Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16813753335431
Christopher Egan-Morriss, R. Kimber, N. A. Powell, J. Lloyd
The biosynthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on microbial cells (bio-Pd) has attracted much recent interest, but the effect of solution chemistry on the process remains poorly understood. Biological buffers can be used to maintain physiological pH during the bioreduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) by microbial cells, however, buffer components have the potential to complex Pd(II), and this may affect the subsequent microbe-metal interaction. In this study, a range of Pd(II) salts and biological buffers were selected to assess the impact of the solution chemistry on the rate of bioreduction of Pd(II) by Geobacter sulfurreducens, and the resulting biogenic Pd nanoparticles. The different buffer and Pd(II) combinations resulted in changes in the dominant Pd(II) species in solution, and this affected the amount of Pd recovered from solution by the microbial cells. The physical properties of the bio-Pd nanoparticles were altered under different solution chemistries; only slight variations were observed in the mean particle size (< 6 nm), but significant variations in particle agglomeration, the extent of Pd(II) bioreduction, and subsequent catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol were observed. The combination of sodium tetrachloropalladate and bicarbonate buffer resulted in bio-Pd with the smallest mean particle size, and the fastest initial rate of reaction for 4-NP reduction (0.33 min-1). Other solution chemistries appeared to damage the cells and result in bio-Pd with relatively poor catalytic performance. This work emphasises that future studies into bio-Pd synthesis should consider the importance of solution chemistry in controlling the speciation of Pd(II) and its impact on both the bioreduction process and the resulting properties of the nanoparticles produced, in order to maximize Pd(II) biorecovery and optimize catalytic properties.
{"title":"Impact of Solution Chemistry on the Biotechnological Synthesis and Properties of Palladium Nanoparticles","authors":"Christopher Egan-Morriss, R. Kimber, N. A. Powell, J. Lloyd","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16813753335431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16813753335431","url":null,"abstract":"The biosynthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on microbial cells (bio-Pd) has attracted much recent interest, but the effect of solution chemistry on the process remains poorly understood. Biological buffers can be used to maintain physiological pH during the bioreduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) by microbial cells, however, buffer components have the potential to complex Pd(II), and this may affect the subsequent microbe-metal interaction. In this study, a range of Pd(II) salts and biological buffers were selected to assess the impact of the solution chemistry on the rate of bioreduction of Pd(II) by Geobacter sulfurreducens, and the resulting biogenic Pd nanoparticles. The different buffer and Pd(II) combinations resulted in changes in the dominant Pd(II) species in solution, and this affected the amount of Pd recovered from solution by the microbial cells. The physical properties of the bio-Pd nanoparticles were altered under different solution chemistries; only slight variations were observed in the mean particle size (< 6 nm), but significant variations in particle agglomeration, the extent of Pd(II) bioreduction, and subsequent catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol were observed. The combination of sodium tetrachloropalladate and bicarbonate buffer resulted in bio-Pd with the smallest mean particle size, and the fastest initial rate of reaction for 4-NP reduction (0.33 min-1). Other solution chemistries appeared to damage the cells and result in bio-Pd with relatively poor catalytic performance. This work emphasises that future studies into bio-Pd synthesis should consider the importance of solution chemistry in controlling the speciation of Pd(II) and its impact on both the bioreduction process and the resulting properties of the nanoparticles produced, in order to maximize Pd(II) biorecovery and optimize catalytic properties.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67352122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16748145957998
D. Kadaifçiler, T. Unsal, E. Ilhan‐Sungur
Fungi commonly found in municipal water can participate in the natural biofilm formation on the surfaces of galvanized steel despite the toxic effect of Zn, and also depending on the age of the biofilm, fungal diversity may vary. To examine this hypothesis, natural biofilm formation was allowed on galvanized steel surfaces over 6 months in a model recirculating water system. Fungal colonies with different morphologies were obtained monthly from biofilm and water samples and then identified by both morphological and molecular approaches. In addition, the biofilm layer was examined by electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses and scanning electron microscopy. It was determined that the fungi were included in the natural aging biofilm formed on the galvanized steel surfaces over the experiment. The diversity and the number of fungi in the biofilm and water changed over the experiment. All of the fungi isolated from the biofilm and water were found to be members of the Ascomycota phylum. F. oxysporum was the first fungus to be involved in the biofilm formation process and also it is one of the main inhabitants of the biofilm together with Penicillium spp. In addition, EIS data showed that the structure of the biofilm changed as it ages. The results of this study may lead to a better understanding of natural aging biofilms involving fungi in municipal water systems, as well as the development of new strategies for effective disinfection of fungi based on biofilm age.
