Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id266
M. H. Al-Dharob, N. Hassan, Haider Abd Alkareem, Raya Abdul Ameer, Ruba Abdul Rasul, Reem Khaled, Ali Jassem Rzoki
Paper or cardboard with porous surfaces have been transformed into oil- and water-resistant surfaces by coating them with nano-PET to fill the pores and increase their ability to absorb oil while keeping the fibers from swelling. Experimental results show that using PET nanoparticle solution as coating for cartoon have a strong effect on its mechanical properties especially as confining properties. Cartoon coated show high resistance against water absorption for cartoon with three layers of paint (two sides) where the ratio reach to 41.7% as compare with 16.4% for cartoon without coating also show high confining properties against two kinds of oils (cooking and machine), where the experimental result for the cartoon with two layers of paint lowest absorption for cooking oil about 0.018 g compared with carton without coating with 0.122g while for machine oil carton with three-layer paint (two side) show the difference in weight about 0.012g and without coating its about 0.026g. Furthermore, high binding energy between the PET nanoparticle solution with the cardboard molecules, which refers that the compatibility between the surface of the treated carton and the PET polymer has occurred, providing a good adhesion between carton and coating solution.
{"title":"Improving the Confining Properties against Oiling and Wetting of the Cardboard Paper Using PET Nanoparticles Coating","authors":"M. H. Al-Dharob, N. Hassan, Haider Abd Alkareem, Raya Abdul Ameer, Ruba Abdul Rasul, Reem Khaled, Ali Jassem Rzoki","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id266","url":null,"abstract":"Paper or cardboard with porous surfaces have been transformed into oil- and water-resistant surfaces by coating them with nano-PET to fill the pores and increase their ability to absorb oil while keeping the fibers from swelling. Experimental results show that using PET nanoparticle solution as coating for cartoon have a strong effect on its mechanical properties especially as confining properties. Cartoon coated show high resistance against water absorption for cartoon with three layers of paint (two sides) where the ratio reach to 41.7% as compare with 16.4% for cartoon without coating also show high confining properties against two kinds of oils (cooking and machine), where the experimental result for the cartoon with two layers of paint lowest absorption for cooking oil about 0.018 g compared with carton without coating with 0.122g while for machine oil carton with three-layer paint (two side) show the difference in weight about 0.012g and without coating its about 0.026g. Furthermore, high binding energy between the PET nanoparticle solution with the cardboard molecules, which refers that the compatibility between the surface of the treated carton and the PET polymer has occurred, providing a good adhesion between carton and coating solution.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88286526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id162
A. K. Hassan, A.F. Hassan, A. Jasim, Salam Naser Owaiyd
The aim of this work is remove the textile factories’ wastewater such as dyes via the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) that on using the nano titanium dioxide photocatalytic degradation. The degradation of C. I. Reactive black 45 (RB 45) in aqueous medium by the photocatalysis process has been studied. The effects of several parameters such as pH, the concentration of TiO2, irradiation time, and dye concentration have been examined. The optimal parameters were found to be [TiO2] = 0.75 g/L, irradiation time 480 min and pH=3.0. The results shown that the photocatalytic degradation could be enhanced by adding hydrogen peroxide H2O2 or potassium persulfate K2S2O8, for example, the efficiency increased from 68.9% to 88.7% and 95.4% when added 0.027 M or 1.5 g/L of H2O2 and K2S2O8 respectively. Also, the effects of inorganic salts Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and NaCl on the degradation efficiency of the photocatalysis process were investigated.
