Pub Date : 2017-06-12DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201700484
M. Vatshelle, M. Glegola, M. Lien, T. Noble, H. Ruiz
The primary development drilling at the Ormen Lange field at the Norwegian continental shelf concluded in 2014. Reservoir monitoring is employed to reduce subsurface uncertainties and assist with late field-life development decisions. Geophysical methods used include 4D seismic, seafloor geodesy and field-wide 4D gravity and subsidence surveys. This abstract presents the results on both seafloor subsidence and 4D gravity from the surveys performed in 2012 and 2014. These results are provided at a lower cost and significantly faster turnaround compared to 4D seismic. While 4D seismic does not provide sufficient sensitivity to seafloor subsidence at Ormen Lange because of oceanographic variations, 4D gravity and subsidence surveys provide a clear picture, that is key for understanding and monitoring reservoir compaction. 4D gravity results, in turn, provide a valuable input to understanding mass changes in the reservoir. This input has less lateral resolution than that from 4D seismic, but as gravity is sensitive to mass changes, it provides immediate insight into the energy balance of the field and can be quickly integrated into history matching workflows. The integration of gravity and time-lapse seismic provides a reduction of uncertainties on aquifer influx and strength, with increased confidence through the consistency of independent methods.
{"title":"Development of Phased Array Ground Penetrating Radar for near surface exploration","authors":"M. Vatshelle, M. Glegola, M. Lien, T. Noble, H. Ruiz","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201700484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201700484","url":null,"abstract":"The primary development drilling at the Ormen Lange field at the Norwegian continental shelf concluded in 2014. Reservoir monitoring is employed to reduce subsurface uncertainties and assist with late field-life development decisions. Geophysical methods used include 4D seismic, seafloor geodesy and field-wide 4D gravity and subsidence surveys. This abstract presents the results on both seafloor subsidence and 4D gravity from the surveys performed in 2012 and 2014. These results are provided at a lower cost and significantly faster turnaround compared to 4D seismic.\u0000\u0000While 4D seismic does not provide sufficient sensitivity to seafloor subsidence at Ormen Lange because of oceanographic variations, 4D gravity and subsidence surveys provide a clear picture, that is key for understanding and monitoring reservoir compaction.\u0000\u00004D gravity results, in turn, provide a valuable input to understanding mass changes in the reservoir. This input has less lateral resolution than that from 4D seismic, but as gravity is sensitive to mass changes, it provides immediate insight into the energy balance of the field and can be quickly integrated into history matching workflows. The integration of gravity and time-lapse seismic provides a reduction of uncertainties on aquifer influx and strength, with increased confidence through the consistency of independent methods.","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84166968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-12DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201700481
H. Stigliano, I. Yemez, V. Singh
After a field discovery, E&P companies spend billions of dollars every year for subsurface appraisal. Most often, the appraisal decision is difficult and tortuous, lacks transparency and objectivity, and the level of appraisal is less than optimal which affect the full cycle project economics. This paper is an effort to manage uncertainty through appraisal by quantifying its impact on the field development plan and overall project profitability. An integrated approach of selecting appraisal well location and their sequencing using standard discounted cash-flow analysis was adopted to calculate commercial value of a project in terms of an economic indicator considering different uncertain variables, their dependencies and correlation between them. To quantify the specific appraisal activity benefits, in terms of uncertainty reduction and its economic reward to the field development plan for an offshore clastic reservoir discovery, the Value of Information approach along with decision tree analysis was used and a comparison between different evaluated scenarios was made for an optimal appraisal selection. This method has helped prioritizing the appraisal locations including their sequencing, ensuring that appraisal plan adds value and allows management to understand the post discovery risks/opportunities for future investments.
