Pub Date : 2017-04-18DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V14I1.140-148
A. Houssou, E. J. Daguégué, E. Montchowui
The study aims to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of cypermethrin and glyphosate to a freshwater’s copepod, Arcanthocyclops robustus. The acute sensibility was assessed by estimating lethal concentrations. Then the chronic exposure allowed to assess the effects of low concentrations (0.2489 ppb and 0.4978 ppb respectively 10 % and 20 % of LC50 at 48 h of cypermethrin and 1.3 ppm and 2.6 ppm respectively for glyphosate) on the species. The estimated lethal concentrations at 1%, 50 % and 99 % were 2.353 ppb, 4.755 ppb and 9.610 ppb in 24 h, respectively 0.567 ppb, 2.489 ppb and 10.929 ppb in 48 h for cypermethrin. Regarding glyphosate, the lethal concentrations 1 %, 50 % and 99% were 5 ppm, 19 ppm and 73 ppm in 24 h, respectively 8 ppm, 13 ppm and 21 ppm in 48-h. hatching was affected by 20 % LC50 of cypermethrin; only 20 % of females have hatched their eggs against 60 % in the control treatment. Females and nauplii survival was affected by both pesticides. A. robustus is then more sensitive to cypermethrin compared to glyphosate. Low concentration like 0.4978 ppb of cypermethrin could affect it population and then all the ecosystem biodiversity.
{"title":"Lethal and sub-lethal effects of cypermethrin and glyphosate on the freshwater's copepod, Acanthocyclops robustus.","authors":"A. Houssou, E. J. Daguégué, E. Montchowui","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V14I1.140-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V14I1.140-148","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of cypermethrin and glyphosate to a freshwater’s copepod, Arcanthocyclops robustus. The acute sensibility was assessed by estimating lethal concentrations. Then the chronic exposure allowed to assess the effects of low concentrations (0.2489 ppb and 0.4978 ppb respectively 10 % and 20 % of LC50 at 48 h of cypermethrin and 1.3 ppm and 2.6 ppm respectively for glyphosate) on the species. The estimated lethal concentrations at 1%, 50 % and 99 % were 2.353 ppb, 4.755 ppb and 9.610 ppb in 24 h, respectively 0.567 ppb, 2.489 ppb and 10.929 ppb in 48 h for cypermethrin. Regarding glyphosate, the lethal concentrations 1 %, 50 % and 99% were 5 ppm, 19 ppm and 73 ppm in 24 h, respectively 8 ppm, 13 ppm and 21 ppm in 48-h. hatching was affected by 20 % LC50 of cypermethrin; only 20 % of females have hatched their eggs against 60 % in the control treatment. Females and nauplii survival was affected by both pesticides. A. robustus is then more sensitive to cypermethrin compared to glyphosate. Low concentration like 0.4978 ppb of cypermethrin could affect it population and then all the ecosystem biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73335350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-16DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V14I1.9-17
A. Zdybicka-Barabas, P. Bulak, C. Polakowski, A. Bieganowski, A. Waśko, M. Cytryńska
The black soldier fly Hermetia illucens is an ecological decomposer used for biodegradation of organic waste. Its larvae can develop on a wide range of decaying plant and animal matter, including manure and food scraps, i.e., habitats that are extremely rich in various microorganisms. Living in such conditions requires very well-functioning immune mechanisms. However, the immune response processes have not been examined so far in H. illucens larvae. In order to shed light on the immune system in the black soldier fly, in the present study we have examined H. illucens hemocytes and analyzed the effects of immune challenge of H. illucens larvae on the activity of the key components of insect humoral immune response, i.e., phenoloxidase, lysozyme, and antimicrobial peptides.
