B. D. Srivastava, M. Srivastava, S. Srivastav, M. Urata, N. Suzuki, A. Srivastav
1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Deen Dayal Upadhyay, Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. 2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Digvijai Nath P.G. College, Gorakhpur, India. 3. Institute of Noto Satoumi Education Research, Noto‐cho, Ishikawa, Japan. 4. Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Noto‐cho, Ishikawa, Japan.
{"title":"The Protective Effects of Jamun Seeds and Orange Peels Extracts on Calcitonin Cells and Parathyroid Glands against Cypermethrin Toxicity","authors":"B. D. Srivastava, M. Srivastava, S. Srivastav, M. Urata, N. Suzuki, A. Srivastav","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.1.74.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.1.74.9","url":null,"abstract":"1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Deen Dayal Upadhyay, Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. 2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Digvijai Nath P.G. College, Gorakhpur, India. 3. Institute of Noto Satoumi Education Research, Noto‐cho, Ishikawa, Japan. 4. Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Noto‐cho, Ishikawa, Japan.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"15 1","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69706756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moein Yazdkhasti, M. Jalali, G. Khadjeh, H. Jafari, A. Rezaie
Methods: The scorpion’s venom was extracted into six fractions by chromotagraphy. Healthy male Wistar rats (N=72) were equally divided into eight groups of nine: G1: Controls (0.5ml. normal saline), G2: Crude venom (1000μg/kg), G3: F-I (120μg/kg), G4: F-II (430μg/kg), G5: F-III (80 μg/kg), G6: F-IV (180μg/kg), G7: F-V (60μg/kg), and G8: F-VI (130μg/kg). Blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture at 1, 3 and 24 hours after the venom injection. The serum levels of AST, LDH, CPK, CK-MB and troponin-I were determined. Upon euthanasia, the hearts were removed from the rats and examined microscopically for histopathology.
{"title":"Cardiotoxic Effects of Hemiscorpius Lepturus Scorpion Venom Fractions in Rats","authors":"Moein Yazdkhasti, M. Jalali, G. Khadjeh, H. Jafari, A. Rezaie","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.1.691.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.1.691.1","url":null,"abstract":"Methods: The scorpion’s venom was extracted into six fractions by chromotagraphy. Healthy male Wistar rats (N=72) were equally divided into eight groups of nine: G1: Controls (0.5ml. normal saline), G2: Crude venom (1000μg/kg), G3: F-I (120μg/kg), G4: F-II (430μg/kg), G5: F-III (80 μg/kg), G6: F-IV (180μg/kg), G7: F-V (60μg/kg), and G8: F-VI (130μg/kg). Blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture at 1, 3 and 24 hours after the venom injection. The serum levels of AST, LDH, CPK, CK-MB and troponin-I were determined. Upon euthanasia, the hearts were removed from the rats and examined microscopically for histopathology.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"15 1","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69706821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Damages to the peripheral fibers of sensory nerve cells and central neurons cause neuropathic pain. Manifestations of neuropathic pain occur in various conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chemotherapy, and as the side effects of some medications. Cressa cretica has long been used in traditional medicine for pain control. This study was conducted to determine the role of opioid receptors in the analgesic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. cretica in an experimental model of neuropathic pain. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of C. cretica was prepared, and its total phenolic and flavonoid contents were standardized. Painful peripheral neuropathy was induced in rats by Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. To evaluate the effects of the extract, the animals were orally given C. cretica extract (300 mg/kg), gabapentin (70 mg/kg) or normal saline (4 mL/kg) on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after surgery, and behavioral tests were performed 45 minutes after taking the medications. To evaluate the role of the opioid receptors, Naloxone (1 mg/kg, IP) was given to rats treated with the extract 30 minutes after the extract and then the behavioral tests were performed after 15 minutes. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of C. cretica attenuates neuropathic pain induced by CCI in rats. The extract works acutely and chronically, depending on the dosage and duration of use. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of C. cretica reduces CCI-induced neuropathic pain in rats, and Naloxone, as an opioid receptor antagonist, inhibits this effect.