{"title":"Treatment of Contaminated Textile Factories’ Wastewater by Photocatalyst Degradation","authors":"A. K. Hassan, A.F. Hassan, A. Jasim, Salam Naser Owaiyd","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id162","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is remove the textile factories’ wastewater such as dyes via the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) that on using the nano titanium dioxide photocatalytic degradation. The degradation of C. I. Reactive black 45 (RB 45) in aqueous medium by the photocatalysis process has been studied. The effects of several parameters such as pH, the concentration of TiO2, irradiation time, and dye concentration have been examined. The optimal parameters were found to be [TiO2] = 0.75 g/L, irradiation time 480 min and pH=3.0. The results shown that the photocatalytic degradation could be enhanced by adding hydrogen peroxide H2O2 or potassium persulfate K2S2O8, for example, the efficiency increased from 68.9% to 88.7% and 95.4% when added 0.027 M or 1.5 g/L of H2O2 and K2S2O8 respectively. Also, the effects of inorganic salts Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and NaCl on the degradation efficiency of the photocatalysis process were investigated.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"14 7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84153985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id150
K. Hammud
Radioactive pharmaceutical materials (radiopharmaceuticals) that contain radioactive atom or/ and ion (emits nuclear (α, β, or / and γ) ray according to its energy and half-life duration) companied with organic or inorganic molecule are important materials in nuclear imaging or therapeutically medicine. Many biomolecules labeled with Technetium-99 in relationship to toxicity issues can be transported, distributed, and detected with the computerized algorithm detector depending upon chemical, biological, metabolic, and functional properties of tissue or organ (bone, liver, heart, kidney, and others). According to literatures' review about this subject, this is the first try in Iraq and other countries to study Technetium – radiomolecules with in Silico depending on two approachs. LD50, Class, Polar Surface Area PSA, logP, Hepatotoxicity, Carcinogenity, Immunotoxicity, Mutagenicity, Cytotoxicity, AMES test, Max. tolerated dose (human), hERG I and II inhibitor, Oral Rat Acute (LD50) and Chronic (LOAEL) Toxicity, Hepatotoxicity besides Skin Sensitisation showed that Tc-biomolecules under study are structurally unsafe having toxic response to liver, immune system, cellular components, DNA, and/or cardiac repolarization through hERG inhibition of action. These mainly conclusion notes depended upon Technetium oxidation state, heteroatoms presence, surface properties besides bio-target specifications, concentration, exposure time, genetic factors of human, and health problems.
{"title":"Radioactive Imagine Agents: 99mTc-Toxicological Study","authors":"K. Hammud","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id150","url":null,"abstract":"Radioactive pharmaceutical materials (radiopharmaceuticals) that contain radioactive atom or/ and ion (emits nuclear (α, β, or / and γ) ray according to its energy and half-life duration) companied with organic or inorganic molecule are important materials in nuclear imaging or therapeutically medicine. Many biomolecules labeled with Technetium-99 in relationship to toxicity issues can be transported, distributed, and detected with the computerized algorithm detector depending upon chemical, biological, metabolic, and functional properties of tissue or organ (bone, liver, heart, kidney, and others). According to literatures' review about this subject, this is the first try in Iraq and other countries to study Technetium – radiomolecules with in Silico depending on two approachs. LD50, Class, Polar Surface Area PSA, logP, Hepatotoxicity, Carcinogenity, Immunotoxicity, Mutagenicity, Cytotoxicity, AMES test, Max. tolerated dose (human), hERG I and II inhibitor, Oral Rat Acute (LD50) and Chronic (LOAEL) Toxicity, Hepatotoxicity besides Skin Sensitisation showed that Tc-biomolecules under study are structurally unsafe having toxic response to liver, immune system, cellular components, DNA, and/or cardiac repolarization through hERG inhibition of action. These mainly conclusion notes depended upon Technetium oxidation state, heteroatoms presence, surface properties besides bio-target specifications, concentration, exposure time, genetic factors of human, and health problems.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89038434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id50
S. K. Taaban
In this study, we demonstrate the effect of plant extracts on whitefly and aphid’s insects that are economically harmful to crops and plants in greenhouse. A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the effect of four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/l) of the alcoholic extract of the Moringa plant on whitefly and aphid’s insects. The results showed that the concentration of 3 g/l was significantly superior to the other concentrations used in the experiment, achieving percentage mortality rates of 95% in the nymph’s stage, where the account of insects decreased from 100 live insects before spraying to 5 live insects only after 72 hours of treatment with this concentration. In addition, the percentage mortality rate at the adult stage reached 91%, in which the counts of live insects decreased from 100 live insects before spraying to 9 insects after spraying with this concentration, where the rates of increase in the mortality efficiency rates reached at a concentration of 3 g/l compared to the other concentrations and at the nymph stage (13.09, 35.71, 50.79%), respectively, while the increase rates were at the nymph stage of aphids (16.25, 34.78, 47.61%), respectively. Whereas, the concentration of 0.5 g/l was the least effective in average efficiency of the concentrations used in the experiment in controlling the target insect, where it achieved a lower value of mortality rate, recording remarkable decrease, which reached at the nymphs and adults stages of whitefly and aphids insects (63, 60, 63, 61%), respectively. The chemical examinations for the detection of the plant extract content from the active compounds showed that it contains tannins, glycosides, phenols, resins, carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids and terpenes.
