Nancy E. McTigue, David A. Cornwell, Richard Brown, Everett Skipper, Erika Green
In the United States, all community and nontransient noncommunity water systems are required to submit an inventory describing the location and makeup of all service lines in their service areas.
While the material can be designated as lead, galvanized requiring replacement, nonlead, or unknown, the last two designations require additional steps to be taken in the proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI).
Some utilities have few or no lead service lines, and this inventory requirement, issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), may be burdensome to those utilities.
This article demonstrates the methodology in EPA's proposed LCRI for verification of construction material, and an alternate validation procedure is proposed.
{"title":"Developing Service Line Inventories: Guidance for Utilities With Limited Lead Lines","authors":"Nancy E. McTigue, David A. Cornwell, Richard Brown, Everett Skipper, Erika Green","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2333","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the United States, all community and nontransient noncommunity water systems are required to submit an inventory describing the location and makeup of all service lines in their service areas.</p>\u0000 <p>While the material can be designated as lead, galvanized requiring replacement, nonlead, or unknown, the last two designations require additional steps to be taken in the proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI).</p>\u0000 <p>Some utilities have few or no lead service lines, and this inventory requirement, issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), may be burdensome to those utilities.</p>\u0000 <p>This article demonstrates the methodology in EPA's proposed LCRI for verification of construction material, and an alternate validation procedure is proposed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/awwa.2333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>Since 2020, AWWA has commissioned an annual study of public confidence in drinking water. This study has provided valuable context and insight into how the public feels about water utilities.</p><p>The numbers could be even better. Evidence shows that proactive communication from utilities works. Those who recall receiving recent communication (other than a bill) from their utility gave higher ratings to their utilities and their water on many different metrics, and we’ve seen this for several years in a row.</p><p>It is likely proactive communication will better instill confidence than letting someone else take the narrative. Although we can only demonstrate correlation and not causation, there's reason to think that hearing information from a trusted source helps increase confidence.</p><p>Another area for improvement is closing the gap in ratings among Hispanic and Black respondents compared with White respondents, although Hispanic respondents’ ratings edged higher overall this year. This gap presents an opportunity to ensure all groups are receiving the same level of service as well as further targeted outreach and education.</p><p>Other SDWA-related questions were harder to interpret. When presented with the statement “The Safe Drinking Water Act has effectively regulated drinking water for the past 50 years,” while considerably more agreed (55%) than disagreed (14%), nearly a third (30%) did not know or had no opinion. Given the complexity of federal laws and regulations, these results are not so surprising and likely represent unfamiliarity with SDWA regulations. This suggests another topic utilities could further educate their consumers about.</p><p>Similar uncertainty was seen in responses to statements such as “Water utilities will show resilience in light of extreme events and climate change” and “Water utilities are prepared to face the challenges that they will see in the future.” This uncertainty represents key opportunities to talk about current activities and future plans with the public.</p><p>Utilities are encouraged to review all the detailed results and use them to gather insights on the national picture of public confidence and use that as context for inquiry and engagement in their own communities. We encourage readers to view the press release, infographic, and AWWA's Value of Water page.</p><p>Throughout the year, we receive questions on how the survey was conducted. We hired a top polling firm, Morning Consult (MC), who walks us through the whole process for each study, making sure we ask questions free from avoidable bias, and seeks to provide meaningful insights. The survey is nationally representative per MC's methodology used in hundreds of other surveys. The more than 2,000 respondents did not know the survey's sponsor and had self-reported, before taking the survey, that they were served by a water utility.</p><p>This survey also has some limits, of course. It is nationally representative by key demographics, bu
