Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57570
Mohan Kumar Tumbahang
This article aims at dealing with the issue of 'dichotomies in literature', though it is not explicitly referred to in the literary genres. The specific objective of this study is to explore the dichotomous aspects in the literary field and thereby to assess how the knowledge of two-fold distinctions helps the readers understand the whole issue of certain aspect of mutually exclusive points. While dealing with the notion 'dichotomy in literature', it has availed the qualitative research design which has primarily relied on non-numerical data with explicit reference to the binary oppositions, concepts, definition and the features. The necessary data have been drawn from authentic books, journals or online resources. The available data have been analyzed by applying the compare-contrast pattern of development. From the analysis, the conclusion has been drawn that in the literary discourse, there are significant numbers of dichotomous notions, and when they are dealt with the two-fold distinctions, the mutually exclusive entities can be grasped more easily than treating them in isolation. It is fairly expected that the study can be helpful for the beginners of the literary studies.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57565
Asmita Bista
In Nepali movies, the female characters construct the image of sensual seductresses who assiduously try to entrap the males through their captivating dance moves. These women appear as enchantresses because they are regulated by the social norms that constrain them to the role of an entertainer. Not only that, since these female characters are bound to entertain the males and to satisfy their carnal desire by offering their body, they put their effort to meet the so-called beauty standard designed by the society. In this ambience, this paper critically examines the reason for creating the image of female’s beauty in the item dances of Nepali films. Equally, the paper analyzes the process of creating an image of the female as a beautiful object. To address these objectives, the concept of ‘disciplining the body’ of Judith Butler, Judith Lorber and Susan Bordo has been used. These critics view that beauty is inscribed on the body through cultural norms. Bordo discusses about the role played by the socializing agencies in disciplining the people’s gender identity as she examines that the body becomes its gender through a series of acts, which are renewed, revised and consolidated through time. In Butler’s perception, social norms bind the individual to acceptable standards of behavior. The paper concludes that since the female performers of these item dances are regulated by the system of beauty that is designed to privilege the male’s desire, they exhibit their body as a beautiful product to the males.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57568
Jiwan Kumar Rai
This paper analyzes the most celebrated classic Nepali songs of all time – “Gaajalu Tee Thulaathulaa Aankhaa”, “Lolaaeka Tee Thulaa Timraa Dui Najarale”, “Timeelaai Ma Ke Bhanu”, and “Rhritu Harumaa Timee” – the former two songs are penned by M.B.B. Shah, the next one is by Dipak Jangam, and latter one is by Rajendra Rijal. These songs are sung by Gulam Ali, Narayan Gopal, and Arun Thapa respectively. This study aims to explore the mythical narratives of the mainstream feminine body aesthetics embedded in the songs – large and deep black eyes, long black eyebrows, long black blond hair, thin lips, delicate, white skin complexion, attractive, shy, and etc. – that are guided and constructed from the frame of the aesthetic standard that is set by mainstream patriarchal culture. The researcher has used the textual analysis method to analyze the selected texts. Roland Barthes’s concept of myth has been applied as a theoretical tool for the critical analysis of the selected songs to achieve the set objectives. As Barthes argues, myths are meta-language through which dominant and ruling power communicates its ideological standpoints and attempts to naturalize them. They function as a complex hierarchical semiotic register where the signifier transfers from first order referents of meaning to second order. As the songs are fabricated cultural products and myth narratives, they not only entertain the audience, but also innocently impose and disseminate the contingent ideas or ideologies that they carry. At the same time, they marginalize the feminine body aesthetics of minority groups who do not belong to the mainstream community. This study helps look critically at Nepali songs and any cultural products leading to rethinking and redefining the dominant body aesthetics and standardization.