{"title":"Long-term Evaluation of Culturable Fungi in a Natural Aging Biofilm on Galvanized Steel Surface","authors":"D. Kadaifçiler, T. Unsal, E. Ilhan‐Sungur","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16748145957998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16748145957998","url":null,"abstract":"Fungi commonly found in municipal water can participate in the natural biofilm formation on the surfaces of galvanized steel despite the toxic effect of Zn, and also depending on the age of the biofilm, fungal diversity may vary. To examine this hypothesis, natural biofilm formation was allowed on galvanized steel surfaces over 6 months in a model recirculating water system. Fungal colonies with different morphologies were obtained monthly from biofilm and water samples and then identified by both morphological and molecular approaches. In addition, the biofilm layer was examined by electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses and scanning electron microscopy. It was determined that the fungi were included in the natural aging biofilm formed on the galvanized steel surfaces over the experiment. The diversity and the number of fungi in the biofilm and water changed over the experiment. All of the fungi isolated from the biofilm and water were found to be members of the Ascomycota phylum. F. oxysporum was the first fungus to be involved in the biofilm formation process and also it is one of the main inhabitants of the biofilm together with Penicillium spp. In addition, EIS data showed that the structure of the biofilm changed as it ages. The results of this study may lead to a better understanding of natural aging biofilms involving fungi in municipal water systems, as well as the development of new strategies for effective disinfection of fungi based on biofilm age.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67352222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16759335257118
M. Vlachou, H. R. Marchbank, E. Brooke, A. Kolpin
Gasoline vehicles have generally relied upon a combination of palladium and rhodium for more than 25 years to facilitate the required oxidative and reductive reactions of CO, HCs, and NOx. Recently, steady increases in the price of palladium relative to platinum have fuelled demand to reincorporate platinum into TWCs. However, the fundamental properties of platinum, including susceptibility toward sintering and inhibition under typical gasoline operating conditions, present significant challenges. This article presents an overview of the origins for these challenges, as well as select strategies for maximizing platinum’s contribution to modern-day TWCs. Optimisation of ceria-zirconia supports is one route by which platinum’s performance can be significantly improved through tuning of the ceria:zirconia ratio. Additionally, alloying platinum with a secondary PGM, e.g. rhodium, leverages complimentary properties of both metals, imparting stability and overall activity enhancements. Such routes not only enable PGM flexibility, but also provide opportunities to further improve TWC performance.
{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities for Platinum in the Modern Three-Way Catalyst","authors":"M. Vlachou, H. R. Marchbank, E. Brooke, A. Kolpin","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16759335257118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16759335257118","url":null,"abstract":"Gasoline vehicles have generally relied upon a combination of palladium and rhodium for more than 25 years to facilitate the required oxidative and reductive reactions of CO, HCs, and NOx. Recently, steady increases in the price of palladium relative to platinum have fuelled demand to reincorporate platinum into TWCs. However, the fundamental properties of platinum, including susceptibility toward sintering and inhibition under typical gasoline operating conditions, present significant challenges. This article presents an overview of the origins for these challenges, as well as select strategies for maximizing platinum’s contribution to modern-day TWCs. Optimisation of ceria-zirconia supports is one route by which platinum’s performance can be significantly improved through tuning of the ceria:zirconia ratio. Additionally, alloying platinum with a secondary PGM, e.g. rhodium, leverages complimentary properties of both metals, imparting stability and overall activity enhancements. Such routes not only enable PGM flexibility, but also provide opportunities to further improve TWC performance.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67352232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651324x16794770872879
Yicheng Zhou, Wangping Wu, Qinqin Wang, Liangbing Wang
Noble metals are key to various research fields and Noble metal nanomaterials are directly relevant to optics, catalysis, medicine, sensing and many other applications. Rhodium-based nanomaterials have been less studied than metals such as gold, silver or platinum. There have been leaps and bounds in characterization tools over the years, and knowledge about rhodium chemistry and nanomaterials are expected to grow. With high expectations driving the use of rhodium nanoparticles as catalysts for automotive exhaust gas, catalysts for hydrogen and oxygen precipitation reactions in electrolytic cells, the established applications of rhodium materials in fields such as electronics and appliances, anti-cancer drugs and aerospace are being revisited. This review covers different strategies for the synthesis of rhodium films and nanoparticles and provides a broad overview of the reported applications.