{"title":"Analgesic Effects of the Cressa Cretica Extract on Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats, and the Potential Role of Opioid Receptors","authors":"M. Zabihi, A. Ranjbar, M. Mosaddegh, Nasrin Zare","doi":"10.32598/ijt.15.4.708.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.4.708.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Damages to the peripheral fibers of sensory nerve cells and central neurons cause neuropathic pain. Manifestations of neuropathic pain occur in various conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chemotherapy, and as the side effects of some medications. Cressa cretica has long been used in traditional medicine for pain control. This study was conducted to determine the role of opioid receptors in the analgesic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. cretica in an experimental model of neuropathic pain. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of C. cretica was prepared, and its total phenolic and flavonoid contents were standardized. Painful peripheral neuropathy was induced in rats by Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. To evaluate the effects of the extract, the animals were orally given C. cretica extract (300 mg/kg), gabapentin (70 mg/kg) or normal saline (4 mL/kg) on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after surgery, and behavioral tests were performed 45 minutes after taking the medications. To evaluate the role of the opioid receptors, Naloxone (1 mg/kg, IP) was given to rats treated with the extract 30 minutes after the extract and then the behavioral tests were performed after 15 minutes. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of C. cretica attenuates neuropathic pain induced by CCI in rats. The extract works acutely and chronically, depending on the dosage and duration of use. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of C. cretica reduces CCI-induced neuropathic pain in rats, and Naloxone, as an opioid receptor antagonist, inhibits this effect.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69707249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Soleimani, H. Sarmadian, Mohammad Arjomand Zadegan, R. Ghasemikhah, Hasan Taher Ahmadi
Article info: Received: 11 Jul 2020 Accepted: 15 Sep 2020 Online Published: 01 Jan 2021 Research Paper: Toxicity and Antiparasitic Efficacy of Essential Oils: Analyses of the Biochemical Compositions and Potencies * Corresponding author: Reza Ghasemikhah, PhD. Address: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. E-mail: ghasemikhah@yahoo.com
{"title":"Toxicity and Antiparasitic Efficacy of Essential Oils: Analyses of the Biochemical Compositions and Potencies","authors":"E. Soleimani, H. Sarmadian, Mohammad Arjomand Zadegan, R. Ghasemikhah, Hasan Taher Ahmadi","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.1.727.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.1.727.1","url":null,"abstract":"Article info: Received: 11 Jul 2020 Accepted: 15 Sep 2020 Online Published: 01 Jan 2021 Research Paper: Toxicity and Antiparasitic Efficacy of Essential Oils: Analyses of the Biochemical Compositions and Potencies * Corresponding author: Reza Ghasemikhah, PhD. Address: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. E-mail: ghasemikhah@yahoo.com","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69706406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Nabavi, M. Moshiri, Shahrad Tajoddini, B. Dadpour
Background: Acetaminophen is a popular antipyretic and analgesic medication worldwide; however, its therapeutic window is narrow, which may lead to overdose or toxicity. This study was conducted to assess the correlation between the serum acetaminophen levels before and 4 hours after the acute toxicity with this drug. The objective of this study was to test the validity of the serum level to arrive at a clinical decision on the toxicity with acetaminophen. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on patients hospitalized and treated with a diagnosis of acute acetaminophen overdose during one year (Sept. 2018 to Sept. 2019) at the Toxicology Department of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Patients were analyzed for demographics, time of ingestion, their first and second serum acetaminophen concentrations. Results: A total of 204 patients (106 male & 98 female) were included in this study. The average dose of acetaminophen ingestion by these patients was 14.5±3.50 g and all patients were treated successfully with N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC). The variables of age (P=0.293), serum acetaminophen levels at 1-2 h (P=0.679), and at 2-3 h (P=0.126) did not have significant relationships with the serum acetaminophen level on the fourth hour. However, the serum acetaminophen levels tested between 3-4 h and acetaminophen intoxication dosage had significant relationships with the acetaminophen level on the fourth hour. Conclusion: In patients with acute acetaminophen toxicity, the data on the serum levels obtained before a 4-hour timepoint from the ingestion were not useful to decide on the need for the rescue treatment with N-acetyl-cysteine.
