Irrigation and Drainage最新文献

This study addresses the critical challenge of optimizing borehole drilling techniques and predictive models to improve groundwater utilization for irrigation in Burkina Faso. Initially, the analysis involved drilling 22 boreholes as part of a photovoltaic micro-sprinkler irrigation project (PRECIS), with only 11 deemed suitable for irrigation, highlighting the difficulty in achieving the required flow rate of 5 m³/h. To enhance the robustness of the study, additional data from 205 high-yield boreholes provided by the Office National de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement (ONEA) were incorporated. These boreholes, primarily intended for potable water supply, had flow rates often exceeding 5 m³/h. This extensive dataset was crucial in identifying significant predictors of the project flow rate (Qproj), including the flow rate at the end of drilling (QEndBorh) and lithological factors. The predictive model combining QEndBorh and lithological data explained 73.7% of the variance in Qproj, with an adjusted coefficient of determination (R²_adj) of 72.4%. The CART (classification and regression tree) regression model effectively identified branches with flow rates suitable for irrigation, such as Terminal Node 3 with a predicted Qproj of 6.67 m³/h and Terminal Node 4 with a predicted Qproj of 10.5 m³/h, demonstrating the model's robustness. These findings underscore the necessity of detailed lithological assessments and advanced predictive modelling to ensure efficient and reliable borehole drilling for irrigation purposes in regions with complex geological conditions.

The paper proposes a capacity-building programme (CBP) on water for food/agricultural water management in sub-Saharan Africa contained within an academy on the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. The paper is informed by a study funded by the International Water Management Institute and supported by the Water Research Commission of South Africa. It also reports on a stakeholder consultation workshop on 26 April 2023 in Pretoria, South Africa. It identifies key components of capacity-building design and delivery, including six teaching and learning pathways. These are managed ad hoc self-directed learning; continuing professional development; short-course training; vocational college training; part-time online postgraduate training; and full-time in-person postgraduate training. The accompanying budget analysis is speculative based on the size of the student cohorts per year for each of the six CBP pathways. The total budget of the academy is estimated at approximately US$60 million for a 10-year programme training 2,800 individuals. This works out at an average per-student cost of US$21,600. One question, debated at the stakeholder workshop but unresolved, was the emphasis on irrigation versus the agricultural water management continuum including rainfed agriculture.

In Japan, agricultural drainage facilities such as pumping stations and drains are designed by calculating an approximately 10–30-year return period based on observed precipitation in the past. However, damage to farmlands and agricultural facilities caused by heavy rainfall has become more severe and frequent in Japan. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (MAFF) is urged to develop new design standards in consideration of projected future precipitation, keeping in mind that MAFF needs to avoid building unnecessarily large-scale facilities. Therefore, more accurate and reasonable projection methods for precipitation are needed. Based on recent advancements and discussions of climate change projections through the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Japanese universities and research institutes are developing datasets for future precipitation projections, especially for assessing weather extremes in small areas. In light of the above, we conducted a case study in a model area to design drainage facilities using the latest climate change outlook. This study introduces how to apply climate change projection in drainage project planning for agricultural infrastructure in Japan and shows the result of future projections in the selected area.

The Imamoğlu Agricultural Irrigation Automation Project aims to revolutionize water management and allocation in agricultural irrigation through the establishment of a central management-based system. By integrating modern irrigation technologies and systems, the project seeks to optimize water usage by monitoring key variables such as irrigation methods and plant–water–yield relationships. The electronic water management system (ESYS), at the core of this initiative, employs a geographic information system (GIS)-based interface and real-time data to facilitate active participation of farmers and water stakeholders. Through the utilization of deep learning technology and real-time data analysis, the system enables timely and informed irrigation planning, resulting in significant water savings and increased productivity. The project's implementation, focused on the Imamoğlu Irrigation System, has gradually introduced a remote central management-based agricultural irrigation automation system to 2,240 farmers. Integrated with the ESYS, this system offers benefits including enhanced water supply security, remote access to irrigation control, soil moisture monitoring, weather-based irrigation planning and centralized plant pattern management. The project aims to promote efficient water usage, maximize food production and serve as a model for future irrigation projects. Key highlights include up to 65%–70% increase in water savings, up to 90% reduction in energy and fuel savings, up to 90% reduction in labour and personnel savings and more efficient irrigation management, among others.