{"title":"Integrated Visualization of Subsurface Appraisal and Field Development Plan - A Key Input to Support Post Discovery Capital Intensive Investment Decisions","authors":"H. Stigliano, I. Yemez, V. Singh","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201700481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201700481","url":null,"abstract":"After a field discovery, E&P companies spend billions of dollars every year for subsurface appraisal. Most often, the appraisal decision is difficult and tortuous, lacks transparency and objectivity, and the level of appraisal is less than optimal which affect the full cycle project economics. This paper is an effort to manage uncertainty through appraisal by quantifying its impact on the field development plan and overall project profitability. An integrated approach of selecting appraisal well location and their sequencing using standard discounted cash-flow analysis was adopted to calculate commercial value of a project in terms of an economic indicator considering different uncertain variables, their dependencies and correlation between them. To quantify the specific appraisal activity benefits, in terms of uncertainty reduction and its economic reward to the field development plan for an offshore clastic reservoir discovery, the Value of Information approach along with decision tree analysis was used and a comparison between different evaluated scenarios was made for an optimal appraisal selection. This method has helped prioritizing the appraisal locations including their sequencing, ensuring that appraisal plan adds value and allows management to understand the post discovery risks/opportunities for future investments.","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82713350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.3997/2352-8265.20140213
Rina Yoneki, H. Mikada
Formations, like near surface and reservoir rock, are estimated to be strongly anisotropic for elastic wave propagation. To extract anisotropic information from seismic exploration data, many researches have conducted elastic anisotropy studies. However, most of these studies are based on the assumption of weakly anisotropic media. Our previous studies showed that strong anisotropic media in the subsurface significantly influence the seismic waveforms especially on the PS converted waves. In the present study, we apply the reverse time migration (RTM) to the PS converted waves to determine the depth of anisotropic layer. In addition, we normalized them and take difference for comparing imaging results. To extract PS converted waves from observed data, we also develop a novel wave separation method. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method using a numerical experiment. Our numerical result shows that our method can image layer boundary between isotropic and anisotropic layers which generates PS converted waves.
{"title":"Influence of near-surface strongly anisotropic medium on P-to-S wave conversion","authors":"Rina Yoneki, H. Mikada","doi":"10.3997/2352-8265.20140213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2352-8265.20140213","url":null,"abstract":"Formations, like near surface and reservoir rock, are estimated to be strongly anisotropic for elastic wave propagation. To extract anisotropic information from seismic exploration data, many researches have conducted elastic anisotropy studies. However, most of these studies are based on the assumption of weakly anisotropic media. Our previous studies showed that strong anisotropic media in the subsurface significantly influence the seismic waveforms especially on the PS converted waves. In the present study, we apply the reverse time migration (RTM) to the PS converted waves to determine the depth of anisotropic layer. In addition, we normalized them and take difference for comparing imaging results. To extract PS converted waves from observed data, we also develop a novel wave separation method. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method using a numerical experiment. Our numerical result shows that our method can image layer boundary between isotropic and anisotropic layers which generates PS converted waves.","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88004535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.3997/2352-8265.20140214
Yusuke Watanabe, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa
In this study we utilize the virtual source method to overcome existing problems surrounding marine shear wave survey. We improve the virtual source method (VSM) to enable to generate shear wave signal even in marine survey by using airgun records and a single ocean bottom seismometer (OBS). To evaluate this method, we conduct numerical experiments by using 3D finite difference simulation including an azimuthal anisotropic layer. We generate virtual 4C data by using our VSM and estimate azimuthal direction in subsurface of the model by applying the Alford rotation to these virtual 4C data with reasonable accuracy.
{"title":"Fundamental study for estimating azimuthal shear wave anisotropy by applying VSM in marine airgun survey","authors":"Yusuke Watanabe, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa","doi":"10.3997/2352-8265.20140214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2352-8265.20140214","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we utilize the virtual source method to overcome existing problems surrounding marine shear wave survey. We improve the virtual source method (VSM) to enable to generate shear wave signal even in marine survey by using airgun records and a single ocean bottom seismometer (OBS). To evaluate this method, we conduct numerical experiments by using 3D finite difference simulation including an azimuthal anisotropic layer. We generate virtual 4C data by using our VSM and estimate azimuthal direction in subsurface of the model by applying the Alford rotation to these virtual 4C data with reasonable accuracy.","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89627373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.3997/2352-8265.20140219
K. Kikuchi, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa
We have confirmed the interaction among phased array antennas in our previous study. In this paper, we would like to discuss one of the powerful and practical schemes of using phased array antennas applied to near surface exploration using ground penetrating radar (GPR). GPR emits electromagnetic (EM) waves to the subsurface and to measure signals reflected back from buried anomalies for the estimation of the positions and shapes of the anomalies. Although phased array antennas could generate EM waves whose signal-to-noise ratio is superior to that emitted by the conventional GPR antenna, there has been a risk of the interaction among plural antennas could lower the signal-to-noise ratio due to electrical currents induced by magnetic field generated by the other antennas and it was necessary to confirm the level of the interaction or the unfavorable currents caused by the other antennas. We conduct a numerical simulation to evaluate the mutual coupling of each pair of phased array antennas to determine the best alignment of antennas in the design to maximize the level of emitted signals. We then conduct another simulation with heterogeneous ground model using our designed antenna in order to confirm the effectiveness of the phased array antenna in practice. Our results show that the phased array antenna enhances the signal-to-noise ratio compared to the conventional antenna and has a higher sensitivity to the targets located lateral to the survey lines with low interaction level between the neighboring two antennas. We conclude that the phased array antenna has a potential to be used as a new radar source for GPR.
