Pub Date : 2017-02-19DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.S11-017
Barbara A. Yankey, R. Rothenberg, S. Strasser, Kim Ramsey-White, I. Okosun
Objective: Research on marijuana use suggests a protective effect on metabolic syndrome. National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III, World Health Organization, European Group for the study of Insulin Resistance and International Diabetes Federation has different criteria for metabolic syndrome. Definitions of both marijuana use and criteria for metabolic syndrome may influence the observed effects. We examine the relationship of years of marijuana use with the four common definitions of metabolic syndrome. Method: This is a cross-sectional study of 3051 adults aged ≥ 20 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012. Only participants who responded to the question, “Have you ever even once used marijuana or hashish?” were enrolled. Using multivariate logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios for metabolic syndrome with each year of marijuana use. Results: Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for having metabolic syndrome with each increase in year of marijuana use was 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.08) using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Respective AOR using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.13) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.13) using World Health Organization (WHO) or European Group for the study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) criteria. Using ATP III or IDF criteria, the adjusted odds ratio of having hypertension (AOR Hyp) for each year of marijuana use was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12). Using WHO criteria, AOR Hyp was 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.09) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) using EGIR. All the applicable criteria show increased odds for abdominal obesity: AOR 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.11) (ATP III), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.14) (EGIR) or 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.13) (IDF). Adjusted odds ratio for having high oral glucose tolerance test levels was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.18) using WHO and EGIR criteria. Conclusion: Irrespective of the criteria for metabolic syndrome, each year of marijuana use showed increased odds of having metabolic syndrome, hypertension or high oral glucose tolerance test levels. This increased odd is in contrast to most findings in literature. The small, yet consistent increase in odds for hypertension was slightly higher than that observed with cigarette smoking. Recreational marijuana use may be detrimental to cardiovascular health. A standardized definition of marijuana use will be relevant for further investigation.
{"title":"Relationship between Years of Marijuana Use and the Four Main Diagnostic Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome among United States Adults","authors":"Barbara A. Yankey, R. Rothenberg, S. Strasser, Kim Ramsey-White, I. Okosun","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-017","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Research on marijuana use suggests a protective effect on metabolic syndrome. National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III, World Health Organization, European Group for the study of Insulin Resistance and International Diabetes Federation has different criteria for metabolic syndrome. Definitions of both marijuana use and criteria for metabolic syndrome may influence the observed effects. We examine the relationship of years of marijuana use with the four common definitions of metabolic syndrome. Method: This is a cross-sectional study of 3051 adults aged ≥ 20 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012. Only participants who responded to the question, “Have you ever even once used marijuana or hashish?” were enrolled. Using multivariate logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios for metabolic syndrome with each year of marijuana use. Results: Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for having metabolic syndrome with each increase in year of marijuana use was 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.08) using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Respective AOR using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.13) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.13) using World Health Organization (WHO) or European Group for the study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) criteria. Using ATP III or IDF criteria, the adjusted odds ratio of having hypertension (AOR Hyp) for each year of marijuana use was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12). Using WHO criteria, AOR Hyp was 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.09) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) using EGIR. All the applicable criteria show increased odds for abdominal obesity: AOR 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.11) (ATP III), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.14) (EGIR) or 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.13) (IDF). Adjusted odds ratio for having high oral glucose tolerance test levels was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.18) using WHO and EGIR criteria. Conclusion: Irrespective of the criteria for metabolic syndrome, each year of marijuana use showed increased odds of having metabolic syndrome, hypertension or high oral glucose tolerance test levels. This increased odd is in contrast to most findings in literature. The small, yet consistent increase in odds for hypertension was slightly higher than that observed with cigarette smoking. Recreational marijuana use may be detrimental to cardiovascular health. A standardized definition of marijuana use will be relevant for further investigation.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87402885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-10DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000304
J. Nitzkin
E-cigarettes and related vapor products (e-cigs) are here to stay. They have tipped from a fad to a permanent part of the tobacco product scene. They now constitute a ten year old multibillion dollar industry in the United States. More likely than not, they offer personal and public health benefits far exceeding theoretically plausible harms. The current FDA “deeming” regulations threaten to eliminate more than 99% of e-cig products by imposing requirements so costly that few can afford to apply. Federal regulation of all tobacco-related products is needed to best protect the health of the public. Instead, the current regulations protect cigarettes from competition from e-cigs and other lowrisk alternatives and threaten to drive dedicated e-cig users back to cigarettes or to hazardous contraband and home-made products. Alternatives to the current regulations are proposed.
