Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16698159435925
Emma R. Schofield
The palladium price has been rising because emissions legislation necessitates using more palladium in catalytic converters. However, this trend will not continue as the energy transition progresses, and in the future there will be considerably more palladium available to use in other applications, including chemicals, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals catalysts. This is both opportunity and justification for the organic chemistry research community to develop new and significant uses for palladium that can be of global benefit. Any catalyst research needs to include optimisation of circular economy, offering sustainable process and recovery options to support life cycle assessment.
{"title":"Perspective on the Criticality of Palladium in Organic Synthesis","authors":"Emma R. Schofield","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16698159435925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16698159435925","url":null,"abstract":"The palladium price has been rising because emissions legislation necessitates using more palladium in catalytic converters. However, this trend will not continue as the energy transition progresses, and in the future there will be considerably more palladium available to use in other applications, including chemicals, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals catalysts. This is both opportunity and justification for the organic chemistry research community to develop new and significant uses for palladium that can be of global benefit. Any catalyst research needs to include optimisation of circular economy, offering sustainable process and recovery options to support life cycle assessment.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16584143272416
Andrew Cai, Zoe Rozario
Ammonia will be utilized as a key energy vector for storage and long-distance transport in the developing hydrogen economy. Direct ammonia fuel cells have the potential to decrease the process complexity of current fuel cell technology and therefore increases overall efficiency and unit footprint where implemented. In this paper, current direct ammonia fuel cell technologies are explored, such as SOFC-O, SOFC-H, alkaline, and ammonia borane fuel cells. From this, it is shown that SOFC-O have high experimental power outputs of 1100 mW/cm2 but has disadvantages of high NOx production, lower fuel utilisation and low efficiency. Alkaline and ammonia borane fuel cells have lesser interest due to complex ammonia pre-treatment, high NOx production and lower power outputs of 450 mW/cm2 and 110 mW/cm2 respectfully. SOFC-H seem to have the most potential due to high theoretical power outputs, high efficiency, increased fuel utilisation and low NOx production. DAFC technology has yet to reach full commercialisation, but as the hydrogen economy develops the potential benefits of DAFCs in complexity and footprint reduction will drive further investment and development, particularly in the shipping sector.
{"title":"Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells: A General Overview, Current Technologies and Future Directions","authors":"Andrew Cai, Zoe Rozario","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16584143272416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16584143272416","url":null,"abstract":"Ammonia will be utilized as a key energy vector for storage and long-distance transport in the developing hydrogen economy. Direct ammonia fuel cells have the potential to decrease the process complexity of current fuel cell technology and therefore increases overall efficiency and unit footprint where implemented. In this paper, current direct ammonia fuel cell technologies are explored, such as SOFC-O, SOFC-H, alkaline, and ammonia borane fuel cells. From this, it is shown that SOFC-O have high experimental power outputs of 1100 mW/cm2 but has disadvantages of high NOx production, lower fuel utilisation and low efficiency. Alkaline and ammonia borane fuel cells have lesser interest due to complex ammonia pre-treatment, high NOx production and lower power outputs of 450 mW/cm2 and 110 mW/cm2 respectfully. SOFC-H seem to have the most potential due to high theoretical power outputs, high efficiency, increased fuel utilisation and low NOx production. DAFC technology has yet to reach full commercialisation, but as the hydrogen economy develops the potential benefits of DAFCs in complexity and footprint reduction will drive further investment and development, particularly in the shipping sector.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67350898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651322x16546085782525
J. Bond
Professor Geoffrey C. Bond, PhD, DSc, FRSC, passed away after a short illness, peacefully in his sleep, on 9th January 2022 at Watford General Hospital, UK, close to his home in Rickmansworth. He was an international authority in the field of heterogeneous catalysis: the science that underpins almost all major industrial chemical processes. He specialised in catalysis by metals, which was the title of his first book published in 1962. Throughout his life he was in the vanguard of those extending the boundaries of his subject. Early work at the University of Hull, UK, featured the use of deuterium as an isotopic tracer to determine the detailed mechanisms of catalytic reactions. Next, at Johnson Matthey, UK, as Head of the Catalyst Research group he contributed to the development of vehicle exhaust catalysts. Then, at Brunel University, UK, he initiated a wide range of projects, culminating in his demonstration of the catalytic activity of gold: a metal which, until that time, ‘conventional wisdom’ had relegated to a class of inactive metals.
