Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.130-137
A. Peronato, G. Minervini, N. Franchi, L. Ballarin
In the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, we recently identified a novel C1q-domain-containing (C1qDC) protein expressed by circulating immunocytes, called BsC1qDC. It has two globular C1q domains and a signal peptide and can act either as an opsonin and facilitate the phagocytosis of nonself particles or as a cytokine and stimulate the degranulation of cytotoxic cells. In the present work, we used a commercial antibody raised against human CTRP4 (hCTRP4) to provide additional evidences of the involvement of this molecule in immune responses. The antibody was validated in immunoblot analysis and recognizes a band corresponding to the expected molecular weight inferred from the analysis of the amino acid sequence of BsC1qDC. The presence of the antibody in the culture medium in phagocytosis and degranulation assays significantly reduced the two responses. In addition, the relationships between complement C3 activation and bsc1qdc transcription was studied using the injection of C3aR agonist in the colonial vasculature.
{"title":"New data on C1qDC from the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri","authors":"A. Peronato, G. Minervini, N. Franchi, L. Ballarin","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.130-137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.130-137","url":null,"abstract":"In the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, we recently identified a novel C1q-domain-containing (C1qDC) protein expressed by circulating immunocytes, called BsC1qDC. It has two globular C1q domains and a signal peptide and can act either as an opsonin and facilitate the phagocytosis of nonself particles or as a cytokine and stimulate the degranulation of cytotoxic cells. In the present work, we used a commercial antibody raised against human CTRP4 (hCTRP4) to provide additional evidences of the involvement of this molecule in immune responses. The antibody was validated in immunoblot analysis and recognizes a band corresponding to the expected molecular weight inferred from the analysis of the amino acid sequence of BsC1qDC. The presence of the antibody in the culture medium in phagocytosis and degranulation assays significantly reduced the two responses. \u0000In addition, the relationships between complement C3 activation and bsc1qdc transcription was studied using the injection of C3aR agonist in the colonial vasculature.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86453565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-27DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.98-107
S. He, J. Xu, Y. Fan, F. Zhu, Kan-Shu Chen
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the main pathogens causing serious economic losses in sericulture. However, the molecular mechanism of silkworm resistance to BmNPV is still largely unclear, and the differences in the anti-BmNPV response between silkworms of different genders have been rarely studied. In this study, BmNPV resistant strain NB and BmNPV sensitive strain 306 of different genders were used as experimental materials to inoculate BmNPV, and their transcriptomes were sequenced to analyze their response to BmNPV. Eighteen genes specifically differentially expressed in NB after BmNPV inoculation were finally obtained through transcriptomic analysis, fourteen of which were up-regulated and four were down-regulated, suggesting that they might be related to BmNPV resistance. Among them, the expression abundance of eight genes were higher in males than in females, and one gene was in the contrary. These genes suggested that there were certain differences in the anti-BmNPV response between silkworms of different genders. This study provided a new understanding of the molecular mechanism of silkworm resistance to BmNPV and the differences in the anti-BmNPV response between silkworms of different genders, and laid a foundation for future prevention and control of BmNPV.
家蚕核多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrovirus, BmNPV)是造成蚕桑经济严重损失的主要病原体之一。然而，家蚕抗BmNPV的分子机制尚不清楚，不同性别家蚕抗BmNPV反应的差异研究较少。本研究以不同性别的BmNPV抗性株NB和BmNPV敏感株306为实验材料，接种BmNPV，对其转录组进行测序，分析其对BmNPV的应答。通过转录组学分析，最终获得了18个接种BmNPV后在NB中特异性差异表达的基因，其中14个基因表达上调，4个基因表达下调，提示它们可能与BmNPV抗性有关。其中，8个基因在雄性中表达丰度高于雌性，1个基因在雌性中表达丰度相反。这些基因表明，不同性别家蚕的抗bmnpv反应存在一定差异。本研究为家蚕抗BmNPV的分子机制和不同性别家蚕抗BmNPV反应的差异提供了新的认识，为今后BmNPV的防治奠定了基础。
{"title":"Transcriptomic analysis of strain-specific and gender-specific response of silkworm to BmNPV infection","authors":"S. He, J. Xu, Y. Fan, F. Zhu, Kan-Shu Chen","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.98-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.98-107","url":null,"abstract":"Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the main pathogens causing serious economic losses in sericulture. However, the molecular mechanism of silkworm resistance to BmNPV is still largely unclear, and the differences in the anti-BmNPV response between silkworms of different genders have been rarely studied. In this study, BmNPV resistant strain NB and BmNPV sensitive strain 306 of different genders were used as experimental materials to inoculate BmNPV, and their transcriptomes were sequenced to analyze their response to BmNPV. Eighteen genes specifically differentially expressed in NB after BmNPV inoculation were finally obtained through transcriptomic analysis, fourteen of which were up-regulated and four were down-regulated, suggesting that they might be related to BmNPV resistance. Among them, the expression abundance of eight genes were higher in males than in females, and one gene was in the contrary. These genes suggested that there were certain differences in the anti-BmNPV response between silkworms of different genders. This study provided a new understanding of the molecular mechanism of silkworm resistance to BmNPV and the differences in the anti-BmNPV response between silkworms of different genders, and laid a foundation for future prevention and control of BmNPV.