Pub Date : 2016-02-04DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.34-43
Depeng Zhao, L. Song, Rui-tian Liu, Zhongxiu Liang, L. Wang, Mingying Sun, B. Zhu
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) have been widely used as a novel vaccine adjuvant inmammals due to its immune protection, long effectiveness and safety. In the present study, thelong-term immune effects as well as immunosuppression of CpG ODNs was evaluated by comparing the immune parameters of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis after continuous or interval feeding with CpG ODNs-supplement diet for 21 days (designated as CC and CI group, respectively). In the CI group, the mRNA transcripts of EsTolls (EsToll1 and EsToll2) and EsMyD88 (adaptor molecule) in hepatopancreas maintained at a significantly higher level (p < 0.05) compared with the CC group after 7 days and 14 days feeding, while there was no significant difference between them at the 21st day. Moreover, after a significant increase at 7th day, the expression level of EsLITAF mRNA [Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] in CC group decreased at 14th-21st day, while that in CI group kept increasing at 14th day, followed by a decrease at 21st day. The TNF-α in plasma of CC group was abnormally increased at the 21st day (p < 0.05) in CC group compared with the significant raise at 7th-14th in CI group. Moreover, the phagocytic activity and reactive oxygens (ROS) level of hemocytes in continuous CpG ODNs feeding crabs were significantly lower than those in interval feeding crabs. These results indicated that long-term and continuous CpG ODNs stimulation could reduce the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, hemocyte phagocytosis and ROS generation, displaying immunosuppressive effects on the immune system of crabs.
{"title":"The immunosuppressive effects of continuous CpG ODNs stimulation in chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis","authors":"Depeng Zhao, L. Song, Rui-tian Liu, Zhongxiu Liang, L. Wang, Mingying Sun, B. Zhu","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.34-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.34-43","url":null,"abstract":"CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) have been widely used as a novel vaccine adjuvant inmammals due to its immune protection, long effectiveness and safety. In the present study, thelong-term immune effects as well as immunosuppression of CpG ODNs was evaluated by comparing the immune parameters of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis after continuous or interval feeding with CpG ODNs-supplement diet for 21 days (designated as CC and CI group, respectively). In the CI group, the mRNA transcripts of EsTolls (EsToll1 and EsToll2) and EsMyD88 (adaptor molecule) in hepatopancreas maintained at a significantly higher level (p < 0.05) compared with the CC group after 7 days and 14 days feeding, while there was no significant difference between them at the 21st day. Moreover, after a significant increase at 7th day, the expression level of EsLITAF mRNA [Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] in CC group decreased at 14th-21st day, while that in CI group kept increasing at 14th day, followed by a decrease at 21st day. The TNF-α in plasma of CC group was abnormally increased at the 21st day (p < 0.05) in CC group compared with the significant raise at 7th-14th in CI group. Moreover, the phagocytic activity and reactive oxygens (ROS) level of hemocytes in continuous CpG ODNs feeding crabs were significantly lower than those in interval feeding crabs. These results indicated that long-term and continuous CpG ODNs stimulation could reduce the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, hemocyte phagocytosis and ROS generation, displaying immunosuppressive effects on the immune system of crabs.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87827018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-29DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.28-33
D. Malagoli, E. Ottaviani
In vertebrate and invertebrate models, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) belongs to the melanocortin group of related peptides, which share a common precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Functional experiments indicate that in invertebrates, ACTH plays a major role in several biological functions. ACTH, whose effects have been conserved during evolution more than its amino acidic sequence, is, directly or indirectly, able to contrast agents that perturb a body’s homeostasis. Here we review evidence highlighting the involvement of ACTH and ACTH-like molecules in the response of invertebrate models versus immune, environmental and parasitic challenges.
{"title":"ACTH in invertebrates: a molecule for all seasons","authors":"D. Malagoli, E. Ottaviani","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.28-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.28-33","url":null,"abstract":"In vertebrate and invertebrate models, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) belongs to the melanocortin group of related peptides, which share a common precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Functional experiments indicate that in invertebrates, ACTH plays a major role in several biological functions. ACTH, whose effects have been conserved during evolution more than its amino acidic sequence, is, directly or indirectly, able to contrast agents that perturb a body’s homeostasis. Here we review evidence highlighting the involvement of ACTH and ACTH-like molecules in the response of invertebrate models versus immune, environmental and parasitic challenges.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81925945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Especially when combined with unique biological adaptations, invertebrate animals provide important insights into innate immunity because the immune response is not complicated by adaptive immunity that vertebrates evolved. One such example is the digestive tract of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, which is unusual in two aspects, it contains a simple microbial community and it stores large amounts of vertebrate blood for a several months. In this review we will discuss aspects of the innate immunity of the leech and from the ingested blood that we term procured immunity to differentiate it from the immunity encoded by the leech genome.
{"title":"Innate and procured immunity inside the digestive tract of the medicinal leech.","authors":"Ac Silver, J Graf","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Especially when combined with unique biological adaptations, invertebrate animals provide important insights into innate immunity because the immune response is not complicated by adaptive immunity that vertebrates evolved. One such example is the digestive tract of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, which is unusual in two aspects, it contains a simple microbial community and it stores large amounts of vertebrate blood for a several months. In this review we will discuss aspects of the innate immunity of the leech and from the ingested blood that we term procured immunity to differentiate it from the immunity encoded by the leech genome.</p>","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3313596/pdf/nihms330873.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30540307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Drosophila immune response is characterized by the rapid and robust production of a battery of antimicrobial peptides immediately following infection. The genes encoding these antimicrobial peptides are controlled by two NF-κB signaling pathways that respond to microbial infection. The IMD pathway is triggered by DAP-type peptidoglycan, from the cell wall of most Gram-negative and certain Gram-positive bacteria, and activates the NF-κB precursor protein Relish. The Toll pathway, on the other hand, is stimulated by lysine-type peptidoglycan from many Gram-positive bacteria, β 1,3 glucans from many fungi, as well as by microbial proteases. Toll signaling leads to the activation and nuclear translocation of DIF or Dorsal, two other NF-κB homologs. This review presents our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in microbial recognition and signal transduction in these two innate immune pathways.
{"title":"Specificity and signaling in the Drosophila immune response.","authors":"N Silverman, N Paquette, K Aggarwal","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Drosophila immune response is characterized by the rapid and robust production of a battery of antimicrobial peptides immediately following infection. The genes encoding these antimicrobial peptides are controlled by two NF-κB signaling pathways that respond to microbial infection. The IMD pathway is triggered by DAP-type peptidoglycan, from the cell wall of most Gram-negative and certain Gram-positive bacteria, and activates the NF-κB precursor protein Relish. The Toll pathway, on the other hand, is stimulated by lysine-type peptidoglycan from many Gram-positive bacteria, β 1,3 glucans from many fungi, as well as by microbial proteases. Toll signaling leads to the activation and nuclear translocation of DIF or Dorsal, two other NF-κB homologs. This review presents our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in microbial recognition and signal transduction in these two innate immune pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101770/pdf/nihms-260063.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30204431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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