{"title":"E-Cig Tipping Points vs. FDA Deeming Regulations","authors":"J. Nitzkin","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000304","url":null,"abstract":"E-cigarettes and related vapor products (e-cigs) are here to stay. They have tipped from a fad to a permanent part of the tobacco product scene. They now constitute a ten year old multibillion dollar industry in the United States. More likely than not, they offer personal and public health benefits far exceeding theoretically plausible harms. The current FDA “deeming” regulations threaten to eliminate more than 99% of e-cig products by imposing requirements so costly that few can afford to apply. Federal regulation of all tobacco-related products is needed to best protect the health of the public. Instead, the current regulations protect cigarettes from competition from e-cigs and other lowrisk alternatives and threaten to drive dedicated e-cig users back to cigarettes or to hazardous contraband and home-made products. Alternatives to the current regulations are proposed.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75236173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-09DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.S11-016
Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt, N. S. Miller
{"title":"Marijuana's Role in The Adolescent Population","authors":"Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt, N. S. Miller","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90791437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-02DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.C1.028
T. Hellem
{"title":"What does the hamilton depression rating scale measure in methamphetamine users","authors":"T. Hellem","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.C1.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.C1.028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84184538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-17DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.S11-014
N. S. Miller, Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt
Marijuana is currently a growing risk to the public in the United States. Following expanding public opinion that marijuana provides little risk to health, state and federal legislatures have begun changing laws that will significantly increase accessibility of marijuana. Greater marijuana accessibility, resulting in more use, will lead to increased health risks in all demographic categories across the country. Violence is a well-publicized, prominent risk from the more potent, current marijuana available. We present cases that are highly popularized storylines in which marijuana led to unnecessary violence, health risks, and, in many cases, both. Through the analysis of these cases, we will identify the adverse effects of marijuana use and the role it played in the tragic outcomes in these and other instances. In the analysis of these cases, we found marijuana as the single most common, correlative variable in otherwise diverse populations and circumstances surrounding the association of violence and marijuana.
{"title":"Marijuana Violence and Law","authors":"N. S. Miller, Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-014","url":null,"abstract":"Marijuana is currently a growing risk to the public in the United States. Following expanding public opinion that marijuana provides little risk to health, state and federal legislatures have begun changing laws that will significantly increase accessibility of marijuana. Greater marijuana accessibility, resulting in more use, will lead to increased health risks in all demographic categories across the country. Violence is a well-publicized, prominent risk from the more potent, current marijuana available. We present cases that are highly popularized storylines in which marijuana led to unnecessary violence, health risks, and, in many cases, both. Through the analysis of these cases, we will identify the adverse effects of marijuana use and the role it played in the tragic outcomes in these and other instances. In the analysis of these cases, we found marijuana as the single most common, correlative variable in otherwise diverse populations and circumstances surrounding the association of violence and marijuana.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73897412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-16DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.S11-013
N. S. Miller, Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt, M. Gold
Marijuana addiction often is questioned, debated and dismissed as beneficial, not addicting and without serious adverse effects. However, examining the evidence derived from clinical practice and scientific research as illustrated and validated in the diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition, (DSM-5), marijuana is highly addicting, harmful and dangerous as other drugs of addiction.
{"title":"Marijuana Addictive Disorders: DSM-5 Substance-Related Disorders","authors":"N. S. Miller, Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt, M. Gold","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-013","url":null,"abstract":"Marijuana addiction often is questioned, debated and dismissed as beneficial, not addicting and without serious adverse effects. However, examining the evidence derived from clinical practice and scientific research as illustrated and validated in the diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition, (DSM-5), marijuana is highly addicting, harmful and dangerous as other drugs of addiction.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"114 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79216899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-16DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.S11-015
N. Saad
The medical justification as to the risks and benefits associated with the use of marijuana for medical purposes is not supported by current medical research and state and federal laws in the United States. State endorsed “medical marijuana” currently take the form of a dried plant, cannabis sativa. State laws in favor of legalizing marijuana for medical use fail to incorporate the general legal standards for medical practice and are created absent any uniformed guidelines. These attempts to circumvent federal law lack the support of the medical and legal community as they overlook the standards for safety and effectiveness established by the Food and Drug Administration for medical use. With a growing public demand for marijuana, states have merely attempted to bypass the federal government’s current regulations on marijuana by legalizing such laws.