{"title":"Rhodium and Rhodium-Alloy Films and Nanoparticles","authors":"Yicheng Zhou, Wangping Wu, Qinqin Wang, Liangbing Wang","doi":"10.1595/205651324x16794770872879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651324x16794770872879","url":null,"abstract":"Noble metals are key to various research fields and Noble metal nanomaterials are directly relevant to optics, catalysis, medicine, sensing and many other applications. Rhodium-based nanomaterials have been less studied than metals such as gold, silver or platinum. There have been leaps and bounds in characterization tools over the years, and knowledge about rhodium chemistry and nanomaterials are expected to grow. With high expectations driving the use of rhodium nanoparticles as catalysts for automotive exhaust gas, catalysts for hydrogen and oxygen precipitation reactions in electrolytic cells, the established applications of rhodium materials in fields such as electronics and appliances, anti-cancer drugs and aerospace are being revisited. This review covers different strategies for the synthesis of rhodium films and nanoparticles and provides a broad overview of the reported applications.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16794186402492
H. Yu, Kacper Bruzda, D. Charalampopoulos, A. Chatzifragkou
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has attracted much research interest, delivering a combination of exclusive properties, such as flexibility, hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and a three-dimensional network. In this study, the effects of carbon source and cultivation conditions on BC production by the bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus subsp. sucrofermentans DSM 15973 were assessed. Fructose was the most suitable carbon source and high BC concentrations up to 31 g/L were achieved in substrates with 60 g/L fructose, under static culture conditions. Notably, BC production was equally high under the same fermentation conditions in agitated cultures (~30 g/L). Moreover, the effectiveness of NaOH and NaOCl solutions in BC purification, and their potential impact on BC structure and properties were explored. The combination of weak NaOH and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was proved an effective purification method, preserving the fibre structure and crystallinity of BC.
{"title":"Impact of Fermentation Conditions and Purification Strategy on Bacterial Cellulose Properties","authors":"H. Yu, Kacper Bruzda, D. Charalampopoulos, A. Chatzifragkou","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16794186402492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16794186402492","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial cellulose (BC) has attracted much research interest, delivering a combination of exclusive properties, such as flexibility, hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and a three-dimensional network. In this study, the effects of carbon source and cultivation conditions on BC production by the bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus subsp. sucrofermentans DSM 15973 were assessed. Fructose was the most suitable carbon source and high BC concentrations up to 31 g/L were achieved in substrates with 60 g/L fructose, under static culture conditions. Notably, BC production was equally high under the same fermentation conditions in agitated cultures (~30 g/L). Moreover, the effectiveness of NaOH and NaOCl solutions in BC purification, and their potential impact on BC structure and properties were explored. The combination of weak NaOH and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was proved an effective purification method, preserving the fibre structure and crystallinity of BC.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67352001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16765646706676
Paul A. Morton, S. M. Mansell
Carbon-hydrogen bond activations and their subsequent functionalisation have long been an important target in chemistry because C-H bonds are ubiquitous throughout nature, making C-H derivatisation reactions highly desirable. The selective and efficient functionalisation of this bond into many more useful carbon-element bonds (e.g., C-B, C-Si, C-O, and C-S bonds) would have many uses in pharmaceutical and bulk chemical synthesis. Activation of the C-H bond is, however, challenging due to the high strength and low bond-polarity of this bond rendering its cleavage unfavourable. With the correct choice of reagents and systems, especially those utilising directing groups, kinetically and thermodynamically favourable catalytic processes have been developed. However, a key remaining challenge is the development of undirected, intermolecular reactions using catalysts that are both selective and active enough to make useful processes. In this review, the progress towards optimising group 9 C-H activation catalysts is discussed, particularly focusing on undirected reactions that are kinetically more difficult, starting with a brief history of C-H activation, identifying the importance of auxiliary ligands including the nature of anionic ligand (e.g., cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, trispyrazolylborate) and neutral ligands (e.g., phosphines, carbonyl, alkenes, N-heterocyclic carbenes) that contribute towards the stability and reactivity of these metal complexes. The tethering of the anionic ligand to strong σ-donating ligands is also briefly discussed. The focus of this review is primarily on the group 9 metals rhodium and iridium, however, C-H activation using group 8 and 10 metals are compared where useful. The most recent advances in this field include the development of C-H borylation of many small hydrocarbon substrates such as arenes, heterocycles and n-alkanes as well as the more challenging substrate methane.