{"title":"Consumers Again Praise Utilities, But Work Remains","authors":"Adam T. Carpenter, Carita Parks","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2331","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since 2020, AWWA has commissioned an annual study of public confidence in drinking water. This study has provided valuable context and insight into how the public feels about water utilities.</p><p>The numbers could be even better. Evidence shows that proactive communication from utilities works. Those who recall receiving recent communication (other than a bill) from their utility gave higher ratings to their utilities and their water on many different metrics, and we’ve seen this for several years in a row.</p><p>It is likely proactive communication will better instill confidence than letting someone else take the narrative. Although we can only demonstrate correlation and not causation, there's reason to think that hearing information from a trusted source helps increase confidence.</p><p>Another area for improvement is closing the gap in ratings among Hispanic and Black respondents compared with White respondents, although Hispanic respondents’ ratings edged higher overall this year. This gap presents an opportunity to ensure all groups are receiving the same level of service as well as further targeted outreach and education.</p><p>Other SDWA-related questions were harder to interpret. When presented with the statement “The Safe Drinking Water Act has effectively regulated drinking water for the past 50 years,” while considerably more agreed (55%) than disagreed (14%), nearly a third (30%) did not know or had no opinion. Given the complexity of federal laws and regulations, these results are not so surprising and likely represent unfamiliarity with SDWA regulations. This suggests another topic utilities could further educate their consumers about.</p><p>Similar uncertainty was seen in responses to statements such as “Water utilities will show resilience in light of extreme events and climate change” and “Water utilities are prepared to face the challenges that they will see in the future.” This uncertainty represents key opportunities to talk about current activities and future plans with the public.</p><p>Utilities are encouraged to review all the detailed results and use them to gather insights on the national picture of public confidence and use that as context for inquiry and engagement in their own communities. We encourage readers to view the press release, infographic, and AWWA's Value of Water page.</p><p>Throughout the year, we receive questions on how the survey was conducted. We hired a top polling firm, Morning Consult (MC), who walks us through the whole process for each study, making sure we ask questions free from avoidable bias, and seeks to provide meaningful insights. The survey is nationally representative per MC's methodology used in hundreds of other surveys. The more than 2,000 respondents did not know the survey's sponsor and had self-reported, before taking the survey, that they were served by a water utility.</p><p>This survey also has some limits, of course. It is nationally representative by key demographics, bu","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/awwa.2331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) applies to all public water systems in the United States, the severity and prevalence of violations vary among locations.
A study investigated drinking water quality, indicated by statistics of the SDWA in the 13 Appalachian states from 2010 to 2022, to identify any differences in violations.
The need for better water system management and infrastructure in economically disadvantaged regions is clear, along with public education and effective policies.
{"title":"Understanding Drinking Water Quality in Appalachia","authors":"Elham Erfanian, Gi-Eu Lee, Dominic Gomez","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2337","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) applies to all public water systems in the United States, the severity and prevalence of violations vary among locations.</p>\u0000 <p>A study investigated drinking water quality, indicated by statistics of the SDWA in the 13 Appalachian states from 2010 to 2022, to identify any differences in violations.</p>\u0000 <p>The need for better water system management and infrastructure in economically disadvantaged regions is clear, along with public education and effective policies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p><b>Having recently published an article in <i>AWWA Water Science,</i> Jonathan B. Burkhardt answered questions from the publication's editor-in-chief, Kenneth L. Mercer, about the research.</b></p><p><b>Pressure-Dependent Analysis in Premise Plumbing System Modeling</b></p><p>Jonathan B. Burkhardt, John Minor, Feng Shang, and William E. Platten III</p><p><i>Jonathan Burkhardt is an environmental engineer in the US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development</i>.</p><p>I earned PhD, MS, and BS degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Cincinnati. My undergraduate education included a cooperative learning experience, where I worked in a chemical manufacturing facility. Following graduate school, I participated in an ORISE (Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education) post-doctoral fellowship with the EPA, conducting research into event detection software and multispecies water quality modeling. I also routinely participate in AWWA and ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) conferences to keep up to date with current research.</p><p>For models to be effective, they typically require a theoretical foundation (or the mathematical formulas on which they are built) and usually require information about the parameters that make those formulas relevant for appropriate conditions or scenarios. Much of my work focuses on developing appropriate parameters that make the models work.