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86268965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.86-97
Qi Zhao, Hui Wang, Weilin Wang, Jiaxiang Li, Yu Liu, Zhuang Xue, Zhaoqun Liu, Lingling Wang, L. Song
C-type lectins (CTLs) are a superfamily of Ca2+ dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins with diversified functions ranging from embryonic development to immune defense. In the present study, a CTL containing only one CRD domain with new motifs Asp-Pro-Asn (DPN) and Trp-Val-Asp (WVD) in its Ca2+ binding site 2 (designated as AjSJL-1) was identified from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. The deduced amino acid sequence of AjSJL-1 was homologous to CTLs from other animals with the identities ranging from 19 % to 28.4 %. The mRNA transcripts of AjSJL-1 were detected in all the examined tissues with varied abundance. The expression level of AjSJL-1 mRNA in coelomocyte was up-regulated significantly at 12 h after Vibrio splendidus challenge. The recombinant protein of AjSJL-1 (rAjSJL-1) displayed significant binding activity to lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, mannose and D-galactose in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Moreover, rAjSJL-1 exhibited strong binding capability to V. splendidus but week to Staphylococcus aureus, Bifidobacterium breve, Pichia pastoris and Yarrowia lipolytica in the presence of Ca2+. These results collectively suggested that AjSJL-1 with new DPN/WVD motifs served as a pattern recognition receptor in sea cucumber with the capability to bind broad-spectrum microbes and initiate the immune response against invaders.
{"title":"A C-type lectin (AjSJL-1) containing DPN/WVD motifs in Apostichopus japonicus recognizes multiple microbes","authors":"Qi Zhao, Hui Wang, Weilin Wang, Jiaxiang Li, Yu Liu, Zhuang Xue, Zhaoqun Liu, Lingling Wang, L. Song","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.86-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.86-97","url":null,"abstract":"C-type lectins (CTLs) are a superfamily of Ca2+ dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins with diversified functions ranging from embryonic development to immune defense. In the present study, a CTL containing only one CRD domain with new motifs Asp-Pro-Asn (DPN) and Trp-Val-Asp (WVD) in its Ca2+ binding site 2 (designated as AjSJL-1) was identified from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. The deduced amino acid sequence of AjSJL-1 was homologous to CTLs from other animals with the identities ranging from 19 % to 28.4 %. The mRNA transcripts of AjSJL-1 were detected in all the examined tissues with varied abundance. The expression level of AjSJL-1 mRNA in coelomocyte was up-regulated significantly at 12 h after Vibrio splendidus challenge. The recombinant protein of AjSJL-1 (rAjSJL-1) displayed significant binding activity to lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, mannose and D-galactose in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Moreover, rAjSJL-1 exhibited strong binding capability to V. splendidus but week to Staphylococcus aureus, Bifidobacterium breve, Pichia pastoris and Yarrowia lipolytica in the presence of Ca2+. These results collectively suggested that AjSJL-1 with new DPN/WVD motifs served as a pattern recognition receptor in sea cucumber with the capability to bind broad-spectrum microbes and initiate the immune response against invaders.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75722656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.75-85
Z. Afraze, Jalal Jalali Sendi
In this search for affordable and locally available biological substances both to farmers and environment, an aqueous extract of Artemisia annua L. was investigated for the first time against the lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker a serious pest in mulberry orchards. The LC10, LC30 and LC50 values were estimated 12.82 %, 20.6 % and 27.35 % (W/V) respectively. The extract adversely affected oviposition, impaired immunity through reduced granulocytes and phenoloxidase activity. The increased activity of detoxifying enzymes including esterases and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were also observed. The enhanced antioxidant system including peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also observed. The results of the present study may provide a very safe way to control this pest in mulberry orchard and deserve further studies.