{"title":"Moving from Fuel to Feedstock: Selective Hydrocarbon Activation using Rhodium and Iridium Complexes","authors":"Paul A. Morton, S. M. Mansell","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16765646706676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16765646706676","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon-hydrogen bond activations and their subsequent functionalisation have long been an important target in chemistry because C-H bonds are ubiquitous throughout nature, making C-H derivatisation reactions highly desirable. The selective and efficient functionalisation of this bond into many more useful carbon-element bonds (e.g., C-B, C-Si, C-O, and C-S bonds) would have many uses in pharmaceutical and bulk chemical synthesis. Activation of the C-H bond is, however, challenging due to the high strength and low bond-polarity of this bond rendering its cleavage unfavourable. With the correct choice of reagents and systems, especially those utilising directing groups, kinetically and thermodynamically favourable catalytic processes have been developed. However, a key remaining challenge is the development of undirected, intermolecular reactions using catalysts that are both selective and active enough to make useful processes. In this review, the progress towards optimising group 9 C-H activation catalysts is discussed, particularly focusing on undirected reactions that are kinetically more difficult, starting with a brief history of C-H activation, identifying the importance of auxiliary ligands including the nature of anionic ligand (e.g., cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, trispyrazolylborate) and neutral ligands (e.g., phosphines, carbonyl, alkenes, N-heterocyclic carbenes) that contribute towards the stability and reactivity of these metal complexes. The tethering of the anionic ligand to strong σ-donating ligands is also briefly discussed. The focus of this review is primarily on the group 9 metals rhodium and iridium, however, C-H activation using group 8 and 10 metals are compared where useful. The most recent advances in this field include the development of C-H borylation of many small hydrocarbon substrates such as arenes, heterocycles and n-alkanes as well as the more challenging substrate methane.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67352274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651324x16980703569747
Mustafa Al Salmi
This literature review examines the hydrogen spillover mechanisms on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The production of methanol from CO2 is an attractive process for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and producing a valuable chemical feedstock. Cu/ZnO-based catalysts are known to exhibit high activity and selectivity towards methanol production, and the hydrogen spillover effect is believed to play a crucial role in their performance. The review discusses the current understanding of the hydrogen spillover mechanism, including the nature of the active sites and the factors that affect spillover efficiency. It also summarizes the recent advances in catalyst design, such as the use of promoters and dopants, to enhance the hydrogen spillover effect and improve catalytic performance. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the hydrogen spillover mechanism on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, highlighting the potential of this technology for sustainable methanol production.
{"title":"Hydrogen Spillover Mechanisms on Cu/ZnO-Based Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol","authors":"Mustafa Al Salmi","doi":"10.1595/205651324x16980703569747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651324x16980703569747","url":null,"abstract":"This literature review examines the hydrogen spillover mechanisms on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The production of methanol from CO2 is an attractive process for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and producing a valuable chemical feedstock. Cu/ZnO-based catalysts are known to exhibit high activity and selectivity towards methanol production, and the hydrogen spillover effect is believed to play a crucial role in their performance. The review discusses the current understanding of the hydrogen spillover mechanism, including the nature of the active sites and the factors that affect spillover efficiency. It also summarizes the recent advances in catalyst design, such as the use of promoters and dopants, to enhance the hydrogen spillover effect and improve catalytic performance. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the hydrogen spillover mechanism on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, highlighting the potential of this technology for sustainable methanol production.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135105982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2021-006268
Olivia L Hoffman, Jane Romano, Monica E Kleinman
Objectives: Hospital-based code blue (CB) teams are designed for hospitalized patients (HP) with unanticipated medical emergencies outside of an ICU. At our freestanding pediatric institution, the same team responds to CB calls involving nonhospitalized persons (NHP) throughout the hospital campus. We hypothesized there are significant differences between the characteristics of NHP and HP requiring emergency medical response, and most responses for NHP do not require advanced critical care.
Methods: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of CB responses at our large, urban, academic children's medical center from January to December 2017. We evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics of these HP compared with NHP events.
Results: There were 168 CB activations during the study, of which 135 (80.4%) were for NHP. Ninety-one (67.4%) of the NHP responses involved adults (age >18 years) compared with 6 (18.2%) of the HP. Triggers for CB team activation for NHP were most frequently syncope (42.2%), seizure (10.3%), or fall (9.6%) compared with seizure (30.3%), hypoxia (27.3%), or anaphylaxis (12.1%) for HP. Critical interventions such as bag-mask ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were infrequently performed for either cohort.