{"title":"Immune response in the larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens","authors":"A. Zdybicka-Barabas, P. Bulak, C. Polakowski, A. Bieganowski, A. Waśko, M. Cytryńska","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V14I1.9-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V14I1.9-17","url":null,"abstract":"The black soldier fly Hermetia illucens is an ecological decomposer used for biodegradation of organic waste. Its larvae can develop on a wide range of decaying plant and animal matter, including manure and food scraps, i.e., habitats that are extremely rich in various microorganisms. Living in such conditions requires very well-functioning immune mechanisms. However, the immune response processes have not been examined so far in H. illucens larvae. In order to shed light on the immune system in the black soldier fly, in the present study we have examined H. illucens hemocytes and analyzed the effects of immune challenge of H. illucens larvae on the activity of the key components of insect humoral immune response, i.e., phenoloxidase, lysozyme, and antimicrobial peptides.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76291514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-06DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.397-410
Jianchao Xu, Depeng Zhao, Mengtao Sun, Lingling Wang, Zhihao Jia, Rui-tian Liu, L. Song
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) is a widely used immune adjuvant, which could activate various immune responses including antiviral response through interaction with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in mammals. In the present study, four types of CpG ODN (CpG-A, CpG-B CpG-C, and CpG-P) were synthesized and injected to the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in order to evaluate their immune enhancement effect in shrimp. The copy numbers of white spot syndrome virus in the shrimps treated with different types of CpG ODNs were of 3.10×105 (CpG-A), 8.32×105 (CpG-B), 9.84×105 (CpG-C), and 8.12×105 (CpG-P) copies ng-1 DNA respectively, which were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than that in PBS group (1.70×106 copies ng-1 DNA). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay revealed that the four types of CpG ODN displayed different binding affinity to LvToll1, LvToll2 and LvToll3, and the highest binding affinity was observed between CpG-A and LvToll1. Correspondingly, the mRNA transcripts of LvTolls were up-regulated significantly in CpG-A stimulated shrimps，which was significantly higher than that in CpG-B, CpG-C and CpG-P groups (p < 0.01). The phagocytic rate and ROS level of shrimp hemocytes in CpG-A and CpG-B groups increased significantly compared with that in other groups, which were 1.63-fold, 9.98-fold (p < 0.01) in CpG-A and 1.60-fold, 4.92-fold (p < 0.01) in CpG-B higher than those in PBS group, respectively. Moreover, after CpG-A stimulation, the probable IFN level in shrimp plasma increased to 2.60-fold (p < 0.01) of that in PBS group, and the mRNA expressions of IFN system-like antiviral genes (LvIRF, LvVago4 and LvSTAT) were also significantly up-regulated in CpG-A group, displaying a stronger response than that in CpG-B, CpG-C and CpG-P groups. The results indicated that CpG-A could promote the cellular and humoral immunity in shrimp, and induce relatively higher antiviral immune response among the four CpG ODNs. It provided useful information to understand the stimulatory effects of CpG ODNs in shrimp, promoting the application of CpG ODNs in aquaculture.
{"title":"A-type CpG ODN with higher binding affinity to LvToll1 could probably activate downstream IFN system-like antiviral response in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Jianchao Xu, Depeng Zhao, Mengtao Sun, Lingling Wang, Zhihao Jia, Rui-tian Liu, L. Song","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.397-410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.397-410","url":null,"abstract":"CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) is a widely used immune adjuvant, which could activate various immune responses including antiviral response through interaction with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in mammals. In the present study, four types of CpG ODN (CpG-A, CpG-B CpG-C, and CpG-P) were synthesized and injected to the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in order to evaluate their immune enhancement effect in shrimp. The copy numbers of white spot syndrome virus in the shrimps treated with different types of CpG ODNs were of 3.10×105 (CpG-A), 8.32×105 (CpG-B), 9.84×105 (CpG-C), and 8.12×105 (CpG-P) copies ng-1 DNA respectively, which were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than that in PBS group (1.70×106 copies ng-1 DNA). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay revealed that the four types of CpG ODN displayed different binding affinity to LvToll1, LvToll2 and LvToll3, and the highest binding affinity was observed between CpG-A and LvToll1. Correspondingly, the mRNA transcripts of LvTolls were up-regulated significantly in CpG-A stimulated shrimps，which was significantly higher than that in CpG-B, CpG-C and CpG-P groups (p < 0.01). The phagocytic rate and ROS level of shrimp hemocytes in CpG-A and CpG-B groups increased significantly compared with that in other groups, which were 1.63-fold, 9.98-fold (p < 0.01) in CpG-A and 1.60-fold, 4.92-fold (p < 0.01) in CpG-B higher than those in PBS group, respectively. Moreover, after CpG-A stimulation, the probable IFN level in shrimp plasma increased to 2.60-fold (p < 0.01) of that in PBS group, and the mRNA expressions of IFN system-like antiviral genes (LvIRF, LvVago4 and LvSTAT) were also significantly up-regulated in CpG-A group, displaying a stronger response than that in CpG-B, CpG-C and CpG-P groups. The results indicated that CpG-A could promote the cellular and humoral immunity in shrimp, and induce relatively higher antiviral immune response among the four CpG ODNs. It provided useful information to understand the stimulatory effects of CpG ODNs in shrimp, promoting the application of CpG ODNs in aquaculture.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88835091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-12DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.269-280