Geoffrey C. Bond教授，博士，DSc, FRSC，在短暂的疾病后，于2022年1月9日在英国沃特福德综合医院安详地去世，离他在里克曼斯沃思的家很近。他是多相催化领域的国际权威，多相催化是支撑几乎所有主要工业化学过程的科学。他专攻金属催化，这也是他1962年出版的第一本书的书名。在他的一生中，他是那些扩展他的学科边界的先锋。在英国赫尔大学的早期工作中，利用氘作为同位素示踪剂来确定催化反应的详细机制。随后，他在英国庄信万丰担任催化剂研究小组负责人，为汽车尾气催化剂的开发做出了贡献。然后，在英国布鲁内尔大学，他发起了一系列广泛的项目，最终以证明黄金的催化活性而告终。在此之前，“传统智慧”已将黄金归为一类非活性金属。
{"title":"Professor Geoffrey Bond: ‘Mr Gold’ International Expert in Gold Catalysis 1927–2022","authors":"J. Bond","doi":"10.1595/205651322x16546085782525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322x16546085782525","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Geoffrey C. Bond, PhD, DSc, FRSC, passed away after a short illness, peacefully in his sleep, on 9th January 2022 at Watford General Hospital, UK, close to his home in Rickmansworth. He was an international authority in the field of heterogeneous catalysis: the science that underpins almost all major industrial chemical processes. He specialised in catalysis by metals, which was the title of his first book published in 1962. Throughout his life he was in the vanguard of those extending the boundaries of his subject. Early work at the University of Hull, UK, featured the use of deuterium as an isotopic tracer to determine the detailed mechanisms of catalytic reactions. Next, at Johnson Matthey, UK, as Head of the Catalyst Research group he contributed to the development of vehicle exhaust catalysts. Then, at Brunel University, UK, he initiated a wide range of projects, culminating in his demonstration of the catalytic activity of gold: a metal which, until that time, ‘conventional wisdom’ had relegated to a class of inactive metals.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67351246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1595/205651323x16710342184187
F. Stenger, R. Franke, F. Gallucci, David Liese, Angelini Fabio, Vittoria Cosentino
MACBETH (Membranes and Catalysts beyond economical and technological hurdles) is a European funded project that aims at the implementation of a catalytic membrane reactor technology at TRL7 in four industrial relevant use cases. The paper gives the respective background, status quo and future perspective of that innovative technology that can be a corner stone to transfer current chemical processes into more sustainable ones.
{"title":"MACBETH: A Revolution in Catalytic Reaction Technology","authors":"F. Stenger, R. Franke, F. Gallucci, David Liese, Angelini Fabio, Vittoria Cosentino","doi":"10.1595/205651323x16710342184187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651323x16710342184187","url":null,"abstract":"MACBETH (Membranes and Catalysts beyond economical and technological hurdles) is a European funded project that aims at the implementation of a catalytic membrane reactor technology at TRL7 in four industrial relevant use cases. The paper gives the respective background, status quo and future perspective of that innovative technology that can be a corner stone to transfer current chemical processes into more sustainable ones.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67352155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.1595/205651321x16045078967011
O. S. Houghton, A. L. Greer
For the metals used in jewellery, high hardness and the associated scratch resistance are much sought after. Conventional crystalline alloys for jewellery are alloyed and extensively processed (thermally and mechanically) to improve hardness, but it is difficult to reach values beyond 300 HV. The advent of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), based on precious metals and with hardness exceeding 300 HV in the as-cast state, is therefore of great interest for both jewellery and watchmaking. The non-crystalline structure of these materials not only gives high hardness, but also the opportunity to shape metals like plastics, via thermoplastic forming (TPF). For more traditional jewellery manufacture, BMGs also exhibit high-definition and near-net-shape casting. Gold-based alloys have long dominated the consideration of BMGs for jewellery as they can comply with 18 karat hallmarks. Although BMGs based on platinum or palladium possess excellent thermoplastic formability and are without known tarnishing problems, achieving useful glass-forming ability (GFA) within the more restrictive hallmarking standards typically used for jewellery (≥95 wt% platinum or palladium) is at best challenging. In this two-part review, platinum- and palladium-based BMGs are discussed, focusing on their potential application in jewellery and on the further research that is necessary.