在本研究中，我们展示了植物提取物对温室作物和植物经济危害的粉虱和蚜虫的作用。采用室内实验方法，研究了辣木醇提物在0.5、1.0、2.0和3.0 g/l浓度下对粉虱和蚜虫的影响。结果表明，3 g/l浓度显著优于实验中使用的其他浓度，在若虫期的死亡率达到95%，在该浓度处理72小时后，若虫的数量从喷洒前的100只活虫减少到5只活虫。此外,死亡率在成人阶段比例达到91%,其中活昆虫的数量从100减少昆虫生活在喷涂前9昆虫喷洒后这个浓度,增加死亡率的效率率达到3 g / l的浓度比其他浓度和在蛹阶段(13.09,35.71,50.79%),分别在蚜虫的增加率在蛹阶段(16.25,34.78,47.61%),分别。结果表明，0.5 g/l的浓度对目标昆虫的平均防治效果最差，在粉虱若虫期和蚜虫成虫期对目标昆虫的死亡率均有较低的降低，分别为63%、60%、63%和61%。从活性成分中检测植物提取物的化学成分，发现其含有单宁、苷类、酚类、树脂、碳水化合物、皂苷、生物碱和萜烯。
{"title":"Study of the Efficacy of Moringa Leaf Extract as an Insecticide against White Fly and Aphids Insects","authors":"S. K. Taaban","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id50","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we demonstrate the effect of plant extracts on whitefly and aphid’s insects that are economically harmful to crops and plants in greenhouse. A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the effect of four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/l) of the alcoholic extract of the Moringa plant on whitefly and aphid’s insects. The results showed that the concentration of 3 g/l was significantly superior to the other concentrations used in the experiment, achieving percentage mortality rates of 95% in the nymph’s stage, where the account of insects decreased from 100 live insects before spraying to 5 live insects only after 72 hours of treatment with this concentration. In addition, the percentage mortality rate at the adult stage reached 91%, in which the counts of live insects decreased from 100 live insects before spraying to 9 insects after spraying with this concentration, where the rates of increase in the mortality efficiency rates reached at a concentration of 3 g/l compared to the other concentrations and at the nymph stage (13.09, 35.71, 50.79%), respectively, while the increase rates were at the nymph stage of aphids (16.25, 34.78, 47.61%), respectively. Whereas, the concentration of 0.5 g/l was the least effective in average efficiency of the concentrations used in the experiment in controlling the target insect, where it achieved a lower value of mortality rate, recording remarkable decrease, which reached at the nymphs and adults stages of whitefly and aphids insects (63, 60, 63, 61%), respectively. The chemical examinations for the detection of the plant extract content from the active compounds showed that it contains tannins, glycosides, phenols, resins, carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids and terpenes.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"441 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82914298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id147
Alaa H. Salum, Omar A. Abdulrazzaq, Ahmed Y. Qasim, Ban H. Ismail, Saad M. Awad
In this paper, bifacial PV module was characterized to investigate the optimum height and tilt angle of bifacial solar cells in Baghdad location. The module elevation is a key factor in bifacial PVs because of the effect of self-shading on the amount of diffuse and albedo that can hit the rear side of the panel. This elevation is a function of latitude, daylight time, and season, which is never been determined before in Baghdad location up to our knowledge. Various heights above the ground were used (100, 120, 140, and 160cm), and for each height several tilt angles were taken (0°, 12°, 30°, 49°, and 70°). Data were collected in several days of November, 2020. PV parameters were characterized at each condition. Rated power of the panel showed an increase when elevation increases from 100cm to 120cm then tends to level off at 140cm and 160cm heights. This result suggests that the optimal elevation of a bifacial PV panel in Baghdad city location is 120cm. The results also showed that 49° gives the best photovoltaic performance. This can be elucidated by the seasonal effect. Since the measurements were done in winter, the optimal tilt angle should be 49° according to Baghdad latitude.