背景:对乙酰氨基酚是世界范围内常用的解热镇痛药物;但其治疗窗口较窄，可能导致用药过量或中毒。本研究旨在评估对乙酰氨基酚急性毒性作用前和4小时后血清对乙酰氨基酚水平的相关性。本研究的目的是测试血清水平的有效性，以达到对乙酰氨基酚毒性的临床决策。方法:对伊朗马什哈德伊玛目礼萨医院毒理学部一年内(2018年9月至2019年9月)诊断为急性对乙酰氨基酚过量住院治疗的患者进行横断面研究。分析患者的人口统计学、服药时间、第一次和第二次血清对乙酰氨基酚浓度。结果:共纳入204例患者，其中男性106例，女性98例。这些患者对乙酰氨基酚的平均摄入剂量为14.5±3.50 g，所有患者均成功接受n -乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)治疗。年龄(P=0.293)、1 ~ 2 h (P=0.679)和2 ~ 3 h (P=0.126)与第4 h血清对乙酰氨基酚水平无显著相关。然而，3 ~ 4 h的血清对乙酰氨基酚水平和对乙酰氨基酚中毒剂量与第4 h的对乙酰氨基酚水平有显著关系。结论:在急性对乙酰氨基酚中毒患者中，摄入后4小时前的血清水平数据不能用于决定是否需要n -乙酰半胱氨酸抢救治疗。
{"title":"A Basis for the Decision to Rule in or out Acetaminophen Toxicity: Assessment of the Serum Level Within 4 Hours Post Overdose","authors":"N. Nabavi, M. Moshiri, Shahrad Tajoddini, B. Dadpour","doi":"10.32598/ijt.15.4.820.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.4.820.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acetaminophen is a popular antipyretic and analgesic medication worldwide; however, its therapeutic window is narrow, which may lead to overdose or toxicity. This study was conducted to assess the correlation between the serum acetaminophen levels before and 4 hours after the acute toxicity with this drug. The objective of this study was to test the validity of the serum level to arrive at a clinical decision on the toxicity with acetaminophen. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on patients hospitalized and treated with a diagnosis of acute acetaminophen overdose during one year (Sept. 2018 to Sept. 2019) at the Toxicology Department of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Patients were analyzed for demographics, time of ingestion, their first and second serum acetaminophen concentrations. Results: A total of 204 patients (106 male & 98 female) were included in this study. The average dose of acetaminophen ingestion by these patients was 14.5±3.50 g and all patients were treated successfully with N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC). The variables of age (P=0.293), serum acetaminophen levels at 1-2 h (P=0.679), and at 2-3 h (P=0.126) did not have significant relationships with the serum acetaminophen level on the fourth hour. However, the serum acetaminophen levels tested between 3-4 h and acetaminophen intoxication dosage had significant relationships with the acetaminophen level on the fourth hour. Conclusion: In patients with acute acetaminophen toxicity, the data on the serum levels obtained before a 4-hour timepoint from the ingestion were not useful to decide on the need for the rescue treatment with N-acetyl-cysteine.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69706849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ebadi, A. Asareh, R. Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, N. Hedayat
Background: Highly-concentrated phosphate and nitrate anions from sugarcane wastewater are often discharged into public waters without standardized treatments. This study assessed the effects of electrical coagulation, initial pH and reaction time in the removal of phosphate and nitrate pollutants. Methods: We used aluminum electrodes to remove the pollutants at Hakhim Farabi Agricultural and Industrial complex, Khuzestan Province, Iran. A septic tank was used for collecting water samples followed by measuring the pH, and the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate in the samples. The pH was set at 5, 7, 9 or 11. Six aluminum electrodes were placed perpendicular to the water flow and were connected to power in a single-polar method. They were used to assess the effects of pH changes, electrical power at 10 and 30 volts and the water retention time at 15, 30, 45 or 60 min. on the efficiency of the pollutants’ removal. Results: The results indicated that under equal retention time and varying pH values, as voltage increased from 10 to 30, the phosphate and nitrate removal increased progressively. It was further demonstrated that the maximum phosphate removal efficiency was achieved at pH7, while it declined at higher pH levels. The highest possible nitrate removal efficiency was achieved under alkaline pH levels. The overall results showed that at every pH and voltage, the percentage of phosphate and nitrate removal increased over time. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that electro-coagulation process is an appropriate and efficient method to remove phosphate and nitrate pollutants from sugarcane wastewaters.
