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When Regulations Are Not Enough—Washington State's Manganese Initiative and Responding to Changing Health Science 当法规不够时——华盛顿州的锰倡议和对不断变化的健康科学的回应
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-10-12 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2519
Steve Deem

The Manganese Initiative is an effort by the Washington State Department of Health (WDOH) to change decades of guidance for water systems and the public regarding the health impacts of manganese in drinking water without changing existing regulations.

This effort focused on first educating WDOH staff on the new understanding of manganese and public health and shifting staff beliefs about manganese.

It then used the leverage of public health advocacy to persuade state public water systems to take measures to reduce manganese exposure to their customers.

锰倡议是华盛顿州卫生部(WDOH)的一项努力,旨在在不改变现有法规的情况下,改变数十年来对水系统和公众关于饮用水中锰对健康影响的指导。这项工作的重点是首先教育世卫组织工作人员对锰和公共卫生的新认识,并改变工作人员对锰的看法。然后,它利用公共卫生宣传的杠杆作用,说服州公共供水系统采取措施,减少锰对其客户的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Standards Official Notice 标准及官方公告
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-10-12 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2527
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating Brine Management Technologies in an El Paso Treatment Plant 评价El Paso处理厂的盐水管理技术
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2499
Isaac Campos, Sarah Guemez, Matthew Trzcinski, Francisco Martinez

El Paso Water's Kay Bailey Hutchison Water Treatment Plant treats brackish groundwater using high-pressure membranes that also produce a concentrated brine waste stream.

When the treatment plant's capacity was expanded, staff assessed different concentrate management and disposal strategies.

After an extensive evaluation, two options were selected for future pilot testing: (1) closed-circuit reverse osmosis with evaporation ponds and (2) electrodialysis reversal.

