the median filter is fixed to diminish the spike-like noise. The synthetic dataset and field data examples (from an oil field in the southwest of Iran) have been employed to demonstrate that random noise reduction can be attained, while the signal content will not be destroyed considerably. The final results indicate the authority of the proposed strategy in suppressing random noises, whereas signal information is almost protected during the filtering.
{"title":"Using a novel method for random noise reduction of seismic records","authors":"M. Bagheri, M. Riahi","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2018.75178.1381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2018.75178.1381","url":null,"abstract":"Random or incoherent noise is an important type of seismic noise, which can seriously affect the quality of the data. Therefore, decreasing the level of this category of noises is necessary for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of seismic records. Random noises and other events overlap each other in time domain, which makes it difficult to attenuate them from seismic records. In this research, a new technique is produced, by joining FX deconvolution (FXD) and a special kind of median filter in order to suppress random noise from seismic records. The technique is operated in some stages; firstly, FXD is tried to eliminate the Gaussian noise, and the median filter is fixed to diminish the spike-like noise. The synthetic dataset and field data examples (from an oil field in the southwest of Iran) have been employed to demonstrate that random noise reduction can be attained, while the signal content will not be destroyed considerably. The final results indicate the authority of the proposed strategy in suppressing random noises, whereas signal information is almost protected during the filtering.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"49 1","pages":"65-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76247564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2018.83374.1391
H. Yavari, Mohammad Sabah, Rassoul Khosravanian, D. Wood
The rate of penetration (ROP) is one of the vital parameters which directly affects the drilling time and costs. There are various parameters that influence the drilling rate; they include weight on bit, rotational speed, mud weight, bit type, formation type, and bit hydraulic. Several approaches, including mathematical models and artificial intelligence have been proposed to predict the rate of penetration. Previous research has showed that artificial intelligence such as neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system are superior to conventional methods in the prediction of drilling rate. On the other hand, many complicated analytical ROP models have also been developed during recent years that are able to predict drilling rate with a high degree of accuracy. Therefore, comparing different approaches to find the most accurate model and assess the conditions in which each model works well can be highly effective in reducing drilling time as well as drilling cost. In this study, Hareland-Rampersad (HR) model, Bourgoyne and Young (BY) model, and an adaptive-neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are employed to predict the drilling rate in the South Pars gas field (SP) offshore of Iran, and their results are compared to find the best ROP-prediction model for each formation. A database covering the drilling parameters, sonic log data, and modular dynamic test data collected from several drilling sites in SP are used to construct the mentioned models for each formation. The results show that when a large amount of data is available, the ANFIS is more accurate than the other approaches in predicting drilling rate. In the case of ROP models, BY model works considerably better than HR model for the majority of the formations. However, in formations where some drilling parameters are constant, but formation strength is variable, HR model shows better prediction performance than BY model.
钻速(ROP)是直接影响钻井时间和成本的重要参数之一。影响钻速的参数有很多;它们包括钻头重量、转速、泥浆重量、钻头类型、地层类型和钻头水力。已经提出了几种方法，包括数学模型和人工智能来预测渗透率。已有研究表明，神经网络和自适应神经模糊推理系统等人工智能在钻速预测方面优于常规方法。另一方面，近年来也开发了许多复杂的分析ROP模型，能够高精度地预测钻井速度。因此，通过比较不同的方法来找到最准确的模型，并评估每种模型的工作条件，可以非常有效地减少钻井时间和钻井成本。本文采用haland - rampersad (HR)模型、Bourgoyne and Young (BY)模型和自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)对伊朗海上South Pars气田(SP)的钻井速度进行预测，并对结果进行比较，以寻找各层的最佳rop预测模型。该数据库包括钻井参数、声波测井数据和从SP的几个钻井地点收集的模块化动态测试数据，用于为每个地层构建上述模型。结果表明，当有大量数据可用时，ANFIS在预测钻速方面比其他方法更准确。在ROP模型的情况下，对于大多数地层，BY模型比HR模型要好得多。然而，在某些钻井参数不变而地层强度变化的地层中，HR模型的预测效果优于BY模型。
