Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16433652085975
Carl R. Tipton
There are few mathematical breakthroughs that have had as dramatic impact on the scientific process as the Fourier transform. Defined in 1807 in a paper by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1) to solve a problem in heat conduction, the integral transform, Equation (i):
很少有数学上的突破能像傅里叶变换那样对科学进程产生如此巨大的影响。Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier(1)在1807年的一篇论文中定义了求解热传导问题的积分变换式(i):
{"title":"Basics of Fourier Analysis of Time Series Data","authors":"Carl R. Tipton","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16433652085975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16433652085975","url":null,"abstract":"There are few mathematical breakthroughs that have had as dramatic impact on the scientific process as the Fourier transform. Defined in 1807 in a paper by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1) to solve a problem in heat conduction, the integral transform, Equation (i):","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67350412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16595441894422
Drasti Patel, H. Reid, Sarah Ball, D. Brett, P. Shearing
Lithium-ion battery (LIB) safety is a multi-scale problem: from the whole-cell architecture to its composite internal 3D microstructures. Substantial research is required to standardise failure assessments and optimise cell designs to reduce the risks of LIB failure. In this work, the failure response of a 1 Ah layered pouch cell with a commercially available NMC cathode and graphite anode at 100 % SOC (4.2 V) is investigated. The mechanisms of two abuse methods; mechanical (by nail penetration) and thermal (by accelerating rate calorimetry) are compared by using a suite of post-mortem analysis methods. Post-mortem whole-cell architectural changes and electrode layer deformations were analysed for both mechanisms using non-invasive X-ray computed tomography. Furthermore, changes to electrode surfaces, bulk microstructures and particle morphologies are compared by following a proposed cell disassembly and post-mortem sample preparation methodology. Building on the insights into critical architectural weak points, electrode behaviours and particle cracks, the reliability of X-ray computed tomography as a guide for LIB failure assessment is demonstrated.
{"title":"X-ray Computed Tomography for Failure Mechanism Characterisation within Layered Pouch Cells","authors":"Drasti Patel, H. Reid, Sarah Ball, D. Brett, P. Shearing","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16595441894422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16595441894422","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion battery (LIB) safety is a multi-scale problem: from the whole-cell architecture to its composite internal 3D microstructures. Substantial research is required to standardise failure assessments and optimise cell designs to reduce the risks of LIB failure. In this work, the failure response of a 1 Ah layered pouch cell with a commercially available NMC cathode and graphite anode at 100 % SOC (4.2 V) is investigated. The mechanisms of two abuse methods; mechanical (by nail penetration) and thermal (by accelerating rate calorimetry) are compared by using a suite of post-mortem analysis methods. Post-mortem whole-cell architectural changes and electrode layer deformations were analysed for both mechanisms using non-invasive X-ray computed tomography. Furthermore, changes to electrode surfaces, bulk microstructures and particle morphologies are compared by following a proposed cell disassembly and post-mortem sample preparation methodology. Building on the insights into critical architectural weak points, electrode behaviours and particle cracks, the reliability of X-ray computed tomography as a guide for LIB failure assessment is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67350964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16457018428071
G. Dinesh, P. Dessì, Wenming Tong, Roberto González-Gómez, Pau Farràs
Sunlight-driven green hydrogen production is emerging as a promising contribution to carbon emission reduction, for which semiconductors as water splitting photocatalysts have arisen as potential materials to reach the worldwide climate goals at a low cost. As photoanode materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), bismuth-containing semiconducting metal oxides, such as BiVO4, Bi2WO6 and Bi2MoO6, have shown convincingly visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities due to their well-matching band gaps and redox potentials of valence/conduction band positions (1). In particular, BiVO4 demonstrated formidable photocatalytic performance for water splitting (2). However, BiVO4 often suffers from fast recombination of the photo-generated electron-hole pairs, which limits the electron flow in photoelectrochemical cells (3).