{"title":"Investigation of Electro-coagulation Process for Phosphate and Nitrate Removal From Sugarcane Wastewaters","authors":"M. Ebadi, A. Asareh, R. Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, N. Hedayat","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.1.483.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.1.483.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Highly-concentrated phosphate and nitrate anions from sugarcane wastewater are often discharged into public waters without standardized treatments. This study assessed the effects of electrical coagulation, initial pH and reaction time in the removal of phosphate and nitrate pollutants. Methods: We used aluminum electrodes to remove the pollutants at Hakhim Farabi Agricultural and Industrial complex, Khuzestan Province, Iran. A septic tank was used for collecting water samples followed by measuring the pH, and the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate in the samples. The pH was set at 5, 7, 9 or 11. Six aluminum electrodes were placed perpendicular to the water flow and were connected to power in a single-polar method. They were used to assess the effects of pH changes, electrical power at 10 and 30 volts and the water retention time at 15, 30, 45 or 60 min. on the efficiency of the pollutants’ removal. Results: The results indicated that under equal retention time and varying pH values, as voltage increased from 10 to 30, the phosphate and nitrate removal increased progressively. It was further demonstrated that the maximum phosphate removal efficiency was achieved at pH7, while it declined at higher pH levels. The highest possible nitrate removal efficiency was achieved under alkaline pH levels. The overall results showed that at every pH and voltage, the percentage of phosphate and nitrate removal increased over time. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that electro-coagulation process is an appropriate and efficient method to remove phosphate and nitrate pollutants from sugarcane wastewaters.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43699908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Kaviani, Missagh Jalali, E. Hoveizi, J. Jamshidian, Masumeh Ahmadizadeh
Background: The protective effects of Montelukast (Mont), as an anti-inflammatory drug, against cadmium-induced kidney cell damage have already been studied and identified. Since the significant part of cadmium nephrotoxicity is caused by oxidative stress, this in vivo and in vitro study was conducted to investigate the possible role of Montelukast antioxidant properties in the protection. Methods: In the in vivo section, 42 rats were treated in seven groups of six rats as follows: Control; Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) control; Montelukast control; CdCl2 plus Montelukast treatment; CdCl2 with Montelukast pre-treatment; Vitamin E control; CdCl2 plus Vitamin E treatment. In the in vitro section, human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) were treated with CdCl2; Montelukast; Combined CdCl2 and Montelukast; Vitamin E; Combined CdCl2 and Vitamin E. Results: Montelukast, in both treatment and pretreatment forms, reduced serum urea, creatinine, and potassium levels compared to CdCl2 group, in vivo. Similar to vitamin E, the pre-treatment with Montelukast was associated with a significant decrease in Nitric Oxide (NO) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in serum and renal tissue, and a significant increase in Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) activity in serum compared those in the CdCl2 group. In the in vitro section of the study, Montelukast significantly reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO while the TAC level, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and the GPX activity increased significantly. Conclusion: Overall, the antioxidant effects of Montelukast appear to play a prominent role in preventing the renal toxicity due to cadmium exposure.