{"title":"Development of phased array ground penetrating radar for near surface exploration","authors":"K. Kikuchi, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa","doi":"10.3997/2352-8265.20140219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2352-8265.20140219","url":null,"abstract":"We have confirmed the interaction among phased array antennas in our previous study. In this paper, we would like to discuss one of the powerful and practical schemes of using phased array antennas applied to near surface exploration using ground penetrating radar (GPR). GPR emits electromagnetic (EM) waves to the subsurface and to measure signals reflected back from buried anomalies for the estimation of the positions and shapes of the anomalies. Although phased array antennas could generate EM waves whose signal-to-noise ratio is superior to that emitted by the conventional GPR antenna, there has been a risk of the interaction among plural antennas could lower the signal-to-noise ratio due to electrical currents induced by magnetic field generated by the other antennas and it was necessary to confirm the level of the interaction or the unfavorable currents caused by the other antennas. We conduct a numerical simulation to evaluate the mutual coupling of each pair of phased array antennas to determine the best alignment of antennas in the design to maximize the level of emitted signals. We then conduct another simulation with heterogeneous ground model using our designed antenna in order to confirm the effectiveness of the phased array antenna in practice. Our results show that the phased array antenna enhances the signal-to-noise ratio compared to the conventional antenna and has a higher sensitivity to the targets located lateral to the survey lines with low interaction level between the neighboring two antennas. We conclude that the phased array antenna has a potential to be used as a new radar source for GPR.","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"178 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78499223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.3997/2352-8265.20140221
Satoshi Fuse, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa
It is necessary to obtain an accurate underground velocity structure to grasp the image of subsurface in seismic survey. Among various estimation methodologies, borehole logging is one of the best ways accurately to estimate the rock elastic properties of the ground around the wellbore. In the conventional study, the combination of Alford rotation with slowness time coherence (STC) has been applied to estimate both the formation velocity and the azimuth angles under the existence of azimuthal anisotropy in the formation. However, it has been revealed the approach with Alford rotation could fail or gives improper estimates when the axis of symmetry of the anisotropic later does not lie in the plane orthogonal to the well axis. In this study, we conduct numerical simulation for transversely isotropic medium (TI) which has 5 independent stiffness elements in 3-dimensional logging model. In recent years, full waveform inversion (FWI) has been focused which could estimate physical properties by using all information of waveforms. We investigate the feasibility of FWI to detect the orientation and dip of TI. We introduce the Euler angles into TI to estimate the stiffness parameters by FWI instead of estimating the stiffness parameters as orthorhombic medium under a hypothesis that the stable solution can be obtained by introducing the Euler angles. This approach can reduce unknowns in FWI, i.e. computational efficiency and stability of inversion could be improved. The result clearly indicates that the FWI for anisotropic medium is effective in order to detect the shear wave anisotropy and stable solution could be obtained according to misfit function even when the anisotropic layer has the dip and orientation.