{"title":"Determination of Optimal Elevation of Silicon Bifacial Solar Panel","authors":"Alaa H. Salum, Omar A. Abdulrazzaq, Ahmed Y. Qasim, Ban H. Ismail, Saad M. Awad","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id147","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, bifacial PV module was characterized to investigate the optimum height and tilt angle of bifacial solar cells in Baghdad location. The module elevation is a key factor in bifacial PVs because of the effect of self-shading on the amount of diffuse and albedo that can hit the rear side of the panel. This elevation is a function of latitude, daylight time, and season, which is never been determined before in Baghdad location up to our knowledge. Various heights above the ground were used (100, 120, 140, and 160cm), and for each height several tilt angles were taken (0°, 12°, 30°, 49°, and 70°). Data were collected in several days of November, 2020. PV parameters were characterized at each condition. Rated power of the panel showed an increase when elevation increases from 100cm to 120cm then tends to level off at 140cm and 160cm heights. This result suggests that the optimal elevation of a bifacial PV panel in Baghdad city location is 120cm. The results also showed that 49° gives the best photovoltaic performance. This can be elucidated by the seasonal effect. Since the measurements were done in winter, the optimal tilt angle should be 49° according to Baghdad latitude.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73850086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id151
Yasir A. Abood, Waad E. Kasid, Omar A. Abdulrazzaq, H. S. Hussein
In wind turbines, several parameters can affect the productivity of the turbine, such as wind velocity, rotor area, blade aerodynamic design, and blade pitch. In this paper, the effect of various pitch angles for a small wind turbine was investigated. A system of two metal stands with same height is installed (i.e. on the same axis of streaming), the first stand holds an air blower which imitates the wind with constant air blowing. The other, holds a small wind turbine consists of a DC motor and metal hub (steel bush) with 3-blades with equal radial distance (120°). The pitch angle was adjusted at a certain degree of inclination (10°) in which the turbine stars to rotate, then readings of power and rotational speed were collected. The process then repeated with another 3 different angles (15°, 20°, and 25°). At the end, a fixed pitch angle degree was adjusted, and then the lowest and highest air velocity that affecting the blades rotation were measured.
{"title":"Effect of the Blade Pitch on the Performance of Small Wind Turbine Exposed to Wind Stream of Various Angles of Attack","authors":"Yasir A. Abood, Waad E. Kasid, Omar A. Abdulrazzaq, H. S. Hussein","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id151","url":null,"abstract":"In wind turbines, several parameters can affect the productivity of the turbine, such as wind velocity, rotor area, blade aerodynamic design, and blade pitch. In this paper, the effect of various pitch angles for a small wind turbine was investigated. A system of two metal stands with same height is installed (i.e. on the same axis of streaming), the first stand holds an air blower which imitates the wind with constant air blowing. The other, holds a small wind turbine consists of a DC motor and metal hub (steel bush) with 3-blades with equal radial distance (120°). The pitch angle was adjusted at a certain degree of inclination (10°) in which the turbine stars to rotate, then readings of power and rotational speed were collected. The process then repeated with another 3 different angles (15°, 20°, and 25°). At the end, a fixed pitch angle degree was adjusted, and then the lowest and highest air velocity that affecting the blades rotation were measured.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86212389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id108
Mohammed M. Mohammed Rushdy, Hameed O. Abed, Ali M. Merie, Alaa A. K. Ismaeel, Mustafa G. Farhan, Hassen A. Abed
This study has been performed in Agricultural Research Directorate labs, Ministry of Science and Technology. Amid to develop a new method to differentiate between irradiated and non-irradiated potatoes. Our laboratory experiments were able to develop a new method for differentiation; this method depends on (volume, viscosity, and color intensity) measurements of potatoes water extract, together with the value of reduced pressure measurements during filtration of the water extract. Doses of (0.075, 0.15 and 0.20 kGy) were applied. The results obtained shows a considerable increase in volume, viscosity and reduced pressure values of the water extract of irradiated potatoes as compared to untreated control, with an increase values between treated samples as the dose increases. While the color intensity values of the water extract shows a considerable decrease in values as compared to untreated control. A gradual decrease in values was observed between treated samples as the applied doses increases. The results obtained appeared to be suitable to distinguish between irradiated and non- irradiated potato tubers, and also practically useful for the estimation of the applied doses.