</p><p>I am also trying to understand whether the parameters or models are valid for what we are studying. For our recent paper, we focused on trying to determine parameters for predicting how the pressure at faucets affected the rate at which water was supplied by those faucets. This information is important because it helps us improve those predictions in the EPANET (a public domain software application for modeling water distribution systems) network modeling and more accurately predict flow rates as pressures change in those premise plumbing (home and building) systems.</p><p><i>Jon enjoys a hike through Turkey Run State Park in Indiana</i>.</p><p>We did not really use any new techniques in this work but rather relied on available pressure and flow sensors attached to a data logger to help capture the data we reported. The results of this work do provide valuable information to the larger research project about premise plumbing modeling and are being incorporated in our model development.</p><p>As research goes, this research went fairly smoothly. Using automated data collection required a little work up front to make sure we could read that data into our scripts correctly, but this was generally an easy and expected step. The differences in pressure/flow relationships for various fixtures was an expected outcome. The only real challenge was isolating cold- or hot-only sides of the shower mixing valve; luckily, this was easily overcome with adjustment screws that are present on the mixing valve.</p><p>This work was part of a larger
最近，Jonathan B. Burkhardt 在《AWWA 水科学》上发表了一篇文章，并回答了该刊物主编 Kenneth L. Mercer 提出的有关研究的问题。我在辛辛那提大学获得了化学工程的博士、硕士和学士学位。我的本科教育包括一次合作学习经历，我在一家化学制造厂工作。研究生毕业后，我参加了美国环保署的 ORISE（橡树岭科学与教育研究所）博士后研究，从事事件检测软件和多物种水质建模方面的研究。我还经常参加 AWWA 和 ASCE（美国土木工程师学会）会议，以了解当前研究的最新进展。要使模型有效，通常需要一个理论基础（或建立模型的数学公式），而且通常需要有关参数的信息，以使这些公式适用于适当的条件或情况。我的大部分工作都集中在开发适当的参数，使模型发挥作用。我还试图了解这些参数或模型对于我们正在研究的问题是否有效。在我们最近的论文中，我们重点尝试确定参数，以预测水龙头的压力如何影响这些水龙头的供水速度。这些信息非常重要，因为它可以帮助我们改进 EPANET（一种用于配水系统建模的公共领域应用软件）网络建模中的预测，并更准确地预测这些前提冷热水管道（家庭和建筑）系统中压力变化时的流量。我们在这项工作中并没有真正使用任何新技术，而是依靠连接到数据记录器上的现有压力和流量传感器来帮助捕捉我们报告的数据。这项工作的结果确实为更大的前提下管道建模研究项目提供了有价值的信息，并被纳入到我们的模型开发中。使用自动数据采集需要做一些前期工作，以确保我们能够正确地将数据读入脚本，但这通常是一个简单且意料之中的步骤。不同固定装置的压力/流量关系差异也是意料之中的结果。唯一真正的挑战是隔离淋浴混合阀的冷侧或热侧；幸运的是，使用混合阀上的调节螺钉很容易解决这个问题。我们计划利用这项工作中开发的参数来进行更多的模型情景模拟，以模拟家庭或建筑冷热水管道中的各种情况。由于流经这些系统的流量是由我们探索的压力/流量响应决定的，因此我们的参数可以帮助改进未来对使用过程中实际流出量的预测。我们的目标是利用这些结果来改进对水的归宿和传输以及前提冷热水管道系统中相关水质问题的预测。我们还在进行相关的研究，研究扩散建模，这需要对流速进行准确预测，而这些参数将直接为建模工作提供信息。我喜欢徒步旅行，并一直在努力游览许多州立和国家公园。我还喜欢摄影，尤其是自然摄影。我还制作过一些家具，并喜欢其他木工和 DIY 项目。我认为建模是水利工程师工具箱中的重要工具。目前大多数计算机都可以支持各种模型，甚至是计算密集型模型，而且在很多情况下，我们可以使用在线云资源来处理更复杂的工作。模型需要数据，而我们正处于一个数据获取越来越方便的阶段，我们可以利用数据来改善水行业的整体决策。数字孪生和机器学习或人工智能领域以及相关模型将有望帮助水务公司优化运营。水是复杂的，但继续加深对各种决策如何影响供水及其质量的理解只会使水务行业及其客户受益。优质数据的可用性将有助于实现这一点，而优质数据将有助于改进建模和相关结果或决策。
{"title":"AWWA Water Science Author Spotlight: Jonathan B. Burkhardt","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Having recently published an article in <i>AWWA Water Science,</i> Jonathan B. Burkhardt answered questions from the publication's editor-in-chief, Kenneth L. Mercer, about the research.</b></p><p><b>Pressure-Dependent Analysis in Premise Plumbing System Modeling</b></p><p>Jonathan B. Burkhardt, John Minor, Feng Shang, and William E. Platten III</p><p><i>Jonathan Burkhardt is an environmental engineer in the US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development</i>.</p><p>I earned PhD, MS, and BS degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Cincinnati. My undergraduate education included a cooperative learning experience, where I worked in a chemical manufacturing facility. Following graduate school, I participated in an ORISE (Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education) post-doctoral fellowship with the EPA, conducting research into event detection software and multispecies water quality modeling. I also routinely participate in AWWA and ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) conferences to keep up to date with current research.</p><p>For models to be effective, they typically require a theoretical foundation (or the mathematical formulas on which they are built) and usually require information about the parameters that make those formulas relevant for appropriate conditions or scenarios. Much of my work focuses on developing appropriate parameters that make the models work.</p><p>I am also trying to understand whether the parameters or models are valid for what we are studying. For our recent paper, we focused on trying to determine parameters for predicting how the pressure at faucets affected the rate at which water was supplied by those faucets. This information is important because it helps us improve those predictions in the EPANET (a public domain software application for modeling water distribution systems) network modeling and more accurately predict flow rates as pressures change in those premise plumbing (home and building) systems.</p><p><i>Jon enjoys a hike through Turkey Run State Park in Indiana</i>.</p><p>We did not really use any new techniques in this work but rather relied on available pressure and flow sensors attached to a data logger to help capture the data we reported. The results of this work do provide valuable information to the larger research project about premise plumbing modeling and are being incorporated in our model development.</p><p>As research goes, this research went fairly smoothly. Using automated data collection required a little work up front to make sure we could read that data into our scripts correctly, but this was generally an easy and expected step. The differences in pressure/flow relationships for various fixtures was an expected outcome. The only real challenge was isolating cold- or hot-only sides of the shower mixing valve; luckily, this was easily overcome with adjustment screws that are present on the mixing valve.</p><p>This work was part of a larger","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/awwa.2334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Industry News","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2343","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William Lipps, Hunter Adams, Dave Thomas, Sinisa Urban