埃尔帕索水务公司的Kay Bailey Hutchison水处理厂使用高压膜处理微咸地下水,也会产生浓缩的盐水废物流。当污水处理厂的处理能力扩大后,工作人员评估了不同的浓缩物管理和处置策略。经过广泛的评估,选择了两种方案进行未来的中试试验:(1)带蒸发池的闭路反渗透和(2)电渗析反转。
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引用次数: 0
Industry News 行业新闻
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2510
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引用次数: 0
AWWA Water Science Author Spotlight: Meeta Pannu AWWA水科学作者焦点:Meeta Pannu
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2500
<p>Having recently been named an associate editor serving on the <i>AWWA Water Science</i> editorial board, Meeta Pannu answered questions from the publication's editor-in-chief, Kenneth L. Mercer.</p><p><i>Meeta Pannu, recently appointed to the AWWA Water Science editorial board as an associate editor, is a senior scientist at the Orange County Water District, headquarted in Fountain Valley, Calif</i>.</p><p><i>Meeta takes readings at the PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) adsorption pilot-test site located in the Orange County Water District</i>.</p><p>My current and recent research projects are primarily located within the OCWD service area, focusing on PFAS treatment and groundwater quality restoration. OCWD oversees a vast groundwater basin that supplies up to 85% of the drinking water for approximately 2.5 million residents in north and central Orange County. Notably, I have been involved in OCWD's PFAS pilot program, which was the largest of its kind in the nation. The program included pilot systems to evaluate the effectiveness of adsorption-based treatment technologies—such as granular activated carbon, ion exchange, and novel materials—and involved testing more than 14 different adsorbents.</p><p><i>Enjoying a cruise on Lake Tahoe</i>.</p><p><i>At Coconino National Forest, in Arizona, with her two boys</i>.</p><p>The water industry offers a unique space where I can apply scientific research directly to real-world challenges and help shape the future of sustainable water reuse. This means that the research I conduct isn’t just theoretical—it has immediate, practical applications that improve water quality and quantity for communities.</p><p>Combining science, engineering, and public health in research comes with several challenges. One big hurdle is bringing together experts from different fields or agencies who often have different ways of thinking and communicating. It can be tough to balance detailed scientific understanding with practical engineering solutions and the need to protect public health.</p><p>Another challenge is dealing with complex environmental issues and uncertainties, especially with new contaminants like PFAS, where there's still a lot to learn.</p><p>My favorite research project has been OCWD's PFAS pilot program, which is the largest of its kind in the nation. This project gave me a unique opportunity to work on one of the most urgent and complex issues in the water industry: how to effectively remove PFAS from drinking water sources. As part of the program, we have designed and operated multiple pilot-scale treatment systems to test and compare different adsorption-based technologies, including granular activated carbon, ion exchange, and several novel adsorbents.</p><p>What made this project especially rewarding was its direct connection to real-world implementation. The data we generated were used to inform the design of full-scale treatment systems across Orange County.</p><p>Being part of a multidisci
Meeta Pannu最近被任命为AWWA水科学编辑委员会的副主编,她回答了该出版物主编Kenneth L. Mercer的问题。Meeta Pannu最近被任命为AWWA水科学编辑委员会的副编辑,她是总部位于加州喷泉谷的奥兰奥兰县水区的高级科学家,她在位于奥兰奥兰县水区的PFAS(全氟和多氟烷基物质)吸附中试试验点进行读数。我目前和最近的研究项目主要位于OCWD服务区域,重点是PFAS处理和地下水质量恢复。OCWD管理着一个巨大的地下水盆地,为奥兰治县北部和中部约250万居民提供高达85%的饮用水。值得注意的是,我参与了OCWD的PFAS试点项目,这是全国同类项目中规模最大的。该计划包括试点系统,以评估基于吸附的处理技术的有效性,如颗粒活性炭、离子交换和新材料,并涉及测试超过14种不同的吸附剂。在太浩湖享受游船之旅。在亚利桑那州的科科尼诺国家森林,和她的两个儿子。水行业提供了一个独特的空间,我可以将科学研究直接应用于现实世界的挑战,并帮助塑造可持续水再利用的未来。这意味着我所进行的研究不仅仅是理论上的,它有直接的、实际的应用,可以改善社区的水质和水量。在研究中结合科学、工程和公共卫生带来了一些挑战。一个很大的障碍是将来自不同领域或机构的专家聚集在一起,他们通常有不同的思维和沟通方式。在详细的科学理解与实际的工程解决方案以及保护公众健康的需要之间取得平衡可能很困难。另一个挑战是处理复杂的环境问题和不确定性,尤其是像PFAS这样的新污染物,在这方面还有很多需要学习的地方。我最喜欢的研究项目是OCWD的PFAS试点项目,这是美国同类项目中规模最大的。这个项目给了我一个独特的机会来研究水行业最紧迫和最复杂的问题之一:如何有效地从饮用水源中去除PFAS。作为项目的一部分,我们设计并运行了多个中试规模的处理系统,以测试和比较不同的吸附技术,包括颗粒活性炭、离子交换和几种新型吸附剂。使这个项目特别有价值的是它与现实世界实现的直接联系。我们生成的数据被用来为整个奥兰治县的全面处理系统的设计提供信息。作为一个多学科团队的一员——从科学家、工程师到水务公司员工和顾问——使这个项目更有意义。这项工作速度快,应用广泛,对确保数百万人的饮用水安全产生了实际影响。这是研究如何推动创新和提供公共利益的一个完美例子。在我的空闲时间,我喜欢与我的丈夫和我们的两个儿子在加利福尼亚美丽的小径上徒步旅行。我们喜欢一家人在户外度过时光,徒步旅行是我们保持活力和与大自然联系的好方法。我也喜欢和我的孩子们一起打篮球——他们都对这项运动充满热情,所以这是一种有趣而充满活力的方式,可以让我们建立联系。
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引用次数: 0
Committee Report: The Leakage Emissions Initiative 委员会报告:泄漏排放倡议
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2502
M. Steve Cavanaugh Jr., Andrew McCarthy, Andrew Chastain-Howley

Water utilities use valuable energy and resources to extract, treat, and deliver water that is lost to leakage; this water loss is responsible for a quantifiable amount of carbon emissions.

AWWA Manual M36, Methodology Standard Water Balance, will help account for emissions when paired with data on a water utility's energy usage and its associated carbon intensity.

The Leakage Emissions Initiative details a methodology to account for carbon emissions from leakage, allowing utilities to calculate the carbon emissions mitigated when leakage is reduced.