{"title":"New Method for Differentiation between Irradiated and non-Irradiated Potatoes","authors":"Mohammed M. Mohammed Rushdy, Hameed O. Abed, Ali M. Merie, Alaa A. K. Ismaeel, Mustafa G. Farhan, Hassen A. Abed","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id108","url":null,"abstract":"This study has been performed in Agricultural Research Directorate labs, Ministry of Science and Technology. Amid to develop a new method to differentiate between irradiated and non-irradiated potatoes. Our laboratory experiments were able to develop a new method for differentiation; this method depends on (volume, viscosity, and color intensity) measurements of potatoes water extract, together with the value of reduced pressure measurements during filtration of the water extract. Doses of (0.075, 0.15 and 0.20 kGy) were applied. The results obtained shows a considerable increase in volume, viscosity and reduced pressure values of the water extract of irradiated potatoes as compared to untreated control, with an increase values between treated samples as the dose increases. While the color intensity values of the water extract shows a considerable decrease in values as compared to untreated control. A gradual decrease in values was observed between treated samples as the applied doses increases. The results obtained appeared to be suitable to distinguish between irradiated and non- irradiated potato tubers, and also practically useful for the estimation of the applied doses.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89346055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id149
A. R. Mahmood, M. Abdullah, Husam S. Khalaf
The aim of this study is to shed light on the importance of biofuels as an alternative to conventional energy, in addition to the importance of preserving agricultural crops, which are the main source of this fuel, to maintain food security, especially in developing countries. The increase in global oil prices, in addition to the fear of global warming, are among the main factors that draw the world’s attention to searching for alternative sources of traditional energy, which are sustainable on the one hand, and on the other hand reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the volume of global investment in renewable energy in general, and in liquid biofuels and biomass in particular, has increased. Global fears emerged that the excessive conversion of large farms suitable for growing food to energy production would threaten global food security. In the first ten years of the new millennium, biofuel production increased fivefold, and the largest increase in biofuel production was recorded in 2007-2008, coinciding with a sharp rise in food prices. Compared to the average food prices in the period 2002-2004, the average global prices of cereals, oils and fats traded were 2 to 2.5 times higher in 2008, this continuous increase in the use of food crops to produce biofuels has reflected on global food security. Accordingly, this review article will address previous studies on biofuel production; identify the theoretical framework for the concept of biofuels and its characteristics, and the relationship between biofuels and food security. In this study, we presented biofuels, which are considered one of the important categories in the field of renewable energy and its environmental and economic effects, as well as the experiences of some countries in its production, and the possibility of benefiting from the natural resources available for its production. We will discuss the scientific (chemical) principles of biofuel production.
{"title":"Biofuel Production and Its Impact on Global Food Security: A Review Article","authors":"A. R. Mahmood, M. Abdullah, Husam S. Khalaf","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id149","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to shed light on the importance of biofuels as an alternative to conventional energy, in addition to the importance of preserving agricultural crops, which are the main source of this fuel, to maintain food security, especially in developing countries. The increase in global oil prices, in addition to the fear of global warming, are among the main factors that draw the world’s attention to searching for alternative sources of traditional energy, which are sustainable on the one hand, and on the other hand reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the volume of global investment in renewable energy in general, and in liquid biofuels and biomass in particular, has increased. Global fears emerged that the excessive conversion of large farms suitable for growing food to energy production would threaten global food security. In the first ten years of the new millennium, biofuel production increased fivefold, and the largest increase in biofuel production was recorded in 2007-2008, coinciding with a sharp rise in food prices. Compared to the average food prices in the period 2002-2004, the average global prices of cereals, oils and fats traded were 2 to 2.5 times higher in 2008, this continuous increase in the use of food crops to produce biofuels has reflected on global food security. Accordingly, this review article will address previous studies on biofuel production; identify the theoretical framework for the concept of biofuels and its characteristics, and the relationship between biofuels and food security. In this study, we presented biofuels, which are considered one of the important categories in the field of renewable energy and its environmental and economic effects, as well as the experiences of some countries in its production, and the possibility of benefiting from the natural resources available for its production. We will discuss the scientific (chemical) principles of biofuel production.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86195508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id154
M. J. Muhammad, A. I. Muhammed, Haneen Jassim
Neomycin sulfate and hydrocortisone ear drops of veterinary pharmaceuticals used as an antibiotic and ant inflammatory to treat infections caused by bacterial infections in the middle ear of large and small field animals caused by gram positive and negative bacteria like, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Homophiles influenza, Klebsiella–Enterobacter species, Neisseria species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The action of mechanism neomycin sulfate is inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria cell which is lead to kill the bacteria and the action of hydrocortisone is ant inflammation in the infected area in animals. In order for this preparation to be researched and applied, several primary pharmaceutical preparations were prepared until the final and stable structure was reached. The amount of the active substance at room temperature was 100%. This activity is good and within the permissible limits According to the veterinary constitutions [90-110].This process involved several stages of collecting information in the materials involved in the formulation and from effective and added materials And then the preparation of the composition according to the international pharmaceutical specifications using the constitutions of the drug followed by the study of stability and resistance to the product temperature room and then send samples for field examination Department of Veterinary, was used in the treatment of cases of bacterial infections of the middle ear infections in cats use 3 or 4 drops in the affected ear three or four times for 3-5 days and results came very good according the clinical evaluation.