As the hazards of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances—widely known as PFAS—are better understood, regulations and guidelines for addressing them will continue to evolve.
Water utilities play a significant role in PFAS mitigation by incorporating detection, monitoring, and treatment techniques into their operations.
Many methods for PFAS analysis are in place. A detailed explanation and comparison of each can help utilities determine the best approaches for their particular circumstances.
{"title":"Methods for Analyzing PFAS in Water","authors":"William Lipps, Hunter Adams, Dave Thomas, Sinisa Urban","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2335","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As the hazards of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances—widely known as PFAS—are better understood, regulations and guidelines for addressing them will continue to evolve.</p>\u0000 <p>Water utilities play a significant role in PFAS mitigation by incorporating detection, monitoring, and treatment techniques into their operations.</p>\u0000 <p>Many methods for PFAS analysis are in place. A detailed explanation and comparison of each can help utilities determine the best approaches for their particular circumstances.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proactive leak notification programs provide many benefits, including reducing water waste, keeping customer bills lower, and reducing staff time and resources on calls, bill adjustments, and billing disputes.
Leak notification programs can benefit from advanced metering infrastructure to identify water use patterns that indicate the presence of a leak or another problem.
Utilities should reach out through multiple communication channels to notify customers as quickly as possible after a leak is identified.
Proactively notifying customers of potential leaks leads to higher customer satisfaction and greater community trust.
{"title":"Proactive Leak Notification Programs Advance Conservation","authors":"Liesel Hans","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2336","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Proactive leak notification programs provide many benefits, including reducing water waste, keeping customer bills lower, and reducing staff time and resources on calls, bill adjustments, and billing disputes.</p>\u0000 <p>Leak notification programs can benefit from advanced metering infrastructure to identify water use patterns that indicate the presence of a leak or another problem.</p>\u0000 <p>Utilities should reach out through multiple communication channels to notify customers as quickly as possible after a leak is identified.</p>\u0000 <p>Proactively notifying customers of potential leaks leads to higher customer satisfaction and greater community trust.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>It took less than a minute on Oct. 26, 1881. In that moment, Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, and the Clanton Gang engaged in the historic gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Since then, numerous movies have been produced and books published about this fateful incident in Tombstone, Ariz.</p><p>While much less documented, another significant, life-changing event occurred seven months earlier. It took days, not seconds, 1,400 miles away from Tombstone. The spot was Engineers’ Hall at Washington University in St. Louis, Mo. Twenty-two water utility employees from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee gathered for the first time to share best practices in water treatment, leading to the creation of the American Water Works Association. Together, they drafted and adopted AWWA's original constitution, stating the organization's purpose was “to exchange information about water-works management and to advance both consumers and water companies, and for the purpose of securing the economy and uniformity in the operations of water-works.”</p><p>During the 143 years of AWWA's history, its members have grown from the original 22 to more than 50,000. Also, AWWA is now known as the leading standards-writing organization for the water sector. The first AWWA standard was published in 1908 on the <i>Specifications for Cast Iron Water Pipes and Special Castings</i>. Today, AWWA offers water professionals more than 190 ANSI (American National Standards Institute)-approved standards.</p><p>As AWWA's membership grew, it recognized the benefit of disseminating knowledge that originated from the association as well as from local cohort groups. This strategic realization brought AWWA to create its first local section, the New York Section, in 1914. Two years later, there were eight AWWA sections, including one in Canada (which encompassed the entire country). By 1930, AWWA needed a headquarters office, which it established in New York City, along with a newly hired staff. AWWA now has 43 sections that span geographically from Maine in the eastern United States to Alaska on the western edge, and from Canada to the north to Mexico to the south. Add to that an association staff of 150, located in Denver and Washington, D.C.