{"title":"Application of an Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System and Mathematical Rate of Penetration Models to Predicting Drilling Rate","authors":"H. Yavari, Mohammad Sabah, Rassoul Khosravanian, D. Wood","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2018.83374.1391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2018.83374.1391","url":null,"abstract":"The rate of penetration (ROP) is one of the vital parameters which directly affects the drilling time and costs. There are various parameters that influence the drilling rate; they include weight on bit, rotational speed, mud weight, bit type, formation type, and bit hydraulic. Several approaches, including mathematical models and artificial intelligence have been proposed to predict the rate of penetration. Previous research has showed that artificial intelligence such as neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system are superior to conventional methods in the prediction of drilling rate. On the other hand, many complicated analytical ROP models have also been developed during recent years that are able to predict drilling rate with a high degree of accuracy. Therefore, comparing different approaches to find the most accurate model and assess the conditions in which each model works well can be highly effective in reducing drilling time as well as drilling cost. In this study, Hareland-Rampersad (HR) model, Bourgoyne and Young (BY) model, and an adaptive-neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are employed to predict the drilling rate in the South Pars gas field (SP) offshore of Iran, and their results are compared to find the best ROP-prediction model for each formation. A database covering the drilling parameters, sonic log data, and modular dynamic test data collected from several drilling sites in SP are used to construct the mentioned models for each formation. The results show that when a large amount of data is available, the ANFIS is more accurate than the other approaches in predicting drilling rate. In the case of ROP models, BY model works considerably better than HR model for the majority of the formations. However, in formations where some drilling parameters are constant, but formation strength is variable, HR model shows better prediction performance than BY model.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"28 1","pages":"73-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81720994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2018.120334.1439
M. Zare, A. Javaherian, M. Shabani
The aim of seismic inversion is mapping all of the subsurface structures from seismic data. Due to the band-limited nature of the seismic data, it is difficult to find a unique solution for seismic inversion. Deterministic methods of seismic inversion are based on try and error techniques and provide a smooth map of elastic properties, while stochastic methods produce high-resolution maps of elastic properties with the same probability. The current paper studies a stochastic method of seismic inversion which was applied to one of the Persian Gulf oilfields. Joint posterior distribution of elastic properties was calculated using Bayesian principle; then a sequential Gaussian simulation technique was performed to decompose the global probability function of elastic properties into some local probability functions at each trace location. The sampling of the local probability functions was performed, and two hundred realizations of the elastic properties were generated. The results of the stochastic inversion were found to be capable of modeling heterogeneities of the reservoir. The generated realizations provided the possibility to uncertainties assessment by calculating the variance of the elastic properties. It was found out that the uncertainty increased in locations far away from the well. Moreover, stochastic inversion, unlike deterministic one, was found to be capable of detecting thin beds (3.5 to 5.7 m) embedded within the reservoir.
{"title":"Capability of the Stochastic Seismic Inversion in Detecting the Thin Beds: a Case Study at One of the Persian Gulf Oilfields","authors":"M. Zare, A. Javaherian, M. Shabani","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2018.120334.1439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2018.120334.1439","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of seismic inversion is mapping all of the subsurface structures from seismic data. Due to the band-limited nature of the seismic data, it is difficult to find a unique solution for seismic inversion. Deterministic methods of seismic inversion are based on try and error techniques and provide a smooth map of elastic properties, while stochastic methods produce high-resolution maps of elastic properties with the same probability. The current paper studies a stochastic method of seismic inversion which was applied to one of the Persian Gulf oilfields. Joint posterior distribution of elastic properties was calculated using Bayesian principle; then a sequential Gaussian simulation technique was performed to decompose the global probability function of elastic properties into some local probability functions at each trace location. The sampling of the local probability functions was performed, and two hundred realizations of the elastic properties were generated. The results of the stochastic inversion were found to be capable of modeling heterogeneities of the reservoir. The generated realizations provided the possibility to uncertainties assessment by calculating the variance of the elastic properties. It was found out that the uncertainty increased in locations far away from the well. Moreover, stochastic inversion, unlike deterministic one, was found to be capable of detecting thin beds (3.5 to 5.7 m) embedded within the reservoir.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91284215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2017.91564.1395