{"title":"Formulation of Neomycin Sulphate 0.35 %(w/v) & Hydrocortisone 0.5% Otic Drop","authors":"M. J. Muhammad, A. I. Muhammed, Haneen Jassim","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id154","url":null,"abstract":"Neomycin sulfate and hydrocortisone ear drops of veterinary pharmaceuticals used as an antibiotic and ant inflammatory to treat infections caused by bacterial infections in the middle ear of large and small field animals caused by gram positive and negative bacteria like, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Homophiles influenza, Klebsiella–Enterobacter species, Neisseria species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The action of mechanism neomycin sulfate is inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria cell which is lead to kill the bacteria and the action of hydrocortisone is ant inflammation in the infected area in animals. In order for this preparation to be researched and applied, several primary pharmaceutical preparations were prepared until the final and stable structure was reached. The amount of the active substance at room temperature was 100%. This activity is good and within the permissible limits According to the veterinary constitutions [90-110].This process involved several stages of collecting information in the materials involved in the formulation and from effective and added materials And then the preparation of the composition according to the international pharmaceutical specifications using the constitutions of the drug followed by the study of stability and resistance to the product temperature room and then send samples for field examination Department of Veterinary, was used in the treatment of cases of bacterial infections of the middle ear infections in cats use 3 or 4 drops in the affected ear three or four times for 3-5 days and results came very good according the clinical evaluation.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"220 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74458810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id72
A. Subhi, M. H. Mohammed
Friction stir processing (FSP) has been increasingly used to improve the surface characteristics of Al alloys. Investigation on FSP of heat-treated A380 Al alloy was performed to examine the impact of tool rotation speed on the surface characteristics. Heat treatment was accomplished using solution heat treatment followed by age hardening. The microstructure of the unprocessed and processed regions was characterized by utilizing an optical microscope, XRD, SEM and EDS. Surface properties were determined using hardness and pin-on-disk wear tests. The results showed that the heat treatment transformed the morphology of the silicon in the alloy matrix from fibrous to globular. FSP refined the microstructure in the stir zone due to the stirring effect. Hardness increased with an increment in the tool rotation speed due to increased densification of the stirring area. The wear test displayed the significant impact of the tool rotation speed on the wear rate as the wear rate decreased when the tool rotation speed tended to the highest value. The results also displayed that abrasive and delamination are the main mechanisms of surface deterioration.
{"title":"Friction Stir Processing of Heat Treated A380 Al Alloy to Enhance Surface Characteristics","authors":"A. Subhi, M. H. Mohammed","doi":"10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id72","url":null,"abstract":"Friction stir processing (FSP) has been increasingly used to improve the surface characteristics of Al alloys. Investigation on FSP of heat-treated A380 Al alloy was performed to examine the impact of tool rotation speed on the surface characteristics. Heat treatment was accomplished using solution heat treatment followed by age hardening. The microstructure of the unprocessed and processed regions was characterized by utilizing an optical microscope, XRD, SEM and EDS. Surface properties were determined using hardness and pin-on-disk wear tests. The results showed that the heat treatment transformed the morphology of the silicon in the alloy matrix from fibrous to globular. FSP refined the microstructure in the stir zone due to the stirring effect. Hardness increased with an increment in the tool rotation speed due to increased densification of the stirring area. The wear test displayed the significant impact of the tool rotation speed on the wear rate as the wear rate decreased when the tool rotation speed tended to the highest value. The results also displayed that abrasive and delamination are the main mechanisms of surface deterioration.","PeriodicalId":14665,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83752825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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