</p><p>During the second half of the 1900s, AWWA focused on the critical need for research about water treatment and management. Its board of directors formed a water research foundation in 1966. Today, The Water Research Foundation is a One Water organization, delivering research programming to help address the water sector's current water challenges. Similarly, in 1991, AWWA leaders heeded a calling to help improve water systems around the world. These leaders envisioned, and AWWA created, Water For People, which is now a highly regarded global nonprofit that addresses the global water crisis in nine countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.</p><p>Along the lines of looking forward and spreading water knowledge beyond the boundaries of Nor
{"title":"The Shape of AWWA","authors":"David B. LaFrance","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2345","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It took less than a minute on Oct. 26, 1881. In that moment, Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, and the Clanton Gang engaged in the historic gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Since then, numerous movies have been produced and books published about this fateful incident in Tombstone, Ariz.</p><p>While much less documented, another significant, life-changing event occurred seven months earlier. It took days, not seconds, 1,400 miles away from Tombstone. The spot was Engineers’ Hall at Washington University in St. Louis, Mo. Twenty-two water utility employees from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee gathered for the first time to share best practices in water treatment, leading to the creation of the American Water Works Association. Together, they drafted and adopted AWWA's original constitution, stating the organization's purpose was “to exchange information about water-works management and to advance both consumers and water companies, and for the purpose of securing the economy and uniformity in the operations of water-works.”</p><p>During the 143 years of AWWA's history, its members have grown from the original 22 to more than 50,000. Also, AWWA is now known as the leading standards-writing organization for the water sector. The first AWWA standard was published in 1908 on the <i>Specifications for Cast Iron Water Pipes and Special Castings</i>. Today, AWWA offers water professionals more than 190 ANSI (American National Standards Institute)-approved standards.</p><p>As AWWA's membership grew, it recognized the benefit of disseminating knowledge that originated from the association as well as from local cohort groups. This strategic realization brought AWWA to create its first local section, the New York Section, in 1914. Two years later, there were eight AWWA sections, including one in Canada (which encompassed the entire country). By 1930, AWWA needed a headquarters office, which it established in New York City, along with a newly hired staff. AWWA now has 43 sections that span geographically from Maine in the eastern United States to Alaska on the western edge, and from Canada to the north to Mexico to the south. Add to that an association staff of 150, located in Denver and Washington, D.C.</p><p>During the second half of the 1900s, AWWA focused on the critical need for research about water treatment and management. Its board of directors formed a water research foundation in 1966. Today, The Water Research Foundation is a One Water organization, delivering research programming to help address the water sector's current water challenges. Similarly, in 1991, AWWA leaders heeded a calling to help improve water systems around the world. These leaders envisioned, and AWWA created, Water For People, which is now a highly regarded global nonprofit that addresses the global water crisis in nine countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.</p><p>Along the lines of looking forward and spreading water knowledge beyond the boundaries of Nor","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/awwa.2345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Minimizing the Risk of Hazard Mitigation","authors":"Claire Patton, Jenny Graves, Aaron Pfannenstiel","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2338","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>The state of groundwater varies around the world, but generally it's overused or under stress as a result of increased demand and decreased recharge. Like pipelines and other buried assets, groundwater is out of sight, so it can be more difficult to understand and manage. Across North America, hundreds of millions of people and most water systems rely on groundwater for public and personal supplies; it also provides base flow for surface water bodies and supports agriculture and healthy environments.</p><p>Groundwater supplies need to be protected, maintained, and improved, but there are many threats to their long-term quantity and quality. Measurement and monitoring of groundwater are too often outdated, unshared, or nonexistent. Climate change is leading to decreased precipitation which, along with other factors like urbanization, can reduce recharge and steadily deplete the local water table. Overuse of groundwater can lead to land subsidence in general, seawater intrusion in coastal areas, and local streamflow depletion.