A. Golkari, M. Riazi, A. Avazpour
To provide supplementary oil recovery after the primary and secondary processes, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are introduced. Carbonated water injection (CWI) as an EOR method can improve sweep efficiency and the risk of gas leakage. On the other hand, the interfacial tension (IFT) is one of the key factors which can affect fluid displacement during the process of CWI greatly. Therefore, the analysis of the IFT on an oil-carbonated water-CO2 system is vital. In this paper, the interfacial interactions of binary systems of asphaltenic crude oil (ACO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbonated water (CW) at different pressures and at two temperatures of 40 °C and 50 °C and their effects on the oil spreading in the water phase in the presence of gas are experimentally investigated. The IFT measurements were performed by axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) technique for the pendant/rising oil drop case. It is found out that the equilibrium interfacial tension (EIFT) of the two systems of crude oil-CO2 and water-CO2 is reduced almost linearly with pressure but increased with temperature. Moreover, the pressure has an increasing and decreasing effect on the water-oil and CW-oil IFT’s respectively. However, temperature has a reverse effect for the both systems. Spreading coefficient (SC) concept would help better understand the oil recovery mechanisms and potential. The results show that SC curve has a minimum point value as a specific pressure, which increases with temperature. The presence of CO2 in the water phase could strongly affect the oil spreading phenomenon through which oil recovery could be significantly enhanced.
{"title":"An Investigation of Oil Spreading Coefficient in Carbonated Water+ Gas + Oil System: an Experimental Study in an Iranian Asphaltenic Oil Reservoir","authors":"A. Golkari, M. Riazi, A. Avazpour","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2017.91564.1395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2017.91564.1395","url":null,"abstract":"To provide supplementary oil recovery after the primary and secondary processes, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are introduced. Carbonated water injection (CWI) as an EOR method can improve sweep efficiency and the risk of gas leakage. On the other hand, the interfacial tension (IFT) is one of the key factors which can affect fluid displacement during the process of CWI greatly. Therefore, the analysis of the IFT on an oil-carbonated water-CO2 system is vital. In this paper, the interfacial interactions of binary systems of asphaltenic crude oil (ACO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbonated water (CW) at different pressures and at two temperatures of 40 °C and 50 °C and their effects on the oil spreading in the water phase in the presence of gas are experimentally investigated. The IFT measurements were performed by axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) technique for the pendant/rising oil drop case. It is found out that the equilibrium interfacial tension (EIFT) of the two systems of crude oil-CO2 and water-CO2 is reduced almost linearly with pressure but increased with temperature. Moreover, the pressure has an increasing and decreasing effect on the water-oil and CW-oil IFT’s respectively. However, temperature has a reverse effect for the both systems. Spreading coefficient (SC) concept would help better understand the oil recovery mechanisms and potential. The results show that SC curve has a minimum point value as a specific pressure, which increases with temperature. The presence of CO2 in the water phase could strongly affect the oil spreading phenomenon through which oil recovery could be significantly enhanced.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"122 1","pages":"64-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87680910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2018.65739
mohammadreza khosraviniko, Farhad Asgharyan, B. Anvaripour, I. Danaee
The present study is about the reduction of humic acids (HA) by electrocoagulation (EC) method. Undesirable color, odor, taste, reacting with chlorine to produce toxic materials in water, and making a complex with heavy metal ions are some unfavorable environmental consequences of HA. Platinum and graphite as anode electrodes and platinum, titanium, and aluminum as cathode electrodes were used for this purpose. Also, solutions consisting of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), as the electrolyte support, and humic acids at a concentration of 30 mg.l-1 were used in the reduction tests. We investigated the best condition for pollutant removal at pH values of 3, 5, and 7 and voltages of 5, 10, and 18. The samples were taken during the electrolysis and were analyzed by the pH meter and UV-visible spectrophotometer. Moreover, the oxidation phenomena on anodes surface were studied by cyclic voltammetry tests. The results confirm that the Gr/Al electrodes by coagulation phenomena shows the best performance in the elimination of HA at an electrolyte support concentration of 0.02 molar after approximately 23 min at a pH of 7 and a voltage equal to 10 V.