水务公司使用宝贵的能源和资源来提取、处理和输送因渗漏而损失的水;这种水分流失造成了可量化的碳排放。AWWA手册M36,方法论标准水平衡,将有助于解释排放,当与水公用事业的能源使用及其相关的碳强度数据相结合时。泄漏排放倡议详细介绍了一种计算泄漏碳排放量的方法,允许公用事业公司计算减少泄漏时减少的碳排放量。
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引用次数: 0
Be Prepared for §1433 Compliance 为§1433合规做好准备
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2498
Kevin M. Morley
<p>The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the standard by which public water systems (PWSs) fulfill their obligations to protect drinking water. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency responsible for ensuring a PWS complies with SDWA provisions, which also includes oversight of states that have been granted primacy to implement the act. Monitoring and tracking compliance rests with the Office of Enforcement and Compliance (OECA). EPA is granted the authority to perform inspections at any entity subject to a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation, which requires proper notice and coordination with the primacy agency per SDWA §1445 (42 USC §300j-4).</p><p>In 2020, a review of ongoing compliance issues across ~50,000 US community water systems (CWSs) serving nearly 90% of the population led EPA to add safe drinking water to the National Enforcement Compliance Initiative (NECI). EPA reported for fiscal year (FY) 2022 that 18,282 CWSs had at least one SDWA violation, including a health-based violation in 2,854 of those systems. These findings led EPA to extend <i>NECI</i> into FY24–27. In 2024, OECA emphasized assessing SDWA §1433 compliance with more targeted inspections and enforcement nationally “as part of a whole of government approach aimed at strengthening public utility resiliency to mounting cyber-attacks.”</p><p>Of the 238 CWS inspections performed in FY24, 206 had EPA on-site to evaluate §1433 compliance. These inspections focus on the utility's ability to produce a physical copy of the risk and resilience assessment (RRA) and emergency response plan (ERP), ensuring certifications were filed on time and that the RRA and ERP include all the statute-required elements, which include assessing cyber vulnerabilities and taking action to mitigate such risks. The process begins with EPA notifying the utility that an inspection will be performed within the next several weeks and a summary of the inspection's scope. Inspections can cover SDWA requirements in full or be more targeted to §1433 and a review of 15 cybersecurity practices EPA has identified as essential. While the cybersecurity checklist does not represent specific statutory mandates, EPA's objective is building awareness and identifying potential technical-assistance needs. Afterward, the utility will receive an inspection report that may identify areas of concern to be used by EPA's regional office to determine whether an enforcement action is warranted. A notice of violation will typically be sent to the utility within three months of receiving the inspection report. Consultation with the regional OECA may follow to review the corrective actions outlined in the notice.</p><p>The inspection process associated with §1433 is relatively new and technically quite different from traditional SDWA requirements. This has led to some inconsistency in how inspectors have interpreted what is required to fulfill the statutory requirements. The statute requires the ut
《安全饮用水法》(SDWA)是公共供水系统(PWSs)履行保护饮用水义务的标准。美国环境保护署(EPA)是负责确保PWS符合SDWA规定的联邦机构,其中还包括监督被授予执行该法案的首要地位的州。监督和跟踪遵守情况由执行和遵守办公室负责。EPA被授予对任何受国家主要饮用水法规约束的实体进行检查的权力,这需要根据SDWA§1445 (42 USC§300j-4)与主要机构进行适当的通知和协调。2020年,对服务于近90%人口的约50,000个美国社区供水系统(cws)的持续合规问题进行了审查,导致EPA将安全饮用水添加到国家执法合规倡议(NECI)中。美国环保署报告称,在2022财政年度(FY),有18282个cws至少违反了一项SDWA规定,其中2854个系统违反了健康规定。这些发现导致EPA将NECI扩展到24 - 27财年。在2024年,OECA强调评估SDWA§1433的合规性,并在全国范围内进行更有针对性的检查和执法,“作为政府整体方法的一部分,旨在加强公用事业对不断增加的网络攻击的弹性。”在24财年进行的238次CWS检查中,有206次由EPA现场评估§1433合规性。这些检查的重点是公用事业公司是否有能力制作风险和弹性评估(RRA)和应急响应计划(ERP)的物理副本,确保按时提交认证,并确保RRA和ERP包含所有法规要求的要素,包括评估网络漏洞和采取措施减轻此类风险。该过程首先由EPA通知公用事业公司将在未来几周内进行检查,并提供检查范围的摘要。检查可以完全覆盖SDWA要求,也可以更有针对性地满足§1433的要求,并对EPA认为必不可少的15项网络安全实践进行审查。虽然网络安全清单并不代表具体的法定要求,但EPA的目标是建立意识并确定潜在的技术援助需求。之后,公用事业公司将收到一份检查报告,该报告可能会确定EPA区域办事处使用的关注领域,以确定是否有必要采取执法行动。违规通知通常会在收到检查报告后三个月内发送给公用事业公司。随后可与区域经合组织协商,审查通知中概述的纠正措施。与§1433相关的检验过程相对较新,在技术上与传统的SDWA要求有很大不同。这导致检查员在如何解释满足法定要求所需的东西方面存在一些不一致。该法规要求公用事业公司考虑“恶意行为和自然灾害对系统造成的风险”,并允许系统确定最适用的威胁,但所有系统都应优先考虑减轻网络攻击。当发布违规通知时,通用语言可以声明RRA或ERP“未评估或未包含足够的细节”,并列出具体条款。这种模糊的语言是为了限制对手可能利用的潜在漏洞的披露。公用事业公司和EPA区域工作人员之间进行协商,以提供细节,可能协调具体的违规行为,并澄清最后期限。根据§1414(g)(3)(A), 42 USC§300g-3(g)(3)(A),违规行为可能使被申请人每天面临最高69,733美元的民事罚款。自第1433条第二轮合规开始以来,随着EPA继续有针对性的执法行动,关键是系统确保他们能够表现出尽职调查。使用一个简单的目录来确保所有必需的元素都包含在RRA和ERP中。如果一个元素不适用,包括一个简短的陈述,说明为什么它不适用。确保公用事业领导意识到合规性的最后期限,并准备相应地证明RRA和ERP的完成。截至2025年8月,大约95%的服务于100,000或更多用户的系统已经通过了RRA认证(截止日期为2025年3月31日或之前)。大型系统erp的下一个截止日期是2025年9月30日,中型系统(50,000-99,999人)rra的下一个截止日期是2025年12月31日或之前。确保水系统的安全性和弹性对于维持我们的经济活力、国家安全和公众健康至关重要,这需要公用事业公司领导层持续保持警惕。AWWA将继续与EPA合作,改进流程,确保合规期望是透明的。
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引用次数: 0
The $50 Billion Question: Examining EPA's PFAS Drinking Water Limits 500亿美元的问题:检查EPA的PFAS饮用水限量
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2503
Peter Lusardi

