Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia最新文献

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) management has traditionally emphasized dietary protein restriction to slow disease progression and delay end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, evidence from trials questions the supposed efficacy of this approach and also highlights potential risks such as malnutrition and reduced quality of life. This review discusses the rational for protein restriction in CKD, critiques the existing evidence, and advocates for personalized care that focuses on nutritional adequacy and effective pharmacotherapy. Important advances in CKD treatment, including ACE inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, are discussed to propose a comprehensive strategy that optimizes patient outcomes.

Introduction: Pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop mineral and bone disorders (MBD). We do not have Brazilian data that evaluate these outcomes, which can be obtained through epidemiological records.

Objective: To present the DOMINÓ study, which aims to describe CKD-MBD characteristics in Brazilian pediatric patients.

Methods: Retrospective and prospective, multicenter, observational cohort. The retrospective study will analyze data from prevalent patients in 2024, and the prospective study will analyze data from 2025 onwards. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, imaging, and bone biopsy data will be collected from pediatric patients with CKD-MBD < 18 years old with CKD stage 3-5D and kidney transplant recipients. The Ethics Committees of the participating centers approved the study.

Discussion/conclusion: The DOMINÓ study will provide information on the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, treatment results, and mortality of this pediatric disease in Brazil. Future analyses will allow us to identify predictors of response to treatment and improve the care for these patients.

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of COVID-19 is associated with worse clinical and renal outcomes, with limited long-term data.

Aim: To evaluate critically ill COVID-19 patients with AKI that required nephrologist consultation (NC-AKI) in a tertiary hospital.

Methods: Prospective single-center cohort of critically ill COVID-19 adult patients with NC-AKI from May 1st, 2020, to April 30th, 2021. Kidney replacement therapy (KRT), recovery of kidney function, and death at 90-day and 1-year follow-up were evaluated.

Results: 360 patients were included, 60.6% were male, median age was 66.0 (57.0-72.0) years, 38.1% had diabetes, and 68.6% had hypertension. AKI stages 1, 2, and 3 were detected in 3.6%, 5.6%, and 90.8% of patients, respectively. KRT was indicated in 90% of patients. At the 90-day follow-up, 88.1% of patients died and 10.0% had recovered kidney function. Female gender (p = 0.047), older age (p = 0.047), AKI stage 3 (p = 0.005), requirement of KRT (p < 0.0001), mechanical ventilation (p < 0.0001), and superimposed bacterial infection (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated death within 90 days. At 1 year, mortality was 89.3%. Amongst surviving patients, 72% recovered kidney function, although with significantly lower eGFR compared to baseline (85.5 ± 23.6 vs. 65.9 ± 24.8 mL/min, p = 0.003).

Conclusion: Critically ill COVID-19 patients with NC-AKI presented a high frequency of AKI stage 3 and KRT requirement, with a high 90-day mortality. Surviving patients had high rates of recovery of kidney function, with a lower eGFR at one-year follow-up compared to baseline.

Introduction: Unplanned initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a common situation worldwide. In this scenario, peritoneal dialysis (PD) has emerged as a therapeutic option compared to hemodialysis (HD). In planned RRT, the costs of PD are lower than those of HD; however, the literature lacks such analyses when initiation is urgent.

Objective: To clinically and economically evaluate, from the perspective of the Unified Health System (SUS, Sistema Único de Saúde), the strategy of initiating unplanned RRT using HD or PD in patients during their first year of therapy.

Methodology: Quasi-experimental study with cost-effectiveness analysis based on primary data from incident patients on RRT, over a twelve-month follow-up period, using the intention-to-treat approach. Data collection occurred prospectively, directly from medical records, computing data on the use of dialysis therapy, high-cost medications, procedures in dialysis accesses and recorded events. Costs were estimated using the amounts reimbursed by the SUS. In the economic analysis, the application of the bootstrap method and the construction of graphical representations were proposed.

Results: At the end of one year, there were no differences between costs and effectiveness when initiating unplanned RRT using either PD or HD.

Conclusion: Starting RRT with PD is a similar option to starting with HD in patients requiring unplanned methods. The minimal initial investment required to establish PD slots makes it a strong option as a public health policy for expanding RRT in developing countries.

Introduction: Phosphate (P) binders are among the most common medications prescribed to control P levels in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. There is still a paucity of data on adherence to P binders with no comparison between dialysis modalities.

Methods: We accessed factors associated with P binder adherence among patients on dialysis in an academic hospital. Adherence was calculated as the ratio between the number of pills taken per day as reported and the prescribed number of pills. Patients were considered non-adherent if adherence was at least 20% less or 30% more than prescribed.

Results: Patients (N = 137) were young, mostly women, and on dialysis for a median time of 53 months. Sevelamer and calcium carbonate were prescribed as P binders to 70.8% and 10.2% of patients, respectively, with no difference across dialysis modalities (p = 0.839). P correlated with the number of pills prescribed (r = 0.368, p = 0.001) and the number of pills taken per day (r = 0.275, p = 0.001). Hyperphosphatemia was found in 52 patients (36.4%). Adherence to Ca carbonate and sevelamer was 100% and 68.4%, respectively. Non-adherent patients were women, younger, with higher serum albumin and urea, and lower serum calcium. Logistic regression showed that female sex (HR 3.30, 95% CI: 1.39-7.84, p = 0.007) and hemodialysis vs. peritoneal dialysis (HR 4.55, 95%, CI: 1.26-16.39, p = 0.021) remained independently associated with a non-adherence behavior.

Conclusions: The current study suggests that strategies to increase adherence should be implemented. Whether phosphate binder adherence is associated with better outcomes deserves further investigation.