{"title":"Effect of Different Electrodes on Humic Acid Removal by Electrocoagulation","authors":"mohammadreza khosraviniko, Farhad Asgharyan, B. Anvaripour, I. Danaee","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2018.65739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2018.65739","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is about the reduction of humic acids (HA) by electrocoagulation (EC) method. Undesirable color, odor, taste, reacting with chlorine to produce toxic materials in water, and making a complex with heavy metal ions are some unfavorable environmental consequences of HA. Platinum and graphite as anode electrodes and platinum, titanium, and aluminum as cathode electrodes were used for this purpose. Also, solutions consisting of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), as the electrolyte support, and humic acids at a concentration of 30 mg.l-1 were used in the reduction tests. We investigated the best condition for pollutant removal at pH values of 3, 5, and 7 and voltages of 5, 10, and 18. The samples were taken during the electrolysis and were analyzed by the pH meter and UV-visible spectrophotometer. Moreover, the oxidation phenomena on anodes surface were studied by cyclic voltammetry tests. The results confirm that the Gr/Al electrodes by coagulation phenomena shows the best performance in the elimination of HA at an electrolyte support concentration of 0.02 molar after approximately 23 min at a pH of 7 and a voltage equal to 10 V.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"145 1","pages":"52-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75047080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2018.106164.1425
A. Mamghaderi, B. Rostami, S. Tabatabaie
In this study, direct laboratory measurements of unsteady-state imbibition test are used in a new approach to obtain relative permeability curves with no predetermined functionality assumptions. Four equations of continuity, Darcy’s law, cumulative oil production, and water fractional flow are employed in combination together under certain assumptions to present the new approach which interprets these data. We assumed that capillary pressure was previously measured and used as the input data in the method. The main difference between this work and previous unsteady-state methods is to replace the saturation profile, needed to obtain relative permeability curves, with a new saturation-dependent graph which can be measured from recovery data rather than being recorded directly during experiments. The method is demonstrated by employing recovery data from the literature, and it is then verified by a numerical simulator. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed method is comparable with accurate complex methods. Performing sensitivity analysis indicates that the proposed method can achieve more accurate results when applied to cases with a relatively high capillary number and/or low water-oil mobility ratio and when applied to media having uniformly sized pores.
{"title":"A Novel Approach to Measuring Water and Oil Relative Permeabilities in Two-phase Fluid Flow in Porous Media","authors":"A. Mamghaderi, B. Rostami, S. Tabatabaie","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2018.106164.1425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2018.106164.1425","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, direct laboratory measurements of unsteady-state imbibition test are used in a new approach to obtain relative permeability curves with no predetermined functionality assumptions. Four equations of continuity, Darcy’s law, cumulative oil production, and water fractional flow are employed in combination together under certain assumptions to present the new approach which interprets these data. We assumed that capillary pressure was previously measured and used as the input data in the method. The main difference between this work and previous unsteady-state methods is to replace the saturation profile, needed to obtain relative permeability curves, with a new saturation-dependent graph which can be measured from recovery data rather than being recorded directly during experiments. The method is demonstrated by employing recovery data from the literature, and it is then verified by a numerical simulator. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed method is comparable with accurate complex methods. Performing sensitivity analysis indicates that the proposed method can achieve more accurate results when applied to cases with a relatively high capillary number and/or low water-oil mobility ratio and when applied to media having uniformly sized pores.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"91 1","pages":"14-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85802742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2017.105780.1421
Mahnaz Pourkhalil, S. Tasharrofi
Cobalt oxide catalysts supported on oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) for the low-temperature catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide were prepared by an impregnation-ultrasound method. These catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, TEM, XRD, Raman, and H2-TPR methods. The XRD and Raman results indicated that the phase of the synthesized cobalt oxide was in the Co3O4 form. The effects of cobalt oxide loading and reaction temperature were studied on the catalytic oxidation conversion of carbon monoxide. The TEM image of the best catalyst (14 wt.% metal oxide loading) revealed a good dispersion of Co3O4 over the surface of the support with an average particle size of 11-16 nm. Under the reaction conditions of T= 200-250 °C, P=1 bar, CO = 600 ppm, O2 = 5 vol.%, GHSV = 30,000 hr.−1, and Co3O4= 14 wt.%, CO conversion was 91%.