{"title":"Montelukast Protects Against Renal Damage Due to Cadmium Toxicity: In vivo and In vitro Experiments","authors":"F. Kaviani, Missagh Jalali, E. Hoveizi, J. Jamshidian, Masumeh Ahmadizadeh","doi":"10.32598/ijt.15.4.422.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.4.422.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The protective effects of Montelukast (Mont), as an anti-inflammatory drug, against cadmium-induced kidney cell damage have already been studied and identified. Since the significant part of cadmium nephrotoxicity is caused by oxidative stress, this in vivo and in vitro study was conducted to investigate the possible role of Montelukast antioxidant properties in the protection. Methods: In the in vivo section, 42 rats were treated in seven groups of six rats as follows: Control; Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) control; Montelukast control; CdCl2 plus Montelukast treatment; CdCl2 with Montelukast pre-treatment; Vitamin E control; CdCl2 plus Vitamin E treatment. In the in vitro section, human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) were treated with CdCl2; Montelukast; Combined CdCl2 and Montelukast; Vitamin E; Combined CdCl2 and Vitamin E. Results: Montelukast, in both treatment and pretreatment forms, reduced serum urea, creatinine, and potassium levels compared to CdCl2 group, in vivo. Similar to vitamin E, the pre-treatment with Montelukast was associated with a significant decrease in Nitric Oxide (NO) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in serum and renal tissue, and a significant increase in Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) activity in serum compared those in the CdCl2 group. In the in vitro section of the study, Montelukast significantly reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO while the TAC level, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and the GPX activity increased significantly. Conclusion: Overall, the antioxidant effects of Montelukast appear to play a prominent role in preventing the renal toxicity due to cadmium exposure.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69707005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Abayomi, O. Tokunbo, Moyinoluwa T. Ajayi, O. Abayomi, D. Ofusori
Background: Although ethanol exerts its neurotoxic effect on the brain through inflammatory and oxidative processes, the effect of Riboceine on the brain following ethanol neurotoxicity is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of riboceine on the cellular, behavioral, and molecular impairments induced by ethanol toxicity in rats. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats weighing between 160-170 grams were used for the study, and were divided into four groups of six rats each. After completion of the administration of ethanol and riboceine, and testing for motor impairment, the rats were sacrificed. The cerebellum was excised and processed for oxidative stress analyses, based on oxidative stress markers and histological examinations. The immunohistochemical expression of astrocytes in the cerebellum was examined, using Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) stain. Results: This study demonstrated that ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellum, characterized by increased oxidative stress profile, astrocyte activation, and neuronal death in the cerebellum, especially the Purkinje layer. Necrosis, significant decrease in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Gluathione (GSH) activities (P<0.05) as well as astrogliosis was associated with ethanol treatment. However, riboceine was observed to significantly increase the cerebellar SOD, CAT and GSH activities with significantly reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P<0.05). It also attenuated the histomorphological alteration of the cerebellum and reduced the cerebellar astrocytes activation following ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, thus leading to the attenuation of motor impairment. Conclusion: Riboceine attenuated motor impairment caused by chronic ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, suggestive of its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