{"title":"Immunological and oxidative responses of the lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis by an aqueous extract of Artemisia annua L.","authors":"Z. Afraze, Jalal Jalali Sendi","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.75-85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.75-85","url":null,"abstract":"In this search for affordable and locally available biological substances both to farmers and environment, an aqueous extract of Artemisia annua L. was investigated for the first time against the lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker a serious pest in mulberry orchards. The LC10, LC30 and LC50 values were estimated 12.82 %, 20.6 % and 27.35 % (W/V) respectively. The extract adversely affected oviposition, impaired immunity through reduced granulocytes and phenoloxidase activity. The increased activity of detoxifying enzymes including esterases and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were also observed. The enhanced antioxidant system including peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also observed. The results of the present study may provide a very safe way to control this pest in mulberry orchard and deserve further studies.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87231587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.66-74
V. Sivaprasad, L. Satish, G. Mallikarjuna, N. Chandrakanth, A. Josepha, S. M. Moorthy
Pebrine is a destructive disease that exhibits horizontal and vertical transmission and therefore it is the only mandatory quarantine item in sericulture. Here, a field-friendly loop-mediated isothermal amplification (FF-LAMP) method has been developed and validated for the rapid detection of Nosema bombycis, a causative agent of pebrine disease in silkworm, Bombyx mori. FF-LAMP primers were selected and designed for small ribosomal subunit gene and the assay was performed to detect the N. bombycis infection in silkworm. The FF-LAMP reaction was effective at 6 mM MgSO4, 1.4 mM dNTPs at 63 °C. The detection range of LAMP assay was found to be 101 dilutions of N. bombycis spores. Specificity of the primers was tested using DNA isolated from pebrine infected silkworm, pebrine free silkworm and pure N. bombycis by conventional PCR and FF-LAMP assay. Results revealed that the primers were specific to N. bombycis DNA. The FF-LAMP assay was validated in different basic silkworm seed farms with simultaneous microscopic examination of N. bombycis infection. This newly developed method is highly effective, specific, sensitive and rapid in detecting N. bombycis infection, eliminating the DNA purification steps and usage of sophisticated equipment. This method can be used in testing large number of samples making it field friendly method in sericulture industry.
佩布林是一种具有水平和垂直传播的破坏性疾病，因此是蚕桑养殖中唯一的强制检疫项目。本研究开发并验证了一种现场友好型环介导等温扩增(FF-LAMP)方法，用于快速检测家蚕微囊病病原体家蚕微囊病。选择并设计了小核糖体亚基基因的FF-LAMP引物，对家蚕蚕蛹感染进行了检测。FF-LAMP反应在6mm MgSO4, 1.4 mM dNTPs, 63℃条件下有效。LAMP法的检测范围为家蚕孢子的101倍稀释度。采用常规PCR和FF-LAMP法分别对微卤感染家蚕、无微卤家蚕和纯家蚕DNA进行特异性检测。结果表明，引物对家蚕DNA具有特异性。FF-LAMP试验在不同的基础蚕种场进行了验证，同时显微镜检查了家蚕感染情况。该方法有效、特异、灵敏、快速地检测了家蝇感染，省去了DNA纯化步骤和复杂设备的使用。该方法可用于大量样品的检测，是一种适合蚕桑工业现场使用的方法。
{"title":"A Field-Friendly Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (FF-LAMP) method for rapid detection of Nosema bombycis in silkworm, Bombyx mori","authors":"V. Sivaprasad, L. Satish, G. Mallikarjuna, N. Chandrakanth, A. Josepha, S. M. Moorthy","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.66-74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.66-74","url":null,"abstract":"Pebrine is a destructive disease that exhibits horizontal and vertical transmission and therefore it is the only mandatory quarantine item in sericulture. Here, a field-friendly loop-mediated isothermal amplification (FF-LAMP) method has been developed and validated for the rapid detection of Nosema bombycis, a causative agent of pebrine disease in silkworm, Bombyx mori. FF-LAMP primers were selected and designed for small ribosomal subunit gene and the assay was performed to detect the N. bombycis infection in silkworm. The FF-LAMP reaction was effective at 6 mM MgSO4, 1.4 mM dNTPs at 63 °C. The detection range of LAMP assay was found to be 101 dilutions of N. bombycis spores. Specificity of the primers was tested using DNA isolated from pebrine infected silkworm, pebrine free silkworm and pure N. bombycis by conventional PCR and FF-LAMP assay. Results revealed that the primers were specific to N. bombycis DNA. The FF-LAMP assay was validated in different basic silkworm seed farms with simultaneous microscopic examination of N. bombycis infection. This newly developed method is highly effective, specific, sensitive and rapid in detecting N. bombycis infection, eliminating the DNA purification steps and usage of sophisticated equipment. This method can be used in testing large number of samples making it field friendly method in sericulture industry.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88217506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-14DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.56-65