{"title":"3D-Printed Photoelectrochemical Cell and its Application in Evaluation of BiVO4 Photoanodes","authors":"G. Dinesh, P. Dessì, Wenming Tong, Roberto González-Gómez, Pau Farràs","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16457018428071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16457018428071","url":null,"abstract":"Sunlight-driven green hydrogen production is emerging as a promising contribution to carbon emission reduction, for which semiconductors as water splitting photocatalysts have arisen as potential materials to reach the worldwide climate goals at a low cost. As photoanode materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), bismuth-containing semiconducting metal oxides, such as BiVO4, Bi2WO6 and Bi2MoO6, have shown convincingly visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities due to their well-matching band gaps and redox potentials of valence/conduction band positions (1). In particular, BiVO4 demonstrated formidable photocatalytic performance for water splitting (2). However, BiVO4 often suffers from fast recombination of the photo-generated electron-hole pairs, which limits the electron flow in photoelectrochemical cells (3).","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16577027080875
L. Schmitt, N. Neuber, M. Eisenbart, L. Cifci, O. Gross, U. E. Klotz, R. Busch
Jewellery-specific standardized tests as well as bulk metallic glasses (BMG)-specific testing methods were performed on a series of Platinum (Pt)-based BMGs with and without phosphorous, to evaluate their suitability as jewellery items. Their mechanical properties (elasticity, Young’s modulus as well as Yield stress) were determined by three-point beam bending measurements. Hardness, wear and corrosion resistance were tested in comparison to state of the art crystalline Pt-based jewellery alloys. The Pt-BMG alloys exhibit elastic elongation of about 2%. Compared to conventional crystalline Pt-alloys, their fracture strength of ca. 2 GPa and their hardness of ca. 450 HV1 is four and two times higher, respectively. However, the BMG show less abrasion resistance in the pin disc test than the conventional benchmark alloys, due to adhesive wear and micro cracking. Regarding the corrosion resistance in simulated body fluids, the BMG alloys reveal a slightly higher release of metals, while the tarnishing behaviour is comparable to the benchmark alloys. The P-free Pt-BMG alloy showed a pronounced tarnishing during exposure to air at elevated temperature. The outstanding thermoplastic formability, a special feature of amorphous metals that can be crucial for enabling novel and filigree designs, was determined and quantified for all BMG alloys.
{"title":"Study on technical parameters and suitability of Pt-based metallic glasses for jewellery applications","authors":"L. Schmitt, N. Neuber, M. Eisenbart, L. Cifci, O. Gross, U. E. Klotz, R. Busch","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16577027080875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16577027080875","url":null,"abstract":"Jewellery-specific standardized tests as well as bulk metallic glasses (BMG)-specific testing methods were performed on a series of Platinum (Pt)-based BMGs with and without phosphorous, to evaluate their suitability as jewellery items. Their mechanical properties (elasticity, Young’s modulus as well as Yield stress) were determined by three-point beam bending measurements. Hardness, wear and corrosion resistance were tested in comparison to state of the art crystalline Pt-based jewellery alloys. The Pt-BMG alloys exhibit elastic elongation of about 2%. Compared to conventional crystalline Pt-alloys, their fracture strength of ca. 2 GPa and their hardness of ca. 450 HV1 is four and two times higher, respectively. However, the BMG show less abrasion resistance in the pin disc test than the conventional benchmark alloys, due to adhesive wear and micro cracking. Regarding the corrosion resistance in simulated body fluids, the BMG alloys reveal a slightly higher release of metals, while the tarnishing behaviour is comparable to the benchmark alloys. The P-free Pt-BMG alloy showed a pronounced tarnishing during exposure to air at elevated temperature. The outstanding thermoplastic formability, a special feature of amorphous metals that can be crucial for enabling novel and filigree designs, was determined and quantified for all BMG alloys.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16620342873795
G. Machin
In May 2019 four of the seven base units of the International System of Units (the SI) were redefined and are now founded on defined values of fundamental physical constants. One of these was the kelvin which is no longer defined by the triple point of water but instead through a fixed value of the Boltzmann constant. In this paper the kelvin redefinition is introduced and the implications for temperature traceability and practical temperature sensing discussed. This will include outlining new approaches for temperature traceability, as well as discussing the rise of in process calibration through practical primary temperature sensing approaches (where, in principle, no sensor calibration is required). These forthcoming changes are likely to have significant impact on everyone in the temperature calibration chain, whilst the advent of in process temperature calibration should lead to step change improvements in process control, energy efficiency and product quality consistency and will help facilitate autonomous production.
