Irrigation and Drainage最新文献

The experiment was conducted in a split–split plot design (SSPD) layout on two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, namely, the salt-tolerant KRL-1-4 and the salt-intolerant HD-2894, under various saline irrigation regimes ranging from 1.7 to 12 dSm⁻¹ treated with and without foliar potassium application at a K⁺:Na⁺ ratio of 1:10. In the SSPD experiment, the main effects of salinity, foliar application, and variety, along with their interaction effects, were examined. The results of the comprehensive statistical analysis revealed the significance of these factors. All four salt levels substantially reduced the grain yield for both wheat varieties, with the other variables held constant. These findings underscore the detrimental impact of salinity on wheat productivity. The analysis further supported the hypothesis that foliar potassium spray plays a pivotal role in influencing the grain production of both wheat cultivars. Notably, both the foliar and nonfoliar potassium treatment means were found to be statistically different. The statistical analysis conducted in this study not only provides valuable insights into the effects of salinity and potassium application on wheat cultivars but also serves as a guide for future studies with similar experimental designs. This research contributes to our understanding of the optimal conditions for wheat cultivation in saline environments.

Irrigation and Drainage (IRD) is a prestigious peer-reviewed journal with an international reputation and publishes technical papers on all scientific, engineering, environmental and socio-economic issues associated with irrigation, drainage and flood management. During the past 15 years from 2010 to 2024, 1517 papers were published in the journal. We analysed all these articles using bibliometric techniques to examine the impact of the journal's publications, the most productive and influential authors, and their contributions to the field of irrigation, drainage and flood management. Co-authorship among the top authors, co-occurrences of the topics, cocitations of the journals, bibliographic coupling of the authors and affiliated institutes and countries were analysed by applying network analysis techniques via VOSviewer software. The advancements in research during the last 15 years are also critically highlighted to understand recent developments in the field of irrigation, drainage and flood management. Future directions are also proposed in this review and might provide guidance for future research on irrigation, drainage and flood management.

Tile drainage has been incorporated into many cranberry production operations. Given the potential water quality impacts of tile drainage, we quantified its contribution to surface water flows and nutrient loads for a 2 ha cranberry bed during the 2014 growing season. Our results revealed that tile drainage tracked surface water flow except during (1) two major daily storm events ( >  99th percentile and >  95th percentile based on local rainfall records), which caused enhanced overland and shallow subsurface flow, and (2) extended dry periods, when surface water was stored in ditches and/or recharged to groundwater. The combination of the two major storms contributed 44% of the total N (TN) export load in the growing season and 39% of the total P (TP) export load in the growing season. The TN load in tile drainage (4.3 kg ha⁻¹) accounted for approximately half of that exported in surface water (7.5 kg ha⁻¹), indicating a substantial release of N during major storm events in the form of runoff, shallow groundwater flow, and potentially from the release of ditch sediments. Conversely, the TP load in tile drainage (2.7 kg ha⁻¹) was approximately twice that exported in surface water (1.5 kg ha⁻¹), which was consistent with the retention of P in ditch sediments.

In arid regions, intensive phreatic evaporation plays a significant role in promoting soil salinisation. Subsurface drainage is widely used to mitigate this issue. However, most previous studies focused on total salt and neglected the varying transport capacities of individual components. Studying salt in soil and drainage water from the perspective of salt components and their chemical species is essential. In this study, field experiments under subsurface drainage were conducted, and the contents of major salt components were monitored. The PHREEQC 3.0 model was used to calculate the chemical species contents. Leaching efficiency was quantified via the leaching ratio and critical leaching depth. The results showed that Cl and Na presented the highest leaching efficiencies, which are low for Ca, as 90% of Ca existed in the form of a CaSO₄·2H₂O precipitate. The leaching efficiencies of SO₄ and Mg were sensitive to the irrigation quota, resulting from the high sensitivities of their main species, MgSO₄⁰ and SO₄²⁻, to the irrigation quota. The constitutions of the salt in the drainage water were closer to those in the groundwater because the drainage water mainly originates from the groundwater. This study provides guidance for determining appropriate design parameters for subsurface pipes and leaching quotas.

The lack of a precise flow measurement device for terminal irrigation channel diversion often results in significant inaccuracies. To address this issue, a wide-bottom sill flow measurement device, the ‘measurement-control integrated side sluice gate’ (MCIS), was developed to facilitate accurate flow measurement. This study investigated the hydraulic characteristics and mechanism of lateral flow in the MCIS, including flow regimes, changes in water surface profiles and assessments of head losses. Discharge equations for the MCIS were then created via dimensional analysis and multiple nonlinear regression, and their accuracy was assessed and validated. The findings reveal that at high relative openings (e/H₁), the flow through the MCIS follows weir flow characteristics, whereas at low e/H₁ ratios, it exhibits orifice flow behaviour. The transition point between these flow regimes, identified as the critical relative opening (e/H₁)_c, is 0.84. The overall accuracy of flow measurement using the MCIS gate structure is 4%, with the weir flow equation achieving an average accuracy of 1.4%, surpassing the accuracy of the rectangular sharp-crested side weir flow measurement equation by more than 2.5 times. Similarly, the average accuracy of the orifice flow equation is 4%, which is 1.1 times higher than that of the rectangular spire side orifice.

Trace quantity irrigation (TQI) and moistube irrigation (MTI) are membrane discharge irrigation (MDI) systems designed to minimize water use and prevent clogging. When laboratory-prepared reclaimed water (similar to the China Class I-B standard) was used, emitter clogging (EC) occurred faster in the TQI, