Pub Date : 2021-01-14DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.1-10
L. Wang, H. Chen, L. Qiu, Li Song
Insulin plays important roles in metabolic homeostasis during environmental challenges. The insulin receptor is a key molecule to receive and transduce insulin signals. In the present study, a novel insulin receptor was identified from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (designated as EsIR). The coding region of EsIR gene was 3573 bp in length and encoded 1190 amino acids with all the functional domains of mammal insulin receptors, including furin-like domain, receptor L domain, transmembrane domain, and tyrosine kinase domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the EsIR shared the closest evolutionary relationship with the insulin receptor from Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Cell transfection experiments confirmed that EsIR proteins were localized on the cytomembrane. The mRNA transcripts of EsIR were widely distributed in various tissues with higher abundance in hepatopancreas and eyestalk of E. sinensis. After Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation, the expression level of EsIR mRNA decreased from 3 h to 6 h, and then increased at 12 h. The conserved structure and subcellular localization of EsIR together with its sensitivity to A. hydrophila stimulation implied that EsIR was probably involved in immune response of E. sinensis. The present study provided clues for the further investigation about the evolution and function of the insulin signaling pathway in invertebrates.
{"title":"A putative insulin receptor involved in immune response of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis","authors":"L. Wang, H. Chen, L. Qiu, Li Song","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.1-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V18I1.1-10","url":null,"abstract":"Insulin plays important roles in metabolic homeostasis during environmental challenges. The insulin receptor is a key molecule to receive and transduce insulin signals. In the present study, a novel insulin receptor was identified from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (designated as EsIR). The coding region of EsIR gene was 3573 bp in length and encoded 1190 amino acids with all the functional domains of mammal insulin receptors, including furin-like domain, receptor L domain, transmembrane domain, and tyrosine kinase domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the EsIR shared the closest evolutionary relationship with the insulin receptor from Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Cell transfection experiments confirmed that EsIR proteins were localized on the cytomembrane. The mRNA transcripts of EsIR were widely distributed in various tissues with higher abundance in hepatopancreas and eyestalk of E. sinensis. After Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation, the expression level of EsIR mRNA decreased from 3 h to 6 h, and then increased at 12 h. The conserved structure and subcellular localization of EsIR together with its sensitivity to A. hydrophila stimulation implied that EsIR was probably involved in immune response of E. sinensis. The present study provided clues for the further investigation about the evolution and function of the insulin signaling pathway in invertebrates.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"21 11 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89613900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-04DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.198
J. R. Jerónimo-Juárez, M. Matadamas-Guzmán, I. Legarreta, J. C. Segoviano-Ramírez, M. D. R. Zarate-Hernández, M. Arteaga-Silva, X. Guzmán-García
{"title":"Erratum to: Tissue biomarkers as vulnerability indicators in the clam Polymesoda caroliniana [17: 186-197, 2020]","authors":"J. R. Jerónimo-Juárez, M. Matadamas-Guzmán, I. Legarreta, J. C. Segoviano-Ramírez, M. D. R. Zarate-Hernández, M. Arteaga-Silva, X. Guzmán-García","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"105 1","pages":"198-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85879878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.186-197
J. R. Jerónimo-Juárez, M. Matadamas-Guzmán, I. Legarreta, J. C. Segoviano-Ramírez, M. D. R. Zarate-Hernández, M. Arteaga-Silva, X. Guzmán-García
Vulnerability depends on the exposure and sensitivity levels of a system to a specific pressure, together with the capacity to cope, recover, or adapt to this pressure. We propose the use of well-known tissular techniques to measure the components of vulnerability. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology indicate the health status of living organisms and the environment. Therefore, these techniques should provide the necessary information to determine the vulnerability of an organism. Immunohistochemical analysis uses biomarkers to determine the presence of toxic compounds, reflecting the exposure level of an organism. Histopathological analysis reveals the environmental impact of a given toxin, reflecting the sensitivity level of the organism to said toxin. Here, we propose a strategy to use these techniques to assess the vulnerability of clams from Tecolutla, Veracruz. We developed categories for each vulnerability component using semi-quantitative scales. Briefly, we calculated the exposure level based on the average number of positive immunohistochemical biomarkers among several organs of clams. Then, we compared the prevalence of histological alterations with the exposure level to determine the sensitivity level. Finally, to estimate the recovery capacity, we placed the control group in a clean environment for 40 days. These led us to observe the capacity of the clams to reverse the effects of environmental stress. Clams showed a moderate level of exposure, a low sensitivity level, and an effective recovery capacity. In conclusion, these results indicate that clams have a low level of vulnerability. This proposal has the potential to guide future works assessing the vulnerability of organisms and later include them in the estimation of vulnerability from aquatic bodies.
{"title":"Tissue biomarkers as vulnerability indicators in the clam Polymesoda caroliniana","authors":"J. R. Jerónimo-Juárez, M. Matadamas-Guzmán, I. Legarreta, J. C. Segoviano-Ramírez, M. D. R. Zarate-Hernández, M. Arteaga-Silva, X. Guzmán-García","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.186-197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.186-197","url":null,"abstract":"Vulnerability depends on the exposure and sensitivity levels of a system to a specific pressure, together with the capacity to cope, recover, or adapt to this pressure. We propose the use of well-known tissular techniques to measure the components of vulnerability. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology indicate the health status of living organisms and the environment. Therefore, these techniques should provide the necessary information to determine the vulnerability of an organism. Immunohistochemical analysis uses biomarkers to determine the presence of toxic compounds, reflecting the exposure level of an organism. Histopathological analysis reveals the environmental impact of a given toxin, reflecting the sensitivity level of the organism to said toxin. Here, we propose a strategy to use these techniques to assess the vulnerability of clams from Tecolutla, Veracruz. We developed categories for each vulnerability component using semi-quantitative scales. Briefly, we calculated the exposure level based on the average number of positive immunohistochemical biomarkers among several organs of clams. Then, we compared the prevalence of histological alterations with the exposure level to determine the sensitivity level. Finally, to estimate the recovery capacity, we placed the control group in a clean environment for 40 days. These led us to observe the capacity of the clams to reverse the effects of environmental stress. Clams showed a moderate level of exposure, a low sensitivity level, and an effective recovery capacity. In conclusion, these results indicate that clams have a low level of vulnerability. This proposal has the potential to guide future works assessing the vulnerability of organisms and later include them in the estimation of vulnerability from aquatic bodies.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"186-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74313109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.186-195
Dong Li, Xue Chen, F. Zhu, Kangmin Chen
Recent years, invertebrate animals with clear genetic background and completed genome sequence have become very popular in biological research. Insulin and insulin-like peptides (ILPs) are a class of peptides having important physiological functions, including promotion of cell proliferation and differentiation, and body growth and development. To date, many invertebrates have been identified with multiple ILP families, whose structures and functions have become increasingly clear to scientists. This review summarizes the ILPs identified in the model Lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori, in the aspects of structures and classification, functions and pathways. A brief discussion on the ILPs from several other model insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, Aedes aegypti, and Apis mellifera, was also included.
{"title":"Insulin-like peptides in model insects","authors":"Dong Li, Xue Chen, F. Zhu, Kangmin Chen","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.186-195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.186-195","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years, invertebrate animals with clear genetic background and completed genome sequence have become very popular in biological research. Insulin and insulin-like peptides (ILPs) are a class of peptides having important physiological functions, including promotion of cell proliferation and differentiation, and body growth and development. To date, many invertebrates have been identified with multiple ILP families, whose structures and functions have become increasingly clear to scientists. This review summarizes the ILPs identified in the model Lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori, in the aspects of structures and classification, functions and pathways. A brief discussion on the ILPs from several other model insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, Aedes aegypti, and Apis mellifera, was also included.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"186-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74752016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-07DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.175-185
M. Ebrahimi, M. Ajamhassani
The defense mechanisms of the insects are based on involvement of the hemocytes and phenoloxidase. Hemocytes are the basic component of the cellular immunity and phenoloxidase as the part of prophenoloxidase (PPO) cascade is the component of both humoral and cellular defense. Nutrition as well as starvation and attack by any organisms can modify these parameters of the innate immunity. In the current study, the effects of the stresses imposed by the starvation or different types of diets were investigated on the important immunity aspects of the indian meal moth larvae. Results showed a decline in the total hemocyte count in hemolymph with the increase in the starvation duration. In the first test, 5th instar larvae were starved for three time intervals including 24, 48, and 72 h and then, the changes in hemocyte number and phenoloxidase activity were studied. In the second experiment, the larvae bred on four diets including diet (A) walnut, diet (B) pistachio, diet (C) pea and raisin, and diet (D) artificial diets were used. The total number of the hemocytes and percentage of each hemocyte were also considered. Larvae were kept in an incubator set at a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C with 45 % of relative humidity (RH), and a constant photoperiod of 14:10 h (L:D) during the tests. The number of the plasmatocytes, one the main immune cells was sharply decreased with prolongation of the starvation duration and finally, their number reached by 134.04 ± 25.25 mm3 of hemolymph. The number of the granulocytes was also decreased significantly 72 h post-starvation than other treatments. The prohemocytes as the stem cells were initially increased within 24 h, and they were decreased later. The oenocytoids as the key cells involved in the phenoloxidase activity were initially increased significantly within 24 h of starvation compared to the control, but they were decreased significantly after 48 and 72 h reaching the same amount as the controls. Results revealed that the types of the consumed diet influenced the number of cells and phenoloxidase activity. The highest total hemocyte count was related to the diet (C) pea and raisins (2158.18 ± 172.5 mm3), and the lowest was observed in the larvae fed on the pistachios (924 ± 78.33 mm3). The number of plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and oenocytoids was the highest in those larvae fed on the diet (C) pea and raisin and diet (D) artificial diet, respectively but the lowest numbers were observed for other treatments. The number of prohemocytes in the larvae fed on different diets did not differ significantly. The phenoloxidase activity was significantly reduced in the fifth instar larvae following starvation. The highest activity of phenoloxidase in feeding treatments was observed in those larvae fed on the artificial diet while the lowest activity was observed in the pistachio-fed larvae. Thus, the amount and type of the diet and the stresses including starvation can determine the immune response of the insects against
{"title":"Investigating the effect of starvation and various nutritional types on the hemocytic profile and phenoloxidase activity in the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","authors":"M. Ebrahimi, M. Ajamhassani","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.175-185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.175-185","url":null,"abstract":"The defense mechanisms of the insects are based on involvement of the hemocytes and phenoloxidase. Hemocytes are the basic component of the cellular immunity and phenoloxidase as the part of prophenoloxidase (PPO) cascade is the component of both humoral and cellular defense. Nutrition as well as starvation and attack by any organisms can modify these parameters of the innate immunity. In the current study, the effects of the stresses imposed by the starvation or different types of diets were investigated on the important immunity aspects of the indian meal moth larvae. Results showed a decline in the total hemocyte count in hemolymph with the increase in the starvation duration. In the first test, 5th instar larvae were starved for three time intervals including 24, 48, and 72 h and then, the changes in hemocyte number and phenoloxidase activity were studied. In the second experiment, the larvae bred on four diets including diet (A) walnut, diet (B) pistachio, diet (C) pea and raisin, and diet (D) artificial diets were used. The total number of the hemocytes and percentage of each hemocyte were also considered. Larvae were kept in an incubator set at a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C with 45 % of relative humidity (RH), and a constant photoperiod of 14:10 h (L:D) during the tests. The number of the plasmatocytes, one the main immune cells was sharply decreased with prolongation of the starvation duration and finally, their number reached by 134.04 ± 25.25 mm3 of hemolymph. The number of the granulocytes was also decreased significantly 72 h post-starvation than other treatments. The prohemocytes as the stem cells were initially increased within 24 h, and they were decreased later. The oenocytoids as the key cells involved in the phenoloxidase activity were initially increased significantly within 24 h of starvation compared to the control, but they were decreased significantly after 48 and 72 h reaching the same amount as the controls. Results revealed that the types of the consumed diet influenced the number of cells and phenoloxidase activity. The highest total hemocyte count was related to the diet (C) pea and raisins (2158.18 ± 172.5 mm3), and the lowest was observed in the larvae fed on the pistachios (924 ± 78.33 mm3). The number of plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and oenocytoids was the highest in those larvae fed on the diet (C) pea and raisin and diet (D) artificial diet, respectively but the lowest numbers were observed for other treatments. The number of prohemocytes in the larvae fed on different diets did not differ significantly. The phenoloxidase activity was significantly reduced in the fifth instar larvae following starvation. The highest activity of phenoloxidase in feeding treatments was observed in those larvae fed on the artificial diet while the lowest activity was observed in the pistachio-fed larvae. Thus, the amount and type of the diet and the stresses including starvation can determine the immune response of the insects against ","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"95 1","pages":"175-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85290135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-02DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.163-174