本文分析了尼泊尔有史以来最著名的经典歌曲《Gaajalu Tee Thulaathulaa Aankhaa》、《Lolaaeka Tee Thulaa Timraa Dui Najarale》、《Timeelaai Ma Ke Bhanu》和《Rhritu Harumaa time》，前两首歌由M.B.B. Shah创作，后一首由Dipak Jangam创作，后一首由Rajendra Rijal创作。这些歌曲分别由Gulam Ali, Narayan Gopal和Arun Thapa演唱。本研究旨在探讨在主流男权文化所设定的审美标准框架下，歌曲中所蕴含的主流女性身体美学的神话叙事——又大又深的黑眼睛、又黑又长的眉毛、又黑又长的金发、薄薄的嘴唇、细腻又白的肤色、迷人又害羞等等。研究者使用了文本分析法对选取的文本进行分析。罗兰·巴特的神话概念被作为一种理论工具，用于对选定的歌曲进行批判性分析，以达到既定的目的。正如巴特所言，神话是一种元语言，统治权力通过它来传达其意识形态立场，并试图将其自然化。它们的功能是一个复杂的层次符号域，其中能指从一级意义所指转移到二级意义所指。由于歌曲是虚构的文化产品和神话叙事，它们不仅娱乐了观众，而且还无辜地强加和传播了它们所承载的偶然思想或意识形态。与此同时，他们将不属于主流社会的少数群体的女性身体美学边缘化。这项研究有助于批判性地看待尼泊尔歌曲和任何导致重新思考和重新定义主导身体美学和标准化的文化产品。
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57563
A. Wagle
An anthology of Nepali Eco-poetry, Tangsing by Raja Puniyani includes nature imageries to focus its eco-theme in most of its poems. The two sections of this anthology as Eco-solo and Eco-chorus contain poems and poems in series respectively. So, the article investigates the nature imageries used in these poems and their connection with eco-theme in all the poems. The article analyses what imageries are used and how they directly and indirectly highlight to the human encroachment into nature and its consequences in future. To address these objectives, ecocritical theory, mainly the idea of Rachel Carson is used. Rachel Carson brings up the idea that how humans past activities leads them towards disastrous future related to nature and ecosystem of the earth. The significance of this study is to contribute to the reader to see the anthology seriously as a message to all human beings to save the earth and its ecosystem. The paper concludes that Tangsing is full of powerful nature imageries containing the eco-theme in almost all the poems in it. It paved the way towards eco-awareness through Nepali literature to address contemporary environmental issues faced by the world.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57572
R. Timalsina
This article analyses how Indian Nepali writer Lil Bahadur Chhetri’s novel Brahmaputraka Chheuchhau [Alongside the Brahmaputra] depicts the transnational life of the Nepali Diaspora in India. The analysis of the novel is based on the theory of diaspora and its literature discussed by Robin Cohen, James Clifford and Janine Dahinden. The analysis focuses on the setting, characterization, the migrants’ relation with the hostland mainstream, Nepali cultural practices and the role of the migrants in the development of the land of arrival. It finally presents the common features of the Nepali Diaspora in Assam, India. The discussion concludes that the novel is a good example of Nepali diasporic literature. It is hoped that this article can be a sample for the analysis of other works of Nepali diasporic creations, especially the works of fiction.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57567
Hukum Thapa
The present paper explores fantasizing the body in Sones’ What My Mother Doesn’t Know. It contends that fantasy stands as an emerging activity in the lives of the teenagers or adolescents or young adults during the grown up stage. They are in particular enthusiastic to fantasize their bodies. The young adult protagonist Sophie Stein in What My Mother Doesn’t Know fantasizes her and others’ body in many conditions. So, it attempts to unearth how and why Sophie Stein fantasizes own and others’ body. It argues that fantasizing about the body functions as an agency to explore the events of happiness and to reduce the distress, frustration and anxiety. It further claims that fantasizing about the body supports the young adults to acquire their freedom, identity and maturity. For this purpose, it employs the critical insights of R. Craig Roney, Jerome L. Singer, Loyola McLean et al., Karen Coats and Pamela S. Gates et al. This study expects to open an avenue for further research about fantasy and young adults comprising the milieu of different continents and societies.