Q. Sun, Yan Zheng, X. Chen, Ning Kong, Yi Wang, Yukun Zhang, Y. Zong, Zhaoqun Liu, Lingling Wang, L. Song
Microalgae such as dinoflagellate and diatom are the major food source of bivalve species, and sufficient food intake contributes to the immunity and the growth of bivalves. In the present study, a monoamine oxidase gene (named as CgMAO), which is the rate-limiting enzyme of norepinephrine (NE) biosynthesis, was cloned from C. gigas. After the oysters were fed with a diet rich in diatom for 21 and 40 d, the NE contents in oyster serum, as well as the mRNA expression of CgMAO in oyster haemocytes, increased significantly compared with control group. Besides, the mRNA expression of cytokines CgTNF-1 and CgIL17-5 in haemocytes and the activities of immune-related enzymes (SOD and LYZ) in oyster serum also increased significantly after diatom feeding. These results collectively suggested that sufficient microalgae intake might significantly enhance the antibacterial capacity in oyster by prompting the biosynthesis of NE and triggering the subsequent antibacterial processes modulated by NE.
{"title":"A diet rich in diatom improves the antibacterial capacity of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas by enhancing norepinephrine-regulated immunomodulation","authors":"Q. Sun, Yan Zheng, X. Chen, Ning Kong, Yi Wang, Yukun Zhang, Y. Zong, Zhaoqun Liu, Lingling Wang, L. Song","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.56-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.56-65","url":null,"abstract":"Microalgae such as dinoflagellate and diatom are the major food source of bivalve species, and sufficient food intake contributes to the immunity and the growth of bivalves. In the present study, a monoamine oxidase gene (named as CgMAO), which is the rate-limiting enzyme of norepinephrine (NE) biosynthesis, was cloned from C. gigas. After the oysters were fed with a diet rich in diatom for 21 and 40 d, the NE contents in oyster serum, as well as the mRNA expression of CgMAO in oyster haemocytes, increased significantly compared with control group. Besides, the mRNA expression of cytokines CgTNF-1 and CgIL17-5 in haemocytes and the activities of immune-related enzymes (SOD and LYZ) in oyster serum also increased significantly after diatom feeding. These results collectively suggested that sufficient microalgae intake might significantly enhance the antibacterial capacity in oyster by prompting the biosynthesis of NE and triggering the subsequent antibacterial processes modulated by NE.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79433759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.46-55
C. Zhang, Zichao Yu, Zhuang Xue, Huan Li, J. Zhu, Liyan Wang, L. Song
Sea cucumbers have been emerged as important models to study organ regeneration and development owing to the capacity to regenerate its organs quickly after evisceration. Evisceration is a special defense mechanism for sea cucumber to eject all of internal organs when they encounter predators or adverse environmental conditions. However, little was known about the dynamics of bacterial community in coelomic fluid after evisceration. In the present study, evisceration was induced by intracelomic injection of 0.35 M KCl, and the significantly alternation of bacterial community in coelomic fluid of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was observed with lower diversity and total bacterial load at 7 dpe (days post evisceration) and 14 dpe. The bacterial community was tended to restore at 28 dpe. In particular, relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Rubritaleaceae, which involved in degradation of polysaccharides and lipid, increased significantly at 7 dpe (p < 0.05), and returned to the original level at 28 dpe. In addition, the predicted functions of bacterial community indicated that the bacteria associated with metabolism pathways of amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate also increased significantly at 7 dpe. These results suggested that the bacterial community in coelomic fluid of A. japonicus was highly dynamic and could rebuild a stable community structure after evisceration. It was suggested that the enriched metabolic related beneficial bacteria at early stage played a role after evisceration in terms of decomposing polysaccharides and lipid to provide energy.