{"title":"Comparative Analyses of âMedical Marijuanaâ Laws in the United States","authors":"N. Saad","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-015","url":null,"abstract":"The medical justification as to the risks and benefits associated with the use of marijuana for medical purposes is not supported by current medical research and state and federal laws in the United States. State endorsed “medical marijuana” currently take the form of a dried plant, cannabis sativa. State laws in favor of legalizing marijuana for medical use fail to incorporate the general legal standards for medical practice and are created absent any uniformed guidelines. These attempts to circumvent federal law lack the support of the medical and legal community as they overlook the standards for safety and effectiveness established by the Food and Drug Administration for medical use. With a growing public demand for marijuana, states have merely attempted to bypass the federal government’s current regulations on marijuana by legalizing such laws.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88451131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000344
Razvodovsky Ye
Background: It is widely believed that one of the negative consequences of Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign in Russia in the mid-1980s was the dramatic growth in the number of deaths from poisonings by non-beverage alcohol surrogates. Objective: This paper aims to clarify this important issue by analyzing the trends in fatal alcohol poisonings and poisonings by other toxic substances in Russia between 1956 and 2005. Methods: To examine the relation between fatal alcohol poisonings and poisonings by other toxic substances trends across the study period a time series analysis was performed using the statistical package “Statistica 12. StatSoft”. Results: The alcohol poisonings mortality rates for both sexes dropped sharply between 1984 and 1988. Substantial reduction was also recorded in the number of deaths from poisonings by other toxic substances in the mid-1980s. According to the results of time-series analysis there was a positive and statistically significant association between fatal poisonings by alcohol and poisonings by other toxic substances at the population level. Conclusion: The official statistical data do not support the claims that the Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign contributed to the dramatic growth in fatal poisonings by non-beverage alcohol surrogates.
{"title":"Fatal Alcohol Poisonings and Poisonings by Other Toxic Substances in Russia","authors":"Razvodovsky Ye","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000344","url":null,"abstract":"Background: It is widely believed that one of the negative consequences of Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign in Russia in the mid-1980s was the dramatic growth in the number of deaths from poisonings by non-beverage alcohol surrogates. Objective: This paper aims to clarify this important issue by analyzing the trends in fatal alcohol poisonings and poisonings by other toxic substances in Russia between 1956 and 2005. Methods: To examine the relation between fatal alcohol poisonings and poisonings by other toxic substances trends across the study period a time series analysis was performed using the statistical package “Statistica 12. StatSoft”. Results: The alcohol poisonings mortality rates for both sexes dropped sharply between 1984 and 1988. Substantial reduction was also recorded in the number of deaths from poisonings by other toxic substances in the mid-1980s. According to the results of time-series analysis there was a positive and statistically significant association between fatal poisonings by alcohol and poisonings by other toxic substances at the population level. Conclusion: The official statistical data do not support the claims that the Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign contributed to the dramatic growth in fatal poisonings by non-beverage alcohol surrogates.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74225188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000342
Mohammed Zubayer Miah
This was a cross sectional and descriptive study. It was conducted in a private psychiatric hospital in Sylhet, Bangladesh; duration was one year from 01/04/2014 to 31/03/2015. Study populations are all substance abuser patients, admitted in that hospital that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After consecutive sampling, 155 substance abuser patients were interviewed in a peaceful and non-threatening environment. Patients have been interviewed using questionnaire. Psychiatric disorders were assessed by using DSM-V criteria. This study revealed that, out of 155 patients, 101 (65.2%) was below age of 30 years. The mean age of the patients was 25.9 years (SD 7.61). Among all patients 147 (94.8) were male and 8 (5.2%) were female. Among all respondents 69.1% had history of initiation of abuse in between age of 11 to 20 years. Among them 34.2% patients had been suffering from medical disorders. 57.4% had been suffering from substance induced as well as co morbid psychiatric disorders. The commonest co morbid psychiatric disorders in our population were major depressive disorder (18.1%). Most of our cases came from urban localities (71.6%), which may be a reflection of the increase in urbanization in our country. The educational level of major portion of respondents was at least up to higher secondary level. It may be due to some sorts of increased facilities of education in Bangladesh now days as well as most of the patients came from solvent family.