本文探讨了索恩的《我母亲不知道的事》中对身体的幻想。它认为，幻想是青少年或青少年或青壮年在成长阶段生活中的一种新兴活动。他们特别热衷于幻想自己的身体。《我母亲不知道的事》中年轻的成年主人公索菲·斯坦在许多情况下幻想着自己和他人的身体。因此，它试图揭示索菲·斯坦如何以及为什么幻想自己和他人的身体。它认为，对身体的幻想是一种探索幸福事件和减少痛苦、沮丧和焦虑的代理。它进一步声称，对身体的幻想有助于年轻人获得自由、身份和成熟。为此，本书采用了R. Craig Roney、Jerome L. Singer、Loyola McLean等人、Karen Coats和Pamela S. Gates等人的批判性见解。这项研究有望为进一步研究幻想与不同大陆和社会环境下的年轻人之间的关系开辟一条道路。
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57571
R. Gurung
This paper analyzes the nature-culture dichotomy as seen in the story “A White Heron” by Sarah Jewett. The main character of the story, the girl— Sylvia’s relation to nature is reflected through her contact with Mistress Moolly and birds. Her ‘self’ is torn between material greed and love for nature as she plans to tell the secret of the white heron to the hunter and her final decision not to tell the secret to save the bird respectively. When she climbs up the tree, a revelation comes to her. She reflects upon the outstanding beauty she sees in nature which was beyond her imagination. Thus, I analyze the conflicted self of Sylvia and her final take towards nature by applying environmental theories, particularly, Karen Warren’s value dualism, Val Plumwood’s backgrounding, and other relevant theories to explore nature as the major source of literature. There has not been sufficient research on this area in Nepal. This research focuses on why people are unconcerned about plants and animals. The unemployment problem and less awareness of natural heritage in man help deteriorate the entire natural environment. The concepts of community forest and being vegetarian can resolve some problems of natural environment degradation. As a qualitative paper, I use textual analysis as a tool to draw a conclusion. Then I use an analytical interpretivist approach to interpret the data.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57569
Mohan Kumar Pokhrel
This article explores Nature in Śrī Kṛṣṇa līlā (Divine Play) as manifested in the Śrimad Bhāgavata Mahāpurāṇa. Within its verses, the text weaves a tapestry where Nature serves as an integral backdrop, metaphor, and source of inspiration for the divine narrative. The epic incorporates discussion on various aspects of Nature which in the Bhāgavata is deeply connected with the playful activities of Śrī Kṛṣṇa. The major objectives of this study are to explicate relation between Śrī Kṛṣṇa līlā and Nature as reflected in the Bhāgavata; to explore linkages between Śrī Kṛṣṇa līlā and Nature, and to evaluate Śrī Kṛṣṇa līlā on the basis of Nature. For the analysis of the primary text, the researcher has used Baruch Spinoza's principle on Nature. The theorist claims divine beings in the objects of Nature and argues when the law of Nature ends, tyranny begins. The researcher has used interpretative method for the exploration of Nature in Śrī Kṛṣṇa līlā. This study is innovative because it encourages humans to dedicate their lives for the conservation of Nature. The results of examining Śrī Kṛṣṇa līlā and Nature in the Bhāgavata highlight the sanctity of Nature, the interconnectedness of all beings, the potential for transcendence through Nature, the symbolism inherent in natural elements, and moral lessons derived from Śrī Kṛṣṇa's interaction with Nature. The prime conclusion drawn from this research is that Nature serves as the setting and the teacher in the playful activities of Śrī Kṛṣṇa. It encourages humans to develop positive attitude of love, devotion, and service towards the divinity and the natural world.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57580
I. Mishra
No abstract available.
没有摘要。
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Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3126/jodem.v14i1.57566
Bidur Rai
This article analyzes how Rajan Mukarung’s novel Hetchhakuppa represents the indigenous people as marginalized indigenous characters from the critical perspective of subaltern studies as furthered in postcolonial India to rewrite the social history of the post-independence period. The major theorists, beginning with Ranjit Guha to Gayatri Chakravarti Spivak, state that the people at the bottom tend to get misrepresented and termed inaccessible for the people at the top. However, this study contends that J. Magio aids in our comprehension of the notion that individuals express their voice through artistic creations. Mukarung’s Hetchhakuppa focuses on the cultural and indigenous identity of the characters, lending a voice to their suffering and marginalization. It implies that indigenous but marginal people are silenced due to the context of socio-political structure, so their voices are unheard and ignored. Thus, this paper concludes that the contemporary Nepali fiction Hetchhakuppa depicts the unheard characters.
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