Conclusions: CB activations in our pediatric institution more often involve NHP than HP. NHP responses are more likely to involve adults and infrequently require advanced interventions. Use of a pediatric CB team for NHP events may be an unnecessary use of pediatric critical care resources. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the most effective team composition, training, and response system for NHP in a freestanding children's hospital.
{"title":"Emergency Medical Response for Non-Hospitalized Person Events in a Children's Hospital.","authors":"Olivia L Hoffman, Jane Romano, Monica E Kleinman","doi":"10.1542/hpeds.2021-006268","DOIUrl":"10.1542/hpeds.2021-006268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Hospital-based code blue (CB) teams are designed for hospitalized patients (HP) with unanticipated medical emergencies outside of an ICU. At our freestanding pediatric institution, the same team responds to CB calls involving nonhospitalized persons (NHP) throughout the hospital campus. We hypothesized there are significant differences between the characteristics of NHP and HP requiring emergency medical response, and most responses for NHP do not require advanced critical care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed a retrospective cohort of CB responses at our large, urban, academic children's medical center from January to December 2017. We evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics of these HP compared with NHP events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 168 CB activations during the study, of which 135 (80.4%) were for NHP. Ninety-one (67.4%) of the NHP responses involved adults (age >18 years) compared with 6 (18.2%) of the HP. Triggers for CB team activation for NHP were most frequently syncope (42.2%), seizure (10.3%), or fall (9.6%) compared with seizure (30.3%), hypoxia (27.3%), or anaphylaxis (12.1%) for HP. Critical interventions such as bag-mask ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were infrequently performed for either cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CB activations in our pediatric institution more often involve NHP than HP. NHP responses are more likely to involve adults and infrequently require advanced interventions. Use of a pediatric CB team for NHP events may be an unnecessary use of pediatric critical care resources. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the most effective team composition, training, and response system for NHP in a freestanding children's hospital.</p>","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89465388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16376750190432
İ. İvedi, Bahadır Güneşoğlu, S. Karavana, G. Kartal, G. Erkan, A. M. Sarıışık
The aim of this study was to prepare microcapsules and transfer them to denim and non-denim trousers using different application methods. For this purpose, shea butter as active agent was encapsulated in an ethyl cellulose shell using the spray dryer method, and capsule optimisation was studied. A morphological assessment showed that the capsules had a smooth surface and were spherical in shape. The homogenous size distribution of the capsules was supported by laser diffraction analysis. The capsules showed a narrow size distribution, and the mean particle size of optimum formulations of shea butter was 390 nm. Denim fabrics were treated with shea butter capsules using the methods of exhaustion and spraying in order to compare these application methods. The presence of capsules on the fabrics was tested after five wash cycles. The comparison of application methods found similar preferred characteristics for both the exhaustion and spraying methods. However, the spraying method was found to be more sustainable, because it allows working with low liquor ratios in less water, with lower chemical consumption and less waste than the exhaustion method, which requires working with a high liquor ratio. This study showed that the spraying method can be used as an alternative to other application methods in the market for reducing energy consumption, and shea butter capsules can provide moisturising properties to the fabrics.
{"title":"Using Spraying as an Alternative Method for Transferring Capsules Containing Shea Butter to Denim and Non-Denim Fabrics : Preparation of microcapsules for delivery of active ingredients","authors":"İ. İvedi, Bahadır Güneşoğlu, S. Karavana, G. Kartal, G. Erkan, A. M. Sarıışık","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16376750190432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16376750190432","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to prepare microcapsules and transfer them to denim and non-denim trousers using different application methods. For this purpose, shea butter as active agent was encapsulated in an ethyl cellulose shell using the spray dryer method, and capsule optimisation\u0000 was studied. A morphological assessment showed that the capsules had a smooth surface and were spherical in shape. The homogenous size distribution of the capsules was supported by laser diffraction analysis. The capsules showed a narrow size distribution, and the mean particle size of optimum\u0000 formulations of shea butter was 390 nm. Denim fabrics were treated with shea butter capsules using the methods of exhaustion and spraying in order to compare these application methods. The presence of capsules on the fabrics was tested after five wash cycles. The comparison of application\u0000 methods found similar preferred characteristics for both the exhaustion and spraying methods. However, the spraying method was found to be more sustainable, because it allows working with low liquor ratios in less water, with lower chemical consumption and less waste than the exhaustion method,\u0000 which requires working with a high liquor ratio. This study showed that the spraying method can be used as an alternative to other application methods in the market for reducing energy consumption, and shea butter capsules can provide moisturising properties to the fabrics.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48729664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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