{"title":"The temporal dynamics of bacteria in the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus after evisceration","authors":"C. Zhang, Zichao Yu, Zhuang Xue, Huan Li, J. Zhu, Liyan Wang, L. Song","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.46-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.46-55","url":null,"abstract":"Sea cucumbers have been emerged as important models to study organ regeneration and development owing to the capacity to regenerate its organs quickly after evisceration. Evisceration is a special defense mechanism for sea cucumber to eject all of internal organs when they encounter predators or adverse environmental conditions. However, little was known about the dynamics of bacterial community in coelomic fluid after evisceration. In the present study, evisceration was induced by intracelomic injection of 0.35 M KCl, and the significantly alternation of bacterial community in coelomic fluid of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was observed with lower diversity and total bacterial load at 7 dpe (days post evisceration) and 14 dpe. The bacterial community was tended to restore at 28 dpe. In particular, relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Rubritaleaceae, which involved in degradation of polysaccharides and lipid, increased significantly at 7 dpe (p < 0.05), and returned to the original level at 28 dpe. In addition, the predicted functions of bacterial community indicated that the bacteria associated with metabolism pathways of amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate also increased significantly at 7 dpe. These results suggested that the bacterial community in coelomic fluid of A. japonicus was highly dynamic and could rebuild a stable community structure after evisceration. It was suggested that the enriched metabolic related beneficial bacteria at early stage played a role after evisceration in terms of decomposing polysaccharides and lipid to provide energy.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80549561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.33-45
J. Auclair, P. Turcotte, C. Gagnon, C. Gagne
The increased commercial use of copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) led to the release of nanoparticles in wastewaters potentially harming the aquatic biota. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic action of nCuO and dissolved Cu (II) to Dreissena bugensis freshwater mussels placed in 4 types of surface waters: aquarium, green (high conductivity), brown (high organic carbon) and 10 % municipal effluent (high conductivity and anthropogenic source of organic carbon). Mussels were exposed to 50 µg/L of nCuO or Cu (II) for 96 h at 15 °C in the above waters. The results revealed that the total Cu loadings were higher in mussels placed in organic-rich waters (brown and effluent) and exposed to either forms of Cu. Tissue Cu contents were correlated with air-time survival, lipid peroxidation, protein-ubiquitin levels and DNA strand breaks. Both surface water types and Cu forms influenced Zn (II) mobilization, glutathione S-transferase activity and protein turnover (ubiquitin binding). Based on the surface water properties, Cu (II) was more influenced by the levels and origin of the organic carbon content while nCuO was more influenced by the total suspended solids. In conclusion the toxicity of nCuO could be influenced by surface waters properties expecially when similar physiological targets are impacts by these treatments.
{"title":"The influence of surface waters on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles to freshwater mussels","authors":"J. Auclair, P. Turcotte, C. Gagnon, C. Gagne","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.33-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.33-45","url":null,"abstract":"The increased commercial use of copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) led to the release of nanoparticles in wastewaters potentially harming the aquatic biota. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic action of nCuO and dissolved Cu (II) to Dreissena bugensis freshwater mussels placed in 4 types of surface waters: aquarium, green (high conductivity), brown (high organic carbon) and 10 % municipal effluent (high conductivity and anthropogenic source of organic carbon). Mussels were exposed to 50 µg/L of nCuO or Cu (II) for 96 h at 15 °C in the above waters. The results revealed that the total Cu loadings were higher in mussels placed in organic-rich waters (brown and effluent) and exposed to either forms of Cu. Tissue Cu contents were correlated with air-time survival, lipid peroxidation, protein-ubiquitin levels and DNA strand breaks. Both surface water types and Cu forms influenced Zn (II) mobilization, glutathione S-transferase activity and protein turnover (ubiquitin binding). Based on the surface water properties, Cu (II) was more influenced by the levels and origin of the organic carbon content while nCuO was more influenced by the total suspended solids. In conclusion the toxicity of nCuO could be influenced by surface waters properties expecially when similar physiological targets are impacts by these treatments.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89348523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-20DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.19-32
E. Bortoletto, P. Venier, A. Figueras, B. Novoa, U. Rosani
Silky byssus threads enable a number of marine and freshwater bivalve mollusks to attach themselves to hard substrates. Byssus production is an energy-costly process, which accompany the switch from planktonic to sessile life. Pointing the attention to a small foot protein (fp-3α) first identified in Perna viridis and abundantly secreted during the bissogenesis, we report the presence of a fp-3α gene family in species of the Mytilus complex, byssogenic bivalve mollusks mostly inhabiting marine waters. In the genome of Mytilus galloprovincialis we identified twelve fp-3α genes showing differences in exon-intron organization and suggesting that, as in the case of arthropod and mollusk defensins, exon shuffling could have played an important role in the evolution of this gene family. Also, the different tissue expression patterns of these mussel genes support their functional diversification. All predicted fp-3α proteins curiously possess a Csαβ three-dimensional motif based on 10 highly conserved cysteines and exhibit structural similarity to invertebrate defensins. The role of these small cysteine-rich proteins in supporting the byssus-mediated mussel adhesion or their action as host defence peptides remains to be established with further study.