{"title":"The Kelvin Redefinition and Practical Primary Thermometry","authors":"G. Machin","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16620342873795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16620342873795","url":null,"abstract":"In May 2019 four of the seven base units of the International System of Units (the SI) were redefined and are now founded on defined values of fundamental physical constants. One of these was the kelvin which is no longer defined by the triple point of water but instead through a fixed value of the Boltzmann constant. In this paper the kelvin redefinition is introduced and the implications for temperature traceability and practical temperature sensing discussed. This will include outlining new approaches for temperature traceability, as well as discussing the rise of in process calibration through practical primary temperature sensing approaches (where, in principle, no sensor calibration is required). These forthcoming changes are likely to have significant impact on everyone in the temperature calibration chain, whilst the advent of in process temperature calibration should lead to step change improvements in process control, energy efficiency and product quality consistency and will help facilitate autonomous production.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16577001040526
Collin Smith, L. Torrente‐Murciano
In recent years, the potential for “green” ammonia produced from renewable energy has renewed the pursuit for a low-pressure, low-temperature ammonia synthesis process using novel catalysts capable to operate under these conditions. In past decades, the trend of decreasing the pressure in the existing Haber-Bosch process to the de facto limit of condensation at 80 bar has been achieved through catalysts such as iron-based ICI’s KATALCO 74-1. By replacing the separation of ammonia via condensation by absorption, the process loop can be integrated into a single-vessel at constant temperature, and the operating region drastically shifts to lower pressures (<30 bar) and temperatures (<380°C) unknown to commercial catalysts. Herein, the low-temperature and low-pressure activity of KATALCO 74-1 and KATALCO 35-8A catalysts is studied and compared to Ru/Cs/CeO2 catalyst known to have low-temperature activity through resistance to hydrogen inhibition. Due to its low-temperature and high-conversion activity, KATALCO 74-1 can be deployed in an integrated reaction and absorptive-separation using MnCl2/SiO2 as absorbent. Although further catalyst development is needed to increase compatibility with the absorbent in a feasible reactor design, this study clearly demonstrates the need to re-evaluate the viability of commercial ammonia synthesis catalysts, especially iron-based ones, for their deployment on novel green ammonia synthesis processes driven exclusively by renewable energy.
{"title":"Low Temperature and Pressure Single-Vessel Integrated Ammonia Synthesis and Separation using Commercial KATALCO Catalysts","authors":"Collin Smith, L. Torrente‐Murciano","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16577001040526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16577001040526","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the potential for “green” ammonia produced from renewable energy has renewed the pursuit for a low-pressure, low-temperature ammonia synthesis process using novel catalysts capable to operate under these conditions. In past decades, the trend of decreasing the pressure in the existing Haber-Bosch process to the de facto limit of condensation at 80 bar has been achieved through catalysts such as iron-based ICI’s KATALCO 74-1. By replacing the separation of ammonia via condensation by absorption, the process loop can be integrated into a single-vessel at constant temperature, and the operating region drastically shifts to lower pressures (<30 bar) and temperatures (<380°C) unknown to commercial catalysts. Herein, the low-temperature and low-pressure activity of KATALCO 74-1 and KATALCO 35-8A catalysts is studied and compared to Ru/Cs/CeO2 catalyst known to have low-temperature activity through resistance to hydrogen inhibition. Due to its low-temperature and high-conversion activity, KATALCO 74-1 can be deployed in an integrated reaction and absorptive-separation using MnCl2/SiO2 as absorbent. Although further catalyst development is needed to increase compatibility with the absorbent in a feasible reactor design, this study clearly demonstrates the need to re-evaluate the viability of commercial ammonia synthesis catalysts, especially iron-based ones, for their deployment on novel green ammonia synthesis processes driven exclusively by renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67350853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16631684163315
M. Maroto-Valer
The imperative and urgency of the message is clear. We need to act now to avert the worst effects of the very real climate crisis tragedy looming on the horizon. The effects of climate change are becoming more ubiquitous, with heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and floods becoming more frequent. Even during the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, the climate crisis did not stop. In October 2020, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated a clear message: even in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis, we should mobilise to prevent the climate crisis. The negative impacts caused by climate change could be the equivalent of a pandemic crisis every year from the middle of the 21st century.
{"title":"Guest Editorial: Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector: The Catalyst for a Decarbonised Future","authors":"M. Maroto-Valer","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16631684163315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16631684163315","url":null,"abstract":"The imperative and urgency of the message is clear. We need to act now to avert the worst effects of the very real climate crisis tragedy looming on the horizon. The effects of climate change are becoming more ubiquitous, with heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and floods becoming more frequent. Even during the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, the climate crisis did not stop. In October 2020, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated a clear message: even in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis, we should mobilise to prevent the climate crisis. The negative impacts caused by climate change could be the equivalent of a pandemic crisis every year from the middle of the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16669674224875
A. Wahbi, A. Tsolakis, J. Herreros, S. Zeraati-Rezaei, O. Doustdar, P. Millington, A. Raj
The main challenges of the CNG engine fuelling in terms of methane abatement in the aftertreatment system are addressed in this study by using different loaded PGM catalysts. A dual-fuel injection strategy of methane-gasoline was implemented where methane gas was port-injected into the intake in stoichiometric conditions at levels corresponding to 20 and 40% energy density replacement of gasoline fuel. High, medium, and low loaded Pd/Rh catalysts were used and compared to study the effect of PGM loading on the catalyst light-off activity for methane. Results indicate that increasing the Pd loading led to significantly earlier light-off temperatures achieved at relatively lower temperatures of 340, 350 and 395oC respectively. However, the benefit diminishes above Pd loading >142.5 g ft-3. The study has also demonstrated that NH3 is formed over the CNG catalyst due to steam-reforming reactions from the increased levels of methane in the exhaust with the dual-fuelling. Hence aftertreatment technologies such as SCR should be adopted to remove them. This further highlights the need to regulate the harmful NH3 emissions from future passenger cars fuelled with CNG. In addition, the benefits of the dual-fuel system in terms of lower engine output CO2, non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions compared to the GDI mode alone are presented.