采用浸渍-超声法制备了氧化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)负载氧化钴催化剂，用于一氧化碳低温催化氧化。采用N2吸附/脱附、TEM、XRD、Raman和H2-TPR等方法对催化剂进行了表征。XRD和拉曼光谱结果表明，合成的氧化钴的物相为Co3O4形态。研究了氧化钴负载和反应温度对一氧化碳催化氧化转化的影响。最佳催化剂(14 wt.%的金属氧化物负载)的TEM图像显示，Co3O4在载体表面分散良好，平均粒径为11-16 nm。反应条件为T= 200-250℃，P=1 bar, CO = 600 ppm, O2 = 5 vol.%， GHSV = 30,000 hr。−1，且Co3O4= 14 wt.%时，CO转化率为91%。
{"title":"Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide by Cobalt Oxide Catalysts Supported on Oxidized-MWCNT","authors":"Mahnaz Pourkhalil, S. Tasharrofi","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2017.105780.1421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2017.105780.1421","url":null,"abstract":"Cobalt oxide catalysts supported on oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) for the low-temperature catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide were prepared by an impregnation-ultrasound method. These catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, TEM, XRD, Raman, and H2-TPR methods. The XRD and Raman results indicated that the phase of the synthesized cobalt oxide was in the Co3O4 form. The effects of cobalt oxide loading and reaction temperature were studied on the catalytic oxidation conversion of carbon monoxide. The TEM image of the best catalyst (14 wt.% metal oxide loading) revealed a good dispersion of Co3O4 over the surface of the support with an average particle size of 11-16 nm. Under the reaction conditions of T= 200-250 °C, P=1 bar, CO = 600 ppm, O2 = 5 vol.%, GHSV = 30,000 hr.−1, and Co3O4= 14 wt.%, CO conversion was 91%.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"79-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75494719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22050/IJOGST.2017.30973.1283
Hamid Rezaee, M. Hamidian
The present paper examines the effect of two effective factors, namely motivation and job satisfaction, on the effectiveness of on-the-job training (OJT) in the Iranian Oil Industry. Therefore, two main hypotheses and six submain hypotheses were defined and all were confirmed. The population of the study was composed of oil industry official employees. The sample of research was taken from the employees of three main companies of oil industry: petrochemical, oil refinery and distribution, and national Iranian oil company in the north, center, and south areas. It was taken by a simple random method with drawing lots. Its size was 171 people according to Morgan table and Cochran formula. Questionnaires developed by the researchers formed the data collection tool. The hypotheses were examined, and the data were analyzed by multiple regression tests. The results showed significant relationship of job satisfactions and staff motivation with OJT courses. Stronger dependency was found between motivations and job satisfaction variables with the effectiveness of attitude training courses.
{"title":"Studying the Influence of Factors Affecting Participant’s Motivation and Job Satisfaction on the Effectiveness of On-the-job Training in the Iranian Oil Industry","authors":"Hamid Rezaee, M. Hamidian","doi":"10.22050/IJOGST.2017.30973.1283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22050/IJOGST.2017.30973.1283","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper examines the effect of two effective factors, namely motivation and job satisfaction, on the effectiveness of on-the-job training (OJT) in the Iranian Oil Industry. Therefore, two main hypotheses and six submain hypotheses were defined and all were confirmed. The population of the study was composed of oil industry official employees. The sample of research was taken from the employees of three main companies of oil industry: petrochemical, oil refinery and distribution, and national Iranian oil company in the north, center, and south areas. It was taken by a simple random method with drawing lots. Its size was 171 people according to Morgan table and Cochran formula. Questionnaires developed by the researchers formed the data collection tool. The hypotheses were examined, and the data were analyzed by multiple regression tests. The results showed significant relationship of job satisfactions and staff motivation with OJT courses. Stronger dependency was found between motivations and job satisfaction variables with the effectiveness of attitude training courses.","PeriodicalId":14575,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology","volume":"89 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82234923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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