</p><p>Long-term losses and land-use changes can affect the nature of the underlying aquifer, diminishing its future capacity and reliability. New health effects from potential contaminants continue to emerge; for example, a recent USGS study reported that about 45% of US public supply wells and about 37% of domestic supply wells have concentrations of lithium that could present potential human-health risks. Pollution from agricultural sources, industrial effluents, and even surface water can make it more challenging to treat and use groundwater.</p><p>Facing stress from many factors, groundwater's value only grows. With likely higher temperatures that lead to increased evaporation and more sensitive environments in the future, groundwater storage may be the better option for augmenting local supplies compared with new or expanded surface water impoundments. The feasibility of treating brackish groundwater is steadily improving for growing inland communities. Looking forward, it's important that water professionals maintain the sustainability of groundwater supplies, with local decision makers balancing its major uses, which are public supply and agriculture.</p><p>How can the water industry improve its well-being—how can we improve groundwater security and reliability? For people, well-being strategies include trying to relax and reduce stress, finding ways to learn and be creative, and connecting with others—all of which apply well (pun intended) to groundwater. Water professionals must better understand urban and industrial growth near groundwater supplies, and new modeling approaches and better sensor technologies are increasing our understanding of groundwater use and changes in storage.</p><p>Sharing knowledge and conducting research will also help. Water professionals should keep an eye out for AWWA's newest edition of Manual of Water Supply Practices M21, <i>Groundwater</i>. Please also consider sharing your experie
{"title":"Well-Being","authors":"Kenneth L. Mercer","doi":"10.1002/awwa.2330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2330","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The state of groundwater varies around the world, but generally it's overused or under stress as a result of increased demand and decreased recharge. Like pipelines and other buried assets, groundwater is out of sight, so it can be more difficult to understand and manage. Across North America, hundreds of millions of people and most water systems rely on groundwater for public and personal supplies; it also provides base flow for surface water bodies and supports agriculture and healthy environments.</p><p>Groundwater supplies need to be protected, maintained, and improved, but there are many threats to their long-term quantity and quality. Measurement and monitoring of groundwater are too often outdated, unshared, or nonexistent. Climate change is leading to decreased precipitation which, along with other factors like urbanization, can reduce recharge and steadily deplete the local water table. Overuse of groundwater can lead to land subsidence in general, seawater intrusion in coastal areas, and local streamflow depletion.</p><p>Long-term losses and land-use changes can affect the nature of the underlying aquifer, diminishing its future capacity and reliability. New health effects from potential contaminants continue to emerge; for example, a recent USGS study reported that about 45% of US public supply wells and about 37% of domestic supply wells have concentrations of lithium that could present potential human-health risks. Pollution from agricultural sources, industrial effluents, and even surface water can make it more challenging to treat and use groundwater.</p><p>Facing stress from many factors, groundwater's value only grows. With likely higher temperatures that lead to increased evaporation and more sensitive environments in the future, groundwater storage may be the better option for augmenting local supplies compared with new or expanded surface water impoundments. The feasibility of treating brackish groundwater is steadily improving for growing inland communities. Looking forward, it's important that water professionals maintain the sustainability of groundwater supplies, with local decision makers balancing its major uses, which are public supply and agriculture.</p><p>How can the water industry improve its well-being—how can we improve groundwater security and reliability? For people, well-being strategies include trying to relax and reduce stress, finding ways to learn and be creative, and connecting with others—all of which apply well (pun intended) to groundwater. Water professionals must better understand urban and industrial growth near groundwater supplies, and new modeling approaches and better sensor technologies are increasing our understanding of groundwater use and changes in storage.</p><p>Sharing knowledge and conducting research will also help. Water professionals should keep an eye out for AWWA's newest edition of Manual of Water Supply Practices M21, <i>Groundwater</i>. Please also consider sharing your experie","PeriodicalId":14785,"journal":{"name":"Journal ‐ American Water Works Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/awwa.2330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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