{"title":"Riboceine Regimen Attenuates Ethanol-induced Neuronal Damage in the Cerebellum of Adult Male Wistar Rats","authors":"T. Abayomi, O. Tokunbo, Moyinoluwa T. Ajayi, O. Abayomi, D. Ofusori","doi":"10.32598/ijt.15.4.778.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.4.778.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although ethanol exerts its neurotoxic effect on the brain through inflammatory and oxidative processes, the effect of Riboceine on the brain following ethanol neurotoxicity is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of riboceine on the cellular, behavioral, and molecular impairments induced by ethanol toxicity in rats. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats weighing between 160-170 grams were used for the study, and were divided into four groups of six rats each. After completion of the administration of ethanol and riboceine, and testing for motor impairment, the rats were sacrificed. The cerebellum was excised and processed for oxidative stress analyses, based on oxidative stress markers and histological examinations. The immunohistochemical expression of astrocytes in the cerebellum was examined, using Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) stain. Results: This study demonstrated that ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellum, characterized by increased oxidative stress profile, astrocyte activation, and neuronal death in the cerebellum, especially the Purkinje layer. Necrosis, significant decrease in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Gluathione (GSH) activities (P<0.05) as well as astrogliosis was associated with ethanol treatment. However, riboceine was observed to significantly increase the cerebellar SOD, CAT and GSH activities with significantly reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P<0.05). It also attenuated the histomorphological alteration of the cerebellum and reduced the cerebellar astrocytes activation following ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, thus leading to the attenuation of motor impairment. Conclusion: Riboceine attenuated motor impairment caused by chronic ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, suggestive of its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69707265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Alimoradian, Reza Tajik, M. Jamalian, Mohaddeseh Asafari, Rahmatolah Moradzadeh
Background: Nitrate content is one of the most critical factors to determine the quality of vegetables, and its permissible limits in food chain is important to the human health. Due to the harmful effects of nitrate, many studies have been conducted on its accumulation in crops in recent years. This study assessed the nitrate concentrations in some edible vegetables and the associated health risks. Methods: In this descriptive study, raw agricultural produce, such as leafy vegetables, tubers, cucurbits, kitchen produce and edible grains were collected in the winter and summer. The samples were then transferred to a laboratory by maintaining the temperature-controlled supply chain. After preparing the samples, the nitrate content was determined in each, using an Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) unit. The data were analyzed statistically on SPSS v. 26. Results: The mean nitrate contents in leafy and kitchen produce, grains, and tuber vegetables were approximately 130, 48, 101, and 61ppm, respectively. The average nitrate content in the winter was around 38ppm and in the summer about 44 ppm. The highest nitrate content was documented in spinach (1100.15 ppm) and the lowest in tomatos (20.97 ppm). Conclusion: The results indicated that the highest nitrate content was found in leafy produce grown in northern Iran. The highest health risk for non-carcinogenic conditions was likely to be linked to the consumption of spinach and other edible vegetables, wheat, rice, and potatoes.
背景:硝酸盐含量是决定蔬菜质量的关键因素之一，其在食物链中的允许限量关系到人体健康。由于硝酸盐的危害作用，近年来人们对其在作物中的积累进行了大量的研究。本研究评估了一些食用蔬菜中的硝酸盐浓度及其相关的健康风险。方法:在本描述性研究中，在冬季和夏季收集叶菜、块茎、葫芦、厨房农产品和食用谷物等生农产品。然后通过维持温控供应链将样品转移到实验室。制备样品后，使用紫外-可见分光光度(UV/Vis)装置测定每个样品中的硝酸盐含量。数据采用SPSS v. 26进行统计分析。结果:叶类和厨房产品、谷物和块茎类蔬菜的硝酸盐平均含量分别约为130、48、101和61ppm。冬季的平均硝酸盐含量约为38ppm，夏季约为44ppm。菠菜中硝酸盐含量最高(1100.15 ppm)，番茄中最低(20.97 ppm)。结论:伊朗北部叶菜中硝酸盐含量最高。在非致癌性条件下，最高的健康风险可能与食用菠菜和其他可食用蔬菜、小麦、大米和土豆有关。
{"title":"Assessment of Non-carcinogenic Risk of Nitrate in Agricultural Products","authors":"A. Alimoradian, Reza Tajik, M. Jamalian, Mohaddeseh Asafari, Rahmatolah Moradzadeh","doi":"10.32598/ijt.15.4.784.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.4.784.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nitrate content is one of the most critical factors to determine the quality of vegetables, and its permissible limits in food chain is important to the human health. Due to the harmful effects of nitrate, many studies have been conducted on its accumulation in crops in recent years. This study assessed the nitrate concentrations in some edible vegetables and the associated health risks. Methods: In this descriptive study, raw agricultural produce, such as leafy vegetables, tubers, cucurbits, kitchen produce and edible grains were collected in the winter and summer. The samples were then transferred to a laboratory by maintaining the temperature-controlled supply chain. After preparing the samples, the nitrate content was determined in each, using an Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) unit. The data were analyzed statistically on SPSS v. 26. Results: The mean nitrate contents in leafy and kitchen produce, grains, and tuber vegetables were approximately 130, 48, 101, and 61ppm, respectively. The average nitrate content in the winter was around 38ppm and in the summer about 44 ppm. The highest nitrate content was documented in spinach (1100.15 ppm) and the lowest in tomatos (20.97 ppm). Conclusion: The results indicated that the highest nitrate content was found in leafy produce grown in northern Iran. The highest health risk for non-carcinogenic conditions was likely to be linked to the consumption of spinach and other edible vegetables, wheat, rice, and potatoes.