{"title":"Estimation of shear wave anisotropy of transversely isotropic medium by full waveform inversion","authors":"Satoshi Fuse, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa","doi":"10.3997/2352-8265.20140221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2352-8265.20140221","url":null,"abstract":"It is necessary to obtain an accurate underground velocity structure to grasp the image of subsurface in seismic survey. Among various estimation methodologies, borehole logging is one of the best ways accurately to estimate the rock elastic properties of the ground around the wellbore. In the conventional study, the combination of Alford rotation with slowness time coherence (STC) has been applied to estimate both the formation velocity and the azimuth angles under the existence of azimuthal anisotropy in the formation. However, it has been revealed the approach with Alford rotation could fail or gives improper estimates when the axis of symmetry of the anisotropic later does not lie in the plane orthogonal to the well axis.\u0000In this study, we conduct numerical simulation for transversely isotropic medium (TI) which has 5 independent stiffness elements in 3-dimensional logging model. In recent years, full waveform inversion (FWI) has been focused which could estimate physical properties by using all information of waveforms. We investigate the feasibility of FWI to detect the orientation and dip of TI. We introduce the Euler angles into TI to estimate the stiffness parameters by FWI instead of estimating the stiffness parameters as orthorhombic medium under a hypothesis that the stable solution can be obtained by introducing the Euler angles. This approach can reduce unknowns in FWI, i.e. computational efficiency and stability of inversion could be improved. The result clearly indicates that the FWI for anisotropic medium is effective in order to detect the shear wave anisotropy and stable solution could be obtained according to misfit function even when the anisotropic layer has the dip and orientation.","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"221 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78949676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.3997/2352-8265.20140220
M. Iwata, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa
Silica scaling restricts the heat extraction and deteriorates the power generation efficiency in geothermal systems. We conducted a deeply stepped analysis on the scaling phenomena with physical kinematics. We simulated the mechanical action on fine particles considered to be spherical in geothermal fluid. In addition, we evaluated the probability of particle re-entrainment from the wall surface and compared the scale deposition rate obtained from different ways of direct calculations. We succeeded not only in matching the order of deposition rate with experimental data, but also explaining the tendency of increase in partial scale deposition amount. Furthermore, our simulation using particles with various diameters indicates the prevention effect of scale buildup by controlling the colloidal aggregation.
{"title":"Quantitative simulation of silica scale deposition from physical kinematics perspectives","authors":"M. Iwata, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa","doi":"10.3997/2352-8265.20140220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2352-8265.20140220","url":null,"abstract":"Silica scaling restricts the heat extraction and deteriorates the power generation efficiency in geothermal systems. We conducted a deeply stepped analysis on the scaling phenomena with physical kinematics. We simulated the mechanical action on fine particles considered to be spherical in geothermal fluid. In addition, we evaluated the probability of particle re-entrainment from the wall surface and compared the scale deposition rate obtained from different ways of direct calculations. We succeeded not only in matching the order of deposition rate with experimental data, but also explaining the tendency of increase in partial scale deposition amount. Furthermore, our simulation using particles with various diameters indicates the prevention effect of scale buildup by controlling the colloidal aggregation.","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90479397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106742
Y. Matsunaga, W. Kanda, S. Takakura, T. Koyama, Z. Saito, Y. Ogawa, K. Seki, A. Suzuki, Yusuke Kinoshita, T. Kishita
{"title":"Magmatic hydrothermal system inferred from the resistivity structure of Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano","authors":"Y. Matsunaga, W. Kanda, S. Takakura, T. Koyama, Z. Saito, Y. Ogawa, K. Seki, A. Suzuki, Yusuke Kinoshita, T. Kishita","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106742","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"329 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85415482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-10DOI: 10.2208/jscejhe.74.i_1105
N. Izumi, Sakura Hagisawa
Once relatively fine sediment is entrained into water on the ocean floor of the continental shelf or the continental slope, water near the ocean floor increases its density due to the entrained sediment, and starts to flow in the downslope direction. This density flow is called a turbidity current in particular. A turbidity current has unimaginably high capabilities for erosion of the bed and sediment transport, and therefore, it is one of the major agents for the formation of submarine morphology such as submarine canyons and bedforms. As turbidity currents transport not only sediment also a large amount of organic matters originated in the continental areas to the deep ocean floor, they are one of the most essential processes for the generation of petroleum and methane hydrate. In addition, turbidity currents cause destructive damages on submarine infrastructure such as submarine cables. Therefore, study on turbidity currents is important from view points of the maintenance of submarine infrastructure.
{"title":"Bed instability generated by turbidity currents","authors":"N. Izumi, Sakura Hagisawa","doi":"10.2208/jscejhe.74.i_1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.i_1105","url":null,"abstract":"Once relatively fine sediment is entrained into water on the ocean floor of the continental shelf or the continental slope, water near the ocean floor increases its density due to the entrained sediment, and starts to flow in the downslope direction. This density flow is called a turbidity current in particular. A turbidity current has unimaginably high capabilities for erosion of the bed and sediment transport, and therefore, it is one of the major agents for the formation of submarine morphology such as submarine canyons and bedforms. As turbidity currents transport not only sediment also a large amount of organic matters originated in the continental areas to the deep ocean floor, they are one of the most essential processes for the generation of petroleum and methane hydrate. In addition, turbidity currents cause destructive damages on submarine infrastructure such as submarine cables. Therefore, study on turbidity currents is important from view points of the maintenance of submarine infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":14836,"journal":{"name":"Japan Geoscience Union","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84394858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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