The Mekong Delta, South East Asia's ‘rice bowl’, sustains more than 18 million people through its agricultural output. This yield is secured by efficient water management systems but is susceptible to climatic changes. As Vietnam's policies aim to optimize the delta's semi-mountainous regions reliant on rain-fed agriculture, this study investigates drought risks and climate change impacts on runoff in the O Ta Soc and O Tuk Sa reservoirs, An Giang Province, Vietnam. Using simulation models, we determined runoff volumes for specific rainfall return periods and climate scenarios for the 2030s and 2050s. Using the storm water management model (SWMM), we simulated the reservoir water balance considering rainfall, evaporation and infiltration. Our findings suggest potentially increased runoff and reservoir storage due to intensified monsoons and reduced off-season rainfall. The 4.77 km² drainage of the O Ta Soc reservoir could benefit from this, while the 2.55 km² drainage of the O Tuk Sa watershed may require alternative water-sourcing strategies. This research offers insights for drought predictions, flood management and water strategies in An Giang. To refine these predictions, future research should consider upcoming rainfall patterns.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of water user organizations (WUOs) in the agricultural sector in terms of their managerial efficiency. A survey was carried out across the study area to evaluate 67 WUOs, including irrigation cooperatives, municipalities, village legal entities (VLEs) and water user associations (WUAs). The findings were then used to create a management performance index. It has been determined that municipalities excel in terms of physical performance, irrigation cooperatives in enterprise and social performance and WUAs in institutional and investment performance. The general management performance index revealed that the most successful WUOs in the Konya closed basin were WUAs. Therefore, proposals have been put forward to begin institutionalization processes in other institutions to attain the successful institutionalization in WUAs. Additionally, the shift towards prepaid systems is recommended to mitigate collection problems, while water should be priced according to the full cost method. Finally, supporting the use of alternative energy sources for irrigation is crucial.

Since the late 1990s, the irrigation quota in Xinjiang, northwestern China has witnessed a decline, owing to the widespread adoption of highly efficient water-saving irrigation technologies. This phenomenon prompts the question: has there been a corresponding impact on potential evaporation? To explore changes in potential evaporation resulting from irrigation advances, we conducted a comprehensive analysis spanning the years 1978–2017 in Xinjiang. Our investigation focused on a pairwise examination of agricultural stations with substantial irrigation effects, enveloped by a substantial proportion of cultivated land, and reference stations with negligible irrigation effects, surrounded by a comparatively smaller proportion of cultivated land. The findings unveiled a noteworthy reduction in potential evaporation at agricultural stations during the period 1978–1997. However, a contrasting trend emerged in the subsequent period of 1998–2017, wherein there was a significant increase in potential evaporation. In contrast, reference stations did not exhibit statistically significant reversals in potential evaporation. The observed changes in potential evaporation at agricultural stations were primarily attributed to shifts in aerodynamic components. These changes were closely associated with the reversed changes in irrigation intensity, a consequence of the widespread adoption of water-saving irrigation practices since 1998.

Irrigated agriculture provides 40% of the world's crop-based foods but often with a negative impact on the environment. It is important to recognize that in addition to providing food and fibre, irrigation and controlled drainage systems can be optimized to provide additional ecosystem services and mitigate climate change by using resources in a more efficient way. Contemporary case studies were identified from around the world, including flood control by paddy fields in Japan, water quality enhancement and wastewater reuse in South Africa and Taiwan, micro-/meso-climate regulation in Ethiopia and Japan, controlled drainage and sub-irrigation to maximize carbon sequestration and minimize leaching in Finland, and groundwater table management to reduce irrigation water and pumping requirements in Turkey. Irrigation infrastructure, such as rice paddy terraced landscapes (Japan) and large dams and canals (Australia), have also achieved notable additional ecotourism job creation. Case studies were analysed in terms of funding opportunities and compared using the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services system. It is recommended that planning frameworks be developed that seek to optimize ecosystem services such as the ones discussed above. Policy should be updated to recognize these services and provide incentives to irrigators and water management entities accordingly.