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69707300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rostamian, Samaneh Keshavarz hedayati, Sara Khosraviani, E. Aali, Y. Naderi
Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by uncontrollable discharge of action potentials from neurons in the brain. After a seizure, oxidative stress may cause a significant neuronal damage. In the current study, we assessed the anticonvulsant and antioxidant properties of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferated activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist that is used in type-2 diabetes, on pilocarpine-induced seizure in mice. Methods: Pilocarpine (400 mg/kg) or normal saline was injected intraperitoneally 4 hours after oral administration of Pioglitazone (80 mg/kg). Also, carboxymethyl cellulose was administered orally in control and Pilocarpine groups. After the administration of Pilocarpine all of the mice were observed for 1 hour to measure the seizure latency time. Pilocarpine-induced seizures were categorized using the Racine scale. Then all animals were decapitated, brain was removed and hippocampus was dissected. Finally, the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Catalase (CAT) activity, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Reductase (GR) levels were quantified in hippocampus by biochemical methods. Results: Pioglitazone significantly increased the latency to seizure onset of stages 1-4 (P≤0.01-0.001). Also, pioglitazone prevented the development of stage 5 of the pilocarpine-induced seizure. After the seizure, pioglitazone significantly decreased the level of MDA (P<0.01) and elevated the levels of CAT (P<0.01), SOD (P<0.01) and GR (P<0.001) enzymes in the mice hippocampus compared to those in the pilocarpine group. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the antioxidant effect of pioglitazone may play an important role in its protective effects against neuronal damage caused by pilocarpine-induced seizure.
{"title":"Anticonvulsive and Antioxidant Effects of Pioglitazone on Pilocarpine-induced Seizures in Mice","authors":"S. Rostamian, Samaneh Keshavarz hedayati, Sara Khosraviani, E. Aali, Y. Naderi","doi":"10.32598/ijt.15.4.833.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.4.833.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by uncontrollable discharge of action potentials from neurons in the brain. After a seizure, oxidative stress may cause a significant neuronal damage. In the current study, we assessed the anticonvulsant and antioxidant properties of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferated activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist that is used in type-2 diabetes, on pilocarpine-induced seizure in mice. Methods: Pilocarpine (400 mg/kg) or normal saline was injected intraperitoneally 4 hours after oral administration of Pioglitazone (80 mg/kg). Also, carboxymethyl cellulose was administered orally in control and Pilocarpine groups. After the administration of Pilocarpine all of the mice were observed for 1 hour to measure the seizure latency time. Pilocarpine-induced seizures were categorized using the Racine scale. Then all animals were decapitated, brain was removed and hippocampus was dissected. Finally, the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Catalase (CAT) activity, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Reductase (GR) levels were quantified in hippocampus by biochemical methods. Results: Pioglitazone significantly increased the latency to seizure onset of stages 1-4 (P≤0.01-0.001). Also, pioglitazone prevented the development of stage 5 of the pilocarpine-induced seizure. After the seizure, pioglitazone significantly decreased the level of MDA (P<0.01) and elevated the levels of CAT (P<0.01), SOD (P<0.01) and GR (P<0.001) enzymes in the mice hippocampus compared to those in the pilocarpine group. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the antioxidant effect of pioglitazone may play an important role in its protective effects against neuronal damage caused by pilocarpine-induced seizure.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69706947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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