{"title":"A Conflict of Fineness and Stability: Platinum- and Palladium-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses for Jewellery: Part I","authors":"O. S. Houghton, A. L. Greer","doi":"10.1595/205651321x16045078967011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651321x16045078967011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For the metals used in jewellery, high hardness and the associated scratch resistance are much sought after. Conventional crystalline alloys for jewellery are alloyed and extensively processed (thermally and mechanically) to improve hardness, but it is difficult to reach values beyond 300 HV. The advent of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), based on precious metals and with hardness exceeding 300 HV in the as-cast state, is therefore of great interest for both jewellery and watchmaking. The non-crystalline structure of these materials not only gives high hardness, but also the opportunity to shape metals like plastics, via thermoplastic forming (TPF). For more traditional jewellery manufacture, BMGs also exhibit high-definition and near-net-shape casting. Gold-based alloys have long dominated the consideration of BMGs for jewellery as they can comply with 18 karat hallmarks. Although BMGs based on platinum or palladium possess excellent thermoplastic formability and are without known tarnishing problems, achieving useful glass-forming ability (GFA) within the more restrictive hallmarking standards typically used for jewellery (≥95 wt% platinum or palladium) is at best challenging. In this two-part review, platinum- and palladium-based BMGs are discussed, focusing on their potential application in jewellery and on the further research that is necessary.\u0000","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45802536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1595/205651321x16264409352535
Emily R. Ingman, Amber Shepherd, W. A. Brown
Surface science methodologies, such as reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), are ideally suited to studying the interaction of molecules with model astrophysical surfaces. Here we describe the use of RAIRS and TPD to investigate the adsorption, interactions and thermal processing of acetonitrile and water containing model ices grown under astrophysical conditions on a graphitic dust grain analogue surface. Experiments show that acetonitrile physisorbs on the graphitic surface at all exposures. At the lowest coverages, repulsions between the molecules lead to a decreasing desorption energy with increasing coverage. Analysis of TPD data gives monolayer desorption energies ranging from 28.8 - 39.2 kJ mol-1 and an average multilayer desorption energy of 43.8 kJ mol-1. When acetonitrile is adsorbed in the presence of water ice, the desorption energy of monolayer acetonitrile shows evidence of desorption with a wide range of energies. An estimate of the desorption energy of acetonitrile from CI shows that it is increased to ~37 kJ mol-1 at the lowest exposures of acetonitrile. Amorphous water ice also traps acetonitrile on the graphite surface past its natural desorption temperature, leading to volcano and co-desorption. RAIRS data show that the C≡N vibration shifts, indicative of an interaction between the acetonitrile and the water ice surface.
{"title":"Using Surface Science Techniques to Investigate the Interaction of Acetonitrile with Dust Grain Analogue Surfaces","authors":"Emily R. Ingman, Amber Shepherd, W. A. Brown","doi":"10.1595/205651321x16264409352535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651321x16264409352535","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Surface science methodologies, such as reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), are ideally suited to studying the interaction of molecules with model astrophysical surfaces. Here we describe the use of RAIRS and TPD to investigate the adsorption, interactions and thermal processing of acetonitrile and water containing model ices grown under astrophysical conditions on a graphitic dust grain analogue surface. Experiments show that acetonitrile physisorbs on the graphitic surface at all exposures. At the lowest coverages, repulsions between the molecules lead to a decreasing desorption energy with increasing coverage. Analysis of TPD data gives monolayer desorption energies ranging from 28.8 - 39.2 kJ mol-1 and an average multilayer desorption energy of 43.8 kJ mol-1. When acetonitrile is adsorbed in the presence of water ice, the desorption energy of monolayer acetonitrile shows evidence of desorption with a wide range of energies. An estimate of the desorption energy of acetonitrile from CI shows that it is increased to ~37 kJ mol-1 at the lowest exposures of acetonitrile. Amorphous water ice also traps acetonitrile on the graphite surface past its natural desorption temperature, leading to volcano and co-desorption. RAIRS data show that the C≡N vibration shifts, indicative of an interaction between the acetonitrile and the water ice surface.\u0000","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49322280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1595/205651321X16143384043486
R. Pearson, A. Coe, J. Paterson
A sustained global effort is required over the next few decades to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in order to address global warming as society seeks to deliver the Paris Agreement temperature goals. The increasing availability of renewable electricity will reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. However, some applications, such as long-haul aviation, are particularly challenging to decarbonise. The conversion of waste, biomass or existing CO2 emissions into sustainable fuels via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis offers one solution to this problem. This paper describes some of the challenges associated with this route to these alternative fuels and how Johnson Matthey and bp have solved them.
{"title":"Innovation in Fischer-Tropsch: A Sustainable Approach to Fuels Production : A cost-effective method of converting any carbon source into high-quality liquid hydrocarbon fuels","authors":"R. Pearson, A. Coe, J. Paterson","doi":"10.1595/205651321X16143384043486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1595/205651321X16143384043486","url":null,"abstract":"A sustained global effort is required over the next few decades to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in order to address global warming as society seeks to deliver the Paris Agreement temperature goals. The increasing availability of renewable electricity will reduce our reliance on\u0000 fossil fuels. However, some applications, such as long-haul aviation, are particularly challenging to decarbonise. The conversion of waste, biomass or existing CO2 emissions into sustainable fuels via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis offers one solution to this problem. This\u0000 paper describes some of the challenges associated with this route to these alternative fuels and how Johnson Matthey and bp have solved them.","PeriodicalId":14807,"journal":{"name":"Johnson Matthey Technology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47937350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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