本研究通过使用不同负载的PGM催化剂，解决了CNG发动机加注在后处理系统中甲烷减排方面的主要挑战。采用甲烷-汽油双燃料喷射策略，在化学计量条件下，以相当于汽油燃料20%和40%能量密度的水平向进气口喷射甲烷气体。采用高、中、低负载Pd/Rh催化剂，对比研究了PGM负载对甲烷催化剂点燃活性的影响。结果表明，在340、350和395oC的较低温度下，增加Pd负载可显著提前达到起燃温度。然而，当Pd加载量超过142.5 g ft-3时，这种效果就会减弱。该研究还表明，由于双重燃料的废气中甲烷含量增加，蒸汽重整反应会在CNG催化剂上形成NH3。因此，应采用SCR等后处理技术来去除它们。这进一步凸显了监管未来以压缩天然气为燃料的乘用车有害NH3排放的必要性。此外，与GDI模式相比，双燃料系统在降低发动机输出二氧化碳、非甲烷烃(NMHC)和颗粒物(PM)排放方面的优势也得到了体现。
{"title":"Advanced Catalytic Technologies for Compressed Natural Gas – Gasoline Fuelled Engines","authors":"A. Wahbi, A. Tsolakis, J. Herreros, S. Zeraati-Rezaei, O. Doustdar, P. Millington, A. Raj","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16669674224875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16669674224875","url":null,"abstract":"The main challenges of the CNG engine fuelling in terms of methane abatement in the aftertreatment system are addressed in this study by using different loaded PGM catalysts. A dual-fuel injection strategy of methane-gasoline was implemented where methane gas was port-injected into the intake in stoichiometric conditions at levels corresponding to 20 and 40% energy density replacement of gasoline fuel. High, medium, and low loaded Pd/Rh catalysts were used and compared to study the effect of PGM loading on the catalyst light-off activity for methane. Results indicate that increasing the Pd loading led to significantly earlier light-off temperatures achieved at relatively lower temperatures of 340, 350 and 395oC respectively. However, the benefit diminishes above Pd loading >142.5 g ft-3. The study has also demonstrated that NH3 is formed over the CNG catalyst due to steam-reforming reactions from the increased levels of methane in the exhaust with the dual-fuelling. Hence aftertreatment technologies such as SCR should be adopted to remove them. This further highlights the need to regulate the harmful NH3 emissions from future passenger cars fuelled with CNG. In addition, the benefits of the dual-fuel system in terms of lower engine output CO2, non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions compared to the GDI mode alone are presented.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16648726195503
P. Cabot, M. V. Martínez-Huerta, F. Alcaide
Renewable and low-carbon H2 gas will contribute to a future climate neutral economy as a fuel, clean energy carrier and/or feedstock. One of the main concerns when considering its production by the present proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is the use of scarce and expensive noble metals as catalysts for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, HER and OER, respectively, because they contribute to increase the cost of the technology. In this sense, several strategies have been developed to overcome this drawback, such as optimising the catalyst loading in the electrodes and alloying and/or using alternative catalyst supports, always with the aim to maintain or even increase the electrolyser performance and durability. In this review, we examine the latest developments in HER and OER catalysts intended for PEMWE practical systems, which point in the short term to the use of Pt and Ir noble-metal nanoparticles highly dispersed at low loadings on conductive non-carbon supports.
{"title":"Advanced Supports for Noble Metal Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers: A Review","authors":"P. Cabot, M. V. Martínez-Huerta, F. Alcaide","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16648726195503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16648726195503","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable and low-carbon H2 gas will contribute to a future climate neutral economy as a fuel, clean energy carrier and/or feedstock. One of the main concerns when considering its production by the present proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is the use of scarce and expensive noble metals as catalysts for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, HER and OER, respectively, because they contribute to increase the cost of the technology. In this sense, several strategies have been developed to overcome this drawback, such as optimising the catalyst loading in the electrodes and alloying and/or using alternative catalyst supports, always with the aim to maintain or even increase the electrolyser performance and durability. In this review, we examine the latest developments in HER and OER catalysts intended for PEMWE practical systems, which point in the short term to the use of Pt and Ir noble-metal nanoparticles highly dispersed at low loadings on conductive non-carbon supports.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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