M. Andrejko, A. Siemińska
The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa metalloprotease - alkaline protease in activation of theantimicrobial activity in Galleria mellonella larvae was investigated. The results of our in vivo study showed that injection of alkaline protease at a sublethal dose enhanced the antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae as a result of induction of defense peptides synthesis. We observed that the antibacterial activity against E. coli appeared in the hemolymph 4 h after the injection of both metalloprotease or heat-killed P. aeruginosa, reached the maximum level 24 h post injection, and next decreased slightly. Antifungal activity against A. niger was detected in the hemolymph 15 h and 24 h after the challenge in the case of the alkaline protease and P. aeruginosa cell treatment, respectively. We also noted that the antimicrobial activity level induced by the presence of the metalloprotease in the hemolymph was higher than the activity measured after the injection of the insects with P. aeruginosa. The results of our in vitro studies indicated that inducible antimicrobial peptides present in the hemolymph of protease- or P. aeruginosa-challenged larvae were digested by alkaline protease.
{"title":"The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease in activation of the antimicrobial activity in Galleria mellonella larvae","authors":"M. Andrejko, A. Siemińska","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.269-280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.269-280","url":null,"abstract":"The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa metalloprotease - alkaline protease in activation of theantimicrobial activity in Galleria mellonella larvae was investigated. The results of our in vivo study showed that injection of alkaline protease at a sublethal dose enhanced the antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae as a result of induction of defense peptides synthesis. We observed that the antibacterial activity against E. coli appeared in the hemolymph 4 h after the injection of both metalloprotease or heat-killed P. aeruginosa, reached the maximum level 24 h post injection, and next decreased slightly. Antifungal activity against A. niger was detected in the hemolymph 15 h and 24 h after the challenge in the case of the alkaline protease and P. aeruginosa cell treatment, respectively. We also noted that the antimicrobial activity level induced by the presence of the metalloprotease in the hemolymph was higher than the activity measured after the injection of the insects with P. aeruginosa. The results of our in vitro studies indicated that inducible antimicrobial peptides present in the hemolymph of protease- or P. aeruginosa-challenged larvae were digested by alkaline protease.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85850257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-12DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.281-290
F. Gagné, J. Auclair, S. Trepanier, P. Turcotte, M. Pilote, C. Gagnon
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) are used in the production of transparent sunscreens and cosmetics, which are released into the environment through municipal effluents. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of nano-ZnO to freshwater mussels (Elliptio complanata) in the presence of municipal effluents. Mussels were exposed for 21 days at 15 o C to 1 and 10 µg/L nanoZnO, and ZnCl2 in the presence of a physico-chemically treated municipal effluent (3 and 10 % v/v). After the exposure period and a 24 h depuration step, mussels were analyzed for free Zn in gills, metallothioneins (MT), oxidative stress (production of malondialdehyde (MDA) during lipid peroxidation), gonad alkali-labile phosphate (ALP) levels and genotoxicity. Gill MT levels were increased at 10 µg/L nano-ZnO and ZnCl2 and in the presence of the municipal effluent. MT levels were positively correlated with free Zn in gills and negatively correlated with MDA levels, indicating its involvement in the prevention of oxidative stress. However, MDA levels were significantly related to DNA damage in gills, indicating that MT induction did not prevent oxidative-mediated damage in cells. Gonad ALP levels were increased by exposure to ZnCl2 and to the highest concentration of municipal effluent. DNA strand breaks were increased in mussels treated to nano-ZnO indepentely of municipal effluent. Multivariate discriminant function analysis revealed that control mussels differed from mussels exposed to the municipal effluent and from those exposed to nano-ZnO or ZnCl2 alone. When the municipal effluent was added, changes in MDA, MT and labile Zn were produced and formed another cluster, suggesting a change in the toxicity of the municipal effluent in the presence of nano-ZnO.
{"title":"The impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles in freshwater mussels exposed to municipal effluents","authors":"F. Gagné, J. Auclair, S. Trepanier, P. Turcotte, M. Pilote, C. Gagnon","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.281-290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.281-290","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) are used in the production of transparent sunscreens and cosmetics, which are released into the environment through municipal effluents. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of nano-ZnO to freshwater mussels (Elliptio complanata) in the presence of municipal effluents. Mussels were exposed for 21 days at 15 o C to 1 and 10 µg/L nanoZnO, and ZnCl2 in the presence of a physico-chemically treated municipal effluent (3 and 10 % v/v). After the exposure period and a 24 h depuration step, mussels were analyzed for free Zn in gills, metallothioneins (MT), oxidative stress (production of malondialdehyde (MDA) during lipid peroxidation), gonad alkali-labile phosphate (ALP) levels and genotoxicity. Gill MT levels were increased at 10 µg/L nano-ZnO and ZnCl2 and in the presence of the municipal effluent. MT levels were positively correlated with free Zn in gills and negatively correlated with MDA levels, indicating its involvement in the prevention of oxidative stress. However, MDA levels were significantly related to DNA damage in gills, indicating that MT induction did not prevent oxidative-mediated damage in cells. Gonad ALP levels were increased by exposure to ZnCl2 and to the highest concentration of municipal effluent. DNA strand breaks were increased in mussels treated to nano-ZnO indepentely of municipal effluent. Multivariate discriminant function analysis revealed that control mussels differed from mussels exposed to the municipal effluent and from those exposed to nano-ZnO or ZnCl2 alone. When the municipal effluent was added, changes in MDA, MT and labile Zn were produced and formed another cluster, suggesting a change in the toxicity of the municipal effluent in the presence of nano-ZnO.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80673715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-12DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.257-268
A. Grimaldi
The hematopoietic process by which blood cells are formed has been intensely studied for over a century using several model systems. An increasing amount of evidence shows that hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, immune response and the regulating these processes (i.e., cytokines) are highly conserved across taxonomic groups. Over the last decade, the leech Hirudo medicinalis, given its simple anatomy and its repertoire of less varied cell types when compared to vertebrates, has been proposed as a powerful model for studying basic steps of hematopoiesis and immune responses. Here, I provide a broad overview of H. medicinalis hematopoiesis and I highlight the benefits of using leech as a model.
{"title":"Origin and fate of hematopoietic stem precursor cells in the leech Hirudo medicinalis","authors":"A. Grimaldi","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.257-268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.257-268","url":null,"abstract":"The hematopoietic process by which blood cells are formed has been intensely studied for over a century using several model systems. An increasing amount of evidence shows that hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, immune response and the regulating these processes (i.e., cytokines) are highly conserved across taxonomic groups. Over the last decade, the leech Hirudo medicinalis, given its simple anatomy and its repertoire of less varied cell types when compared to vertebrates, has been proposed as a powerful model for studying basic steps of hematopoiesis and immune responses. Here, I provide a broad overview of H. medicinalis hematopoiesis and I highlight the benefits of using leech as a model.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79886700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-07DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.229-246
I. Dubovskiy, N. Kryukova, V. Glupov, N. Ratcliffe
Evolution of the insect immune system led to the creation of a comprehensive cellular defensesystem, not only involving phagocytosis, but also encapsulation and nodulation (both often referred to as capsule formation) allowing the isolation and neutralization of invading pathogens and parasites. Such reactions are closely related to the anatomical and physiological characteristics in insects with their external skeleton and open circulatory blood system. Encapsulation and nodulation are most important defense mechanisms in insects, as they allow targeting of the immune response to the site of damage to quickly destroy the intruder. Host penetration results in both the production of damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and to the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the hemolymph. Subsequent signal induction occurs by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and other systems. Capsule formation results from aggregation and partialdisruption of the hemocytes on the target surface resulting in melanization by the proPO cascade. Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species are emitted during melanogenesis and targeted against the invader. As a result, the intruder is not only isolated within the capsule but also destroyed. Insects have a number of systems (serpins, antioxidants), aimed at the regulation of melanogenesis and inactivation of toxic products resulting from melanization. All these complex mechanisms allow rapid and effective detection, isolation and destruction of invaders with minimal damage to the insect.
{"title":"Encapsulation and nodulation in insects","authors":"I. Dubovskiy, N. Kryukova, V. Glupov, N. Ratcliffe","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.229-246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.229-246","url":null,"abstract":"Evolution of the insect immune system led to the creation of a comprehensive cellular defensesystem, not only involving phagocytosis, but also encapsulation and nodulation (both often referred to as capsule formation) allowing the isolation and neutralization of invading pathogens and parasites. Such reactions are closely related to the anatomical and physiological characteristics in insects with their external skeleton and open circulatory blood system. Encapsulation and nodulation are most important defense mechanisms in insects, as they allow targeting of the immune response to the site of damage to quickly destroy the intruder. Host penetration results in both the production of damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and to the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the hemolymph. Subsequent signal induction occurs by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and other systems. Capsule formation results from aggregation and partialdisruption of the hemocytes on the target surface resulting in melanization by the proPO cascade. Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species are emitted during melanogenesis and targeted against the invader. As a result, the intruder is not only isolated within the capsule but also destroyed. Insects have a number of systems (serpins, antioxidants), aimed at the regulation of melanogenesis and inactivation of toxic products resulting from melanization. All these complex mechanisms allow rapid and effective detection, isolation and destruction of invaders with minimal damage to the insect.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82637704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-20DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.172-185
G. Kiszler, Eszter Várhalmi, L. Krecsák, Z. Solt, E. Pollák, L. Molnár
The presence of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive elements was observed in thesensory system of Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Clitellata). Among the primary sensory cells a high number of labelled cells was found in the epithelium. Using whole-mount preparations and multispectral recording, the number and the distribution pattern of the immunopositive cells were determined in different body segments. Our morphological analysis revealed four typical types of stained primary sensory cells, which could be responsible for the different role of the GABA mediated sensory functions. The peripheral processes of the primary sensory cells ramifying at the border of epithelium and muscular layer produced a basiepidermal network where GABA-positive fibres and their connections were observed. The central processes of the labelled cells projected directly to the ventral nerve cord (VNC) through the segmental nerves to form the ventrolateral and ventromedial sensory longitudinal axon bundles (SLABs). Inhibitory GABA sensory inputs could influence indirectly the activity of the giant motoneurons through the ventrolateral giant axons, and thus the contraction of the body organizing withdrawal and escape reflexes. Applying ultrastructural investigations the synaptic connections of GABA-immunoreactive structures were identified both in the basiepidermal plexus, in the segmental nerves, and in the SLABs of VNC suggesting multistep regulatory effect of GABA in sensory processing of earthworms.
{"title":"GABA immunoreactive elements in the sensory system of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Clitellata)","authors":"G. Kiszler, Eszter Várhalmi, L. Krecsák, Z. Solt, E. Pollák, L. Molnár","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.172-185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.172-185","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive elements was observed in thesensory system of Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Clitellata). Among the primary sensory cells a high number of labelled cells was found in the epithelium. Using whole-mount preparations and multispectral recording, the number and the distribution pattern of the immunopositive cells were determined in different body segments. Our morphological analysis revealed four typical types of stained primary sensory cells, which could be responsible for the different role of the GABA mediated sensory functions. The peripheral processes of the primary sensory cells ramifying at the border of epithelium and muscular layer produced a basiepidermal network where GABA-positive fibres and their connections were observed. The central processes of the labelled cells projected directly to the ventral nerve cord (VNC) through the segmental nerves to form the ventrolateral and ventromedial sensory longitudinal axon bundles (SLABs). Inhibitory GABA sensory inputs could influence indirectly the activity of the giant motoneurons through the ventrolateral giant axons, and thus the contraction of the body organizing withdrawal and escape reflexes. Applying ultrastructural investigations the synaptic connections of GABA-immunoreactive structures were identified both in the basiepidermal plexus, in the segmental nerves, and in the SLABs of VNC suggesting multistep regulatory effect of GABA in sensory processing of earthworms.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74562361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-12DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.140-152
C. Gagnon, M. Pilote, P. Turcotte, C. André, F. Gagné
Zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) nanoparticles are used in the production of transparent sunscreens and cosmetics, which are released into surface waters and municipal wastewater effluent. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of nano-ZnO in the presence of municipal effluents to freshwater mussels Elliptio complanata. Mussels were exposed for 21 days at 15 o C to nano-ZnO and ZnCl2 in the presence of 10 % dilution of primary-treated municipal effluent. After the exposure period and 24-h depuration step, mussels were analyzed for total Zn in gills and digestive gland, free Zn, metallothioneins (MT), oxidative stress (glutathione S-transferase and LPO), endoplasmic reticulum stress (heat shock proteins and protein ubiquitination) and genotoxicity. The data revealed that although total Zn loadings did not change with these treatments, Zn levels in digestive gland were elevated in mussels exposed to nano-ZnO but not with ZnCl2 in the presence of municipal effluent. Free Zn levels in the gills were elevated in mussels exposed to the municipal effluent, but decreased in mussels exposed to nano-ZnO. MT in digestive gland showed a similar pattern and was negatively associated with free and total Zn. GST activity was significantly reduced by both nano-ZnO and municipal effluent and was negatively correlated with MT levels, suggesting the involvement of MT in the sequestration of reactive oxygen species. Discriminant function analysis showed that the municipal effluent related effects differed from the unexposed mussels and nano-ZnO exposed mussels in terms of the following responses: free Zn in gills and digestive gland and GST activity. Nano-ZnO related effects also involved GST activity, MT and protein ubiquitination, which suggests a combination of oxidative stress and reticulum endoplasmic stress. In respect with oxidative stress, the oxidative properties of nano-ZnO and ZnCl2 are dampened in the presence of the municipal effluent.
{"title":"Effects of exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles in freshwater mussels in the presence of municipal effluents","authors":"C. Gagnon, M. Pilote, P. Turcotte, C. André, F. Gagné","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.140-152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.140-152","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) nanoparticles are used in the production of transparent sunscreens and cosmetics, which are released into surface waters and municipal wastewater effluent. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of nano-ZnO in the presence of municipal effluents to freshwater mussels Elliptio complanata. Mussels were exposed for 21 days at 15 o C to nano-ZnO and ZnCl2 in the presence of 10 % dilution of primary-treated municipal effluent. After the exposure period and 24-h depuration step, mussels were analyzed for total Zn in gills and digestive gland, free Zn, metallothioneins (MT), oxidative stress (glutathione S-transferase and LPO), endoplasmic reticulum stress (heat shock proteins and protein ubiquitination) and genotoxicity. The data revealed that although total Zn loadings did not change with these treatments, Zn levels in digestive gland were elevated in mussels exposed to nano-ZnO but not with ZnCl2 in the presence of municipal effluent. Free Zn levels in the gills were elevated in mussels exposed to the municipal effluent, but decreased in mussels exposed to nano-ZnO. MT in digestive gland showed a similar pattern and was negatively associated with free and total Zn. GST activity was significantly reduced by both nano-ZnO and municipal effluent and was negatively correlated with MT levels, suggesting the involvement of MT in the sequestration of reactive oxygen species. Discriminant function analysis showed that the municipal effluent related effects differed from the unexposed mussels and nano-ZnO exposed mussels in terms of the following responses: free Zn in gills and digestive gland and GST activity. Nano-ZnO related effects also involved GST activity, MT and protein ubiquitination, which suggests a combination of oxidative stress and reticulum endoplasmic stress. In respect with oxidative stress, the oxidative properties of nano-ZnO and ZnCl2 are dampened in the presence of the municipal effluent.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75094286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-02DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.56-65
A. Filipiak, K. Zając, D. Kübler, P. Kramarz
Coevolution may be defined as the process of reciprocal, adaptive genetic change in two or more species. Host-parasite interactions play an important role in the evolutionary ecology. The host phylogeny is independent, and the phylogeny of the parasite depends to some extent on the host. This review provides a description of several different methods for studying host-parasite relationships, along with a description of the underlying models and theoretical background for each. It also shows the possible applications of different methods and describes the advantages and drawbacks of different techniques.
{"title":"Coevolution of host-parasite associations and methods for studying their cophylogeny","authors":"A. Filipiak, K. Zając, D. Kübler, P. Kramarz","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.56-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V13I1.56-65","url":null,"abstract":"Coevolution may be defined as the process of reciprocal, adaptive genetic change in two or more species. Host-parasite interactions play an important role in the evolutionary ecology. The host phylogeny is independent, and the phylogeny of the parasite depends to some extent on the host. This review provides a description of several different methods for studying host-parasite relationships, along with a description of the underlying models and theoretical background for each. It also shows the possible applications of different methods and describes the advantages and drawbacks of different techniques.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79668962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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