{"title":"Evolutionary insights on a novel mussel-specific foot protein-3 gene family","authors":"E. Bortoletto, P. Venier, A. Figueras, B. Novoa, U. Rosani","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.19-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.19-32","url":null,"abstract":"Silky byssus threads enable a number of marine and freshwater bivalve mollusks to attach themselves to hard substrates. Byssus production is an energy-costly process, which accompany the switch from planktonic to sessile life. Pointing the attention to a small foot protein (fp-3α) first identified in Perna viridis and abundantly secreted during the bissogenesis, we report the presence of a fp-3α gene family in species of the Mytilus complex, byssogenic bivalve mollusks mostly inhabiting marine waters. In the genome of Mytilus galloprovincialis we identified twelve fp-3α genes showing differences in exon-intron organization and suggesting that, as in the case of arthropod and mollusk defensins, exon shuffling could have played an important role in the evolution of this gene family. Also, the different tissue expression patterns of these mussel genes support their functional diversification. All predicted fp-3α proteins curiously possess a Csαβ three-dimensional motif based on 10 highly conserved cysteines and exhibit structural similarity to invertebrate defensins. The role of these small cysteine-rich proteins in supporting the byssus-mediated mussel adhesion or their action as host defence peptides remains to be established with further study.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76616200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-15DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.11-18
A. Cannavacciuolo, Antonia Chiarore, M. Munari
Fixatives are widespread in biological and medical research because they allow preserving specimens for a long time. Historically, formaldehyde has been the most used fixative so far, but new solutions are needed because of its carcinogenicity. In this study, we tested alternative fixative methods to find a harmless, economic, and simple-to-use methodology to fix samples for larval morphological analysis in Paracentrotus lividus. In two separate experiments, P. lividus embryos were fixed after 48 h post-fertilization by adding Formalin Free Tissue AccustainTM, NaOH-buffered Formalin Free Tissue AccustainTM, glacial ethanol and denatured ethanol at different concentrations (from 10 % to 70 %) and by submerging the vials containing the larvae in seawater at 0 °C and maintained at 4 °C for 144 h. Our results suggested that all the alternative fixatives tested do not guarantee a good quality of larvae for morphological purposes, while larvae that faced the thermal shock and were kept at 4 °C did not show any evidence of damage throughout time. The results of this study candidate this method as a good and safe substitute of formalin in studies that require morphological and taxonomic recognition and shed light on its use in other kinds of studies as well.
{"title":"A cold bath for a formalin-free laboratory: alternative fixative methods in early developmental stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)","authors":"A. Cannavacciuolo, Antonia Chiarore, M. Munari","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.11-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.11-18","url":null,"abstract":"Fixatives are widespread in biological and medical research because they allow preserving specimens for a long time. Historically, formaldehyde has been the most used fixative so far, but new solutions are needed because of its carcinogenicity. In this study, we tested alternative fixative methods to find a harmless, economic, and simple-to-use methodology to fix samples for larval morphological analysis in Paracentrotus lividus. In two separate experiments, P. lividus embryos were fixed after 48 h post-fertilization by adding Formalin Free Tissue AccustainTM, NaOH-buffered Formalin Free Tissue AccustainTM, glacial ethanol and denatured ethanol at different concentrations (from 10 % to 70 %) and by submerging the vials containing the larvae in seawater at 0 °C and maintained at 4 °C for 144 h. Our results suggested that all the alternative fixatives tested do not guarantee a good quality of larvae for morphological purposes, while larvae that faced the thermal shock and were kept at 4 °C did not show any evidence of damage throughout time. The results of this study candidate this method as a good and safe substitute of formalin in studies that require morphological and taxonomic recognition and shed light on its use in other kinds of studies as well.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90933569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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