{"title":"Socio-Demographic and Clinical Profile of Substance Abusers Attending a Regional Psychiatric Hospital in Sylhet, Bangladesh","authors":"Mohammed Zubayer Miah","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000342","url":null,"abstract":"This was a cross sectional and descriptive study. It was conducted in a private psychiatric hospital in Sylhet, Bangladesh; duration was one year from 01/04/2014 to 31/03/2015. Study populations are all substance abuser patients, admitted in that hospital that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After consecutive sampling, 155 substance abuser patients were interviewed in a peaceful and non-threatening environment. Patients have been interviewed using questionnaire. Psychiatric disorders were assessed by using DSM-V criteria. This study revealed that, out of 155 patients, 101 (65.2%) was below age of 30 years. The mean age of the patients was 25.9 years (SD 7.61). Among all patients 147 (94.8) were male and 8 (5.2%) were female. Among all respondents 69.1% had history of initiation of abuse in between age of 11 to 20 years. Among them 34.2% patients had been suffering from medical disorders. 57.4% had been suffering from substance induced as well as co morbid psychiatric disorders. The commonest co morbid psychiatric disorders in our population were major depressive disorder (18.1%). Most of our cases came from urban localities (71.6%), which may be a reflection of the increase in urbanization in our country. The educational level of major portion of respondents was at least up to higher secondary level. It may be due to some sorts of increased facilities of education in Bangladesh now days as well as most of the patients came from solvent family.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87723730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000346
Walid Aziz, Crystal Babb, Darin R Brown, Ahmad Murtaza Exeer, Partam Manalai
Ketamine use for patients with severe treatment-resistant depression continues to be an area of interest due to the relatively limited number of treatment options for those patients. Although its use as a treatment option for patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder may seem counterintuitive, in this case report, we explore the efficacy of ketamine for depressive episodes in schizoaffective disorder. This patient who carried a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder was given 300 mg of intramuscular ketamine for agitation. However, over the course of four days of inpatient stay, her depression drastically improved. She met criteria for remission with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score of 4, down from an initial score of 21. We advocate for a better understanding of the pros and cons of using ketamine for depression in schizoaffective disorders considering the controversy over the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, especially in African American population. At the urging of reducing the risk of suicide among this group and improving their quality of life as well as reducing financial burden by shortening total duration of hospitalization, it may be worthwhile to explore the feasibility of ketamine as a treatment option for severe depression in these patients, possibly as a last resort.
{"title":"Ketamine Role in Schizoaffective Disorder Depressive Type","authors":"Walid Aziz, Crystal Babb, Darin R Brown, Ahmad Murtaza Exeer, Partam Manalai","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000346","url":null,"abstract":"Ketamine use for patients with severe treatment-resistant depression continues to be an area of interest due to the relatively limited number of treatment options for those patients. Although its use as a treatment option for patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder may seem counterintuitive, in this case report, we explore the efficacy of ketamine for depressive episodes in schizoaffective disorder. This patient who carried a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder was given 300 mg of intramuscular ketamine for agitation. However, over the course of four days of inpatient stay, her depression drastically improved. She met criteria for remission with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score of 4, down from an initial score of 21. We advocate for a better understanding of the pros and cons of using ketamine for depression in schizoaffective disorders considering the controversy over the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, especially in African American population. At the urging of reducing the risk of suicide among this group and improving their quality of life as well as reducing financial burden by shortening total duration of hospitalization, it may be worthwhile to explore the feasibility of ketamine as a treatment option for severe depression in these patients, possibly as a last resort.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"94 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83919748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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