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for several per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

Most detections of PFOS and PFOA, two regulated PFAS, are just barely above the MCLs, and EPA has substantially underestimated PFAS regulatory compliance costs.

The PFAS MCLs set by EPA, established using only limited health effect data, are much lower than standards set by other countries and those set by several US states.

美国环境保护署(EPA)确定了几种单氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)的最大污染物水平(mcl)。大多数检测到的全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸(PFOA)这两种受监管的全氟辛酸仅略高于最低限值,EPA大大低估了全氟辛酸的监管合规成本。美国环保署仅根据有限的健康影响数据制定的PFAS mcl,远低于其他国家和美国几个州制定的标准。
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引用次数: 0
Data Centers and Water: Challenges and Solutions for Sustainable Cooling 数据中心与水:可持续冷却的挑战与解决方案
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2504
Leila Khatib, Anh Pham, Khaled Ahmed, Val S. Frenkel

Data center operations require vast quantities of water, often in regions where access is limited.

As data centers expand to meet the surging demands of artificial intelligence and high-performance computing, their water and energy use has become a pressing challenge.

Data centers’ water use results in potential ecological risks from discharge of heated water and elevated salinity.

Innovative strategies can help data centers mitigate the negative effects they have on water supply and environmental health.

数据中心的运行需要大量的水,通常在访问受限的地区。随着数据中心的扩展以满足人工智能和高性能计算的激增需求,它们的水和能源使用已成为一个紧迫的挑战。数据中心用水会产生热水排放和盐度升高等潜在生态风险。创新战略可以帮助数据中心减轻它们对供水和环境健康的负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Total Coliform Testing: Reflecting on the Past and Looking Forward 总大肠菌群检测:回顾过去,展望未来
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.2505
Norma J. Ruecker, Monica B. Emelko, Norman F. Neumann, Bina Nayak
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal ‐ American Water Works Association
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