L. Sun, Li Gao, F. Zhu, P. Lü, C. Li, Y. Yuan, Kangmin Chen
Previously our research group used the microarray analysis and suppression subtractive hybridization technologies to find a Bombyx mori resistance related gene (NCBI ID: NP_001153678.1) to B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and the gene was named Bm123. But there are no more confirmatory studies about Bm123. In this study, BmNPV resistant strain NB, susceptible strain 306, hybrid group 306♀×NB♂ (resistant strain) and NB♀×306♂ (resistant strain) were analyzed by transcriptomic sequencing and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Work Analysis (WGCNA) to verify the new gene Bm123 function. Correlation analysis between the WGCNA data and phenotype showed that Bm123 is a gene in ME Turquoise module. This module has a strong correlation with disease resistance phenotype (correlation coefficient is 0.753, P value is 0.0047), indicating that Bm123 is a correlated gene with anti-BmNPV. The full length of Bm123 gene was 691 bp, which is not similar with any sequences of other species in NCBI database. But the Bm123 protein contained the transcriptional activator (multiprotein bridge factor 2, MBF2) domain in the 34 to 122 amino acid sequence, closely to Tribolium castaneum by the evolutionary relationship analysis. The BmNPV resistance function, developmental expression pattern and tissue expression pattern of Bm123 were analyzed by using silkworm resistant strain BC10 (screened by eight backcross and two generation of NB and 306 through hybridization and selfing method, each generation is constructed from the feed by adding BmNPV), NB and sensitive strain 306. It was found that after infection with orally BmNPV, the mRNA and protein levels of Bm123 were up-regulated in the midgut of BC10 and NB, and almost not expressed in 306, indicating that Bm123 was a gene associated with resistance to BmNPV. Bm123 protein expression in various tissues of silkworm (fat body, hemolymph, midgut, epidermis, testis, ovary, malpighian tubule and silk gland) was analyzed. It was found that Bm123 was highly expressed in the midgut and malpighian tubule, while the expression in other tissues was lower. Analysis of Bm123 expression in different development stages of silkworm (eggs, 1st to 5th instar larvae, pupae and moth) found that the expression level of Bm123 increased in the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar. The expression level of Bm123 decreased during the pupae and moth stages. It was speculated that the expression of Bm123 was related to the evolution of resistance genes in silkworm. In situ hybridization showed that the Bm123 gene of BC10 was localized in the nucleus of columnar epithelial cells of the midgut, suggesting that Bm123 protein interacts with BmNPV in the silkworm cell nucleus.
{"title":"Discovery and functional analysis of a new gene (Bm123) in silkworm (Bombyx mori)","authors":"L. Sun, Li Gao, F. Zhu, P. Lü, C. Li, Y. Yuan, Kangmin Chen","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.163-174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.163-174","url":null,"abstract":"Previously our research group used the microarray analysis and suppression subtractive hybridization technologies to find a Bombyx mori resistance related gene (NCBI ID: NP_001153678.1) to B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and the gene was named Bm123. But there are no more confirmatory studies about Bm123. In this study, BmNPV resistant strain NB, susceptible strain 306, hybrid group 306♀×NB♂ (resistant strain) and NB♀×306♂ (resistant strain) were analyzed by transcriptomic sequencing and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Work Analysis (WGCNA) to verify the new gene Bm123 function. Correlation analysis between the WGCNA data and phenotype showed that Bm123 is a gene in ME Turquoise module. This module has a strong correlation with disease resistance phenotype (correlation coefficient is 0.753, P value is 0.0047), indicating that Bm123 is a correlated gene with anti-BmNPV. The full length of Bm123 gene was 691 bp, which is not similar with any sequences of other species in NCBI database. But the Bm123 protein contained the transcriptional activator (multiprotein bridge factor 2, MBF2) domain in the 34 to 122 amino acid sequence, closely to Tribolium castaneum by the evolutionary relationship analysis. The BmNPV resistance function, developmental expression pattern and tissue expression pattern of Bm123 were analyzed by using silkworm resistant strain BC10 (screened by eight backcross and two generation of NB and 306 through hybridization and selfing method, each generation is constructed from the feed by adding BmNPV), NB and sensitive strain 306. It was found that after infection with orally BmNPV, the mRNA and protein levels of Bm123 were up-regulated in the midgut of BC10 and NB, and almost not expressed in 306, indicating that Bm123 was a gene associated with resistance to BmNPV. Bm123 protein expression in various tissues of silkworm (fat body, hemolymph, midgut, epidermis, testis, ovary, malpighian tubule and silk gland) was analyzed. It was found that Bm123 was highly expressed in the midgut and malpighian tubule, while the expression in other tissues was lower. Analysis of Bm123 expression in different development stages of silkworm (eggs, 1st to 5th instar larvae, pupae and moth) found that the expression level of Bm123 increased in the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar. The expression level of Bm123 decreased during the pupae and moth stages. It was speculated that the expression of Bm123 was related to the evolution of resistance genes in silkworm. In situ hybridization showed that the Bm123 gene of BC10 was localized in the nucleus of columnar epithelial cells of the midgut, suggesting that Bm123 protein interacts with BmNPV in the silkworm cell nucleus.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"163-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87206139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-19DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.147-162
M. Mutawa, T. H. Ayaad, E. Shaurub
The date fruit stalk borer, Oryctes elegans Prell, is a destructive pest on date palms in Saudi Arabia. We evaluated the immune response of the third instars (last instars), by the intrahemocoelic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (a pathogen-associated molecular peptide, PAMP), which significantly increased the total hemocyte count. Phase-contrast light microscopy revealed the presence of five hemocyte types: prohemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that, among these hemocytes, only the granulocytes and plasmatocytes phagocytosed latex beads. Injection with LPS also significantly decreased the number of oenocytoids. The antibacterial activity of plasma proteins of larvae injected with LPS, measured using the agar well diffusion method, against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria varied based on the bacterial strain, the total concentration of plasma protein, and time post-injection with LPS. The results of the current study may be useful in the biological control of O. elegans. Furthermore, new compounds with antibacterial activity that might be useful for the development of innovative drugs of natural origin can be identified in O. elegans.
{"title":"Hemocyte profile, phagocytosis, and antibacterial activity in response to immune challenge of the date fruit stalk borer, Oryctes elegans","authors":"M. Mutawa, T. H. Ayaad, E. Shaurub","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.147-162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.147-162","url":null,"abstract":"The date fruit stalk borer, Oryctes elegans Prell, is a destructive pest on date palms in Saudi Arabia. We evaluated the immune response of the third instars (last instars), by the intrahemocoelic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (a pathogen-associated molecular peptide, PAMP), which significantly increased the total hemocyte count. Phase-contrast light microscopy revealed the presence of five hemocyte types: prohemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that, among these hemocytes, only the granulocytes and plasmatocytes phagocytosed latex beads. Injection with LPS also significantly decreased the number of oenocytoids. The antibacterial activity of plasma proteins of larvae injected with LPS, measured using the agar well diffusion method, against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria varied based on the bacterial strain, the total concentration of plasma protein, and time post-injection with LPS. The results of the current study may be useful in the biological control of O. elegans. Furthermore, new compounds with antibacterial activity that might be useful for the development of innovative drugs of natural origin can be identified in O. elegans.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"147-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76091019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.138-146
Huifeng Dang, X. Han, Yi Guo, Q. Li, Shigen Ye, L. Juan, Ruijun Li
A representative echinoderm, the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus has a special regeneration mechanism. The sea cucumber has no specific immune tissues or organs. Coelomocytes of sea cucumbers are involved in their cellular and humoral immunity. In this study, expression profiles of the main immune-related factors in sea cucumber coelomocytes were detected during coelomocyte regeneration after evisceration in A. japonicus. Immune-related factors Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), Catalase (CAT), C-type lysozyme (C-LYZ), Cathepsin D (CTSD), Melanotransferrin (MTF), Toll-like receptor (TLR), C-type lectin (C-LCT), Complement 3 (C3), Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), NF-κB inhibitor (IKB), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Peroxiredoxins (PRX), Nitric oxide synthase(NOS), Caspase-2 (CASP-2), Phenoloxidase (PO), and Glutathione Peroxidase(GPX), Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR at different time points during regeneration. The main immune-related genes in sea cucumber coelomocytes were significantly differentially expressed after evisceration, and an upregulation was observed for the majority of the considered genes. In summary, the discharge of viscera had a significant effect on expression of immune-related genes of sea cucumber coelomocytes. The expression level of each gene had a certain correlation with the sea cucumber regeneration process. The results provide reference data for the immune response of coelomocytes during regeneration.
刺参是棘皮动物的代表，具有特殊的再生机制。海参没有特定的免疫组织或器官。海参体腔细胞参与了海参的细胞免疫和体液免疫。在本研究中，我们检测了海参体外空腔细胞再生过程中主要免疫相关因子在海参空腔细胞中的表达谱。免疫相关因子铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、c型溶菌酶(C-LYZ)、组织蛋白酶D (CTSD)、黑素转铁蛋白(MTF)、toll样受体(TLR)、c型凝集素(C-LCT)、补体3 (C3)、髓样分化因子88 (MYD88)、核因子κ b (NF-κB)、NF-κB抑制剂(IKB)、TNF受体相关因子6 (TRAF6)、过氧化物氧化酶(PRX)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、Caspase-2 (CASP-2)、酚氧化酶(PO)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX);采用实时荧光定量PCR检测再生过程中不同时间点的热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)含量。海参空腔细胞中主要免疫相关基因在去内脏后表达显著差异，且大部分基因表达上调。综上所述，内脏排出对海参体腔细胞免疫相关基因的表达有显著影响。各基因的表达量与海参再生过程有一定的相关性。该结果为体腔细胞再生过程中的免疫应答提供了参考数据。
{"title":"Expression profiles of immune-related genes in coelomocytes during regeneration after evisceration in Apostichopus japonicus","authors":"Huifeng Dang, X. Han, Yi Guo, Q. Li, Shigen Ye, L. Juan, Ruijun Li","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.138-146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.138-146","url":null,"abstract":"A representative echinoderm, the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus has a special regeneration mechanism. The sea cucumber has no specific immune tissues or organs. Coelomocytes of sea cucumbers are involved in their cellular and humoral immunity. In this study, expression profiles of the main immune-related factors in sea cucumber coelomocytes were detected during coelomocyte regeneration after evisceration in A. japonicus. Immune-related factors Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), Catalase (CAT), C-type lysozyme (C-LYZ), Cathepsin D (CTSD), Melanotransferrin (MTF), Toll-like receptor (TLR), C-type lectin (C-LCT), Complement 3 (C3), Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), NF-κB inhibitor (IKB), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Peroxiredoxins (PRX), Nitric oxide synthase(NOS), Caspase-2 (CASP-2), Phenoloxidase (PO), and Glutathione Peroxidase(GPX), Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR at different time points during regeneration. The main immune-related genes in sea cucumber coelomocytes were significantly differentially expressed after evisceration, and an upregulation was observed for the majority of the considered genes. In summary, the discharge of viscera had a significant effect on expression of immune-related genes of sea cucumber coelomocytes. The expression level of each gene had a certain correlation with the sea cucumber regeneration process. The results provide reference data for the immune response of coelomocytes during regeneration.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"61 1","pages":"138-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80040911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.129-137
C. Benatti, V. Rivi, C. Colliva, G. Radighieri, F. Tascedda, J. Blom
The escape behaviour is one of the many behavioural responses that can be operantly conditioned in a stimulus-dependent manner in both vertebrates and invertebrates. By exposing the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis repeatedly to a negative reinforcement its natural tendency to explore its surroundings can be operantly conditioned in both adult and aged snails. When adult snails were trained with 100 mM of KCl their number of escapes was significantly decreased and the latency to first escape was significantly increased. Our behavioural protocol allowed us to investigate memory acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval in pre- and post-training sessions over different days. From the 3rd day of training the learned response was strengthened: the number of the escapes in the post-test session remained significantly reduced even when animals were presented with distilled water. Moreover, adult snails exposed to the negative reinforcement for at least 4 days started to escape significantly less than the control group also in the pre-test session. This effect became more pronounced in the following days and was accompanied by a significant increase in the latency to first escape at the beginning of the pre-test on day 6 and 7. Aged snails, instead, showed selective deficiencies when operantly conditioned: memory retention appeared only after 7 days, while memory retrieval could not be induced. This redefined paradigm can help unravelling a variety of sophisticated cognitive phenomena in L. stagnalis and could be employed also to study the basis of memory impairment occurring during neuro-aging.
{"title":"Redefining operant conditioning of escape behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis","authors":"C. Benatti, V. Rivi, C. Colliva, G. Radighieri, F. Tascedda, J. Blom","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.129-137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.129-137","url":null,"abstract":"The escape behaviour is one of the many behavioural responses that can be operantly conditioned in a stimulus-dependent manner in both vertebrates and invertebrates. By exposing the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis repeatedly to a negative reinforcement its natural tendency to explore its surroundings can be operantly conditioned in both adult and aged snails. When adult snails were trained with 100 mM of KCl their number of escapes was significantly decreased and the latency to first escape was significantly increased. Our behavioural protocol allowed us to investigate memory acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval in pre- and post-training sessions over different days. From the 3rd day of training the learned response was strengthened: the number of the escapes in the post-test session remained significantly reduced even when animals were presented with distilled water. Moreover, adult snails exposed to the negative reinforcement for at least 4 days started to escape significantly less than the control group also in the pre-test session. This effect became more pronounced in the following days and was accompanied by a significant increase in the latency to first escape at the beginning of the pre-test on day 6 and 7. Aged snails, instead, showed selective deficiencies when operantly conditioned: memory retention appeared only after 7 days, while memory retrieval could not be induced. This redefined paradigm can help unravelling a variety of sophisticated cognitive phenomena in L. stagnalis and could be employed also to study the basis of memory impairment occurring during neuro-aging.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90621052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-12DOI: 10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.117-128
S. Samal, C. Mishra, S. Sahoo
Monocrotophos and glyphosate are two potent organophosphate pesticides used on agricultural farms in India to control insect pests and weeds, respectively. Consistent application of these chemicals poses a risk of residual soil contamination with possible adverse implications on non-target organisms, like earthworms. The present study evaluates the impacts of these pesticides on the skin, muscles and certain biochemical parameters such as protein content, lipid peroxidation (LPX) level, activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and catalase (CAT) of two tropical earthworms Drawida willsi and Lampito mauritii. Monocrotophos at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 g/kg soil and glyphosate at 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 g/kg soil were used for the experiment. At high concentrations, both pesticides induced lesions and skin undulation in the earthworms. In L. mauritii, the postclitellar region indicated muscle disorganization with high concentrations of monocrotophos. The lowest protein level was recorded in D.willsi and L. mauritii with high concentrations of monocrotophos. L. mauritii exhibited maximum LPX at high concentrations of glyphosate. Both the earthworms indicated the least LDH activity with high pesticide concentration. Minimal AChE activity in L. mauritii was observed with a high concentration of glyphosate. A high concentration of monocrotophos inhibited CAT activity in L. mauritii. The variable response of the selected morpho-histological and biochemical parameters in the earthworms to different pesticide concentrations could be useful early warning biomarkers to evaluate soil residual toxicity.
{"title":"Dermal, histological anomalies with variations in enzyme activities of the earthworms Lampito mauritii and Drawida willsi after short term exposure to organophosphate pesticides","authors":"S. Samal, C. Mishra, S. Sahoo","doi":"10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.117-128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/ISJ.V0I0.117-128","url":null,"abstract":"Monocrotophos and glyphosate are two potent organophosphate pesticides used on agricultural farms in India to control insect pests and weeds, respectively. Consistent application of these chemicals poses a risk of residual soil contamination with possible adverse implications on non-target organisms, like earthworms. The present study evaluates the impacts of these pesticides on the skin, muscles and certain biochemical parameters such as protein content, lipid peroxidation (LPX) level, activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and catalase (CAT) of two tropical earthworms Drawida willsi and Lampito mauritii. Monocrotophos at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 g/kg soil and glyphosate at 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 g/kg soil were used for the experiment. At high concentrations, both pesticides induced lesions and skin undulation in the earthworms. In L. mauritii, the postclitellar region indicated muscle disorganization with high concentrations of monocrotophos. The lowest protein level was recorded in D.willsi and L. mauritii with high concentrations of monocrotophos. L. mauritii exhibited maximum LPX at high concentrations of glyphosate. Both the earthworms indicated the least LDH activity with high pesticide concentration. Minimal AChE activity in L. mauritii was observed with a high concentration of glyphosate. A high concentration of monocrotophos inhibited CAT activity in L. mauritii. The variable response of the selected morpho-histological and biochemical parameters in the earthworms to different pesticide concentrations could be useful early warning biomarkers to evaluate soil residual toxicity.","PeriodicalId":14623,"journal":{"name":"ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal","volume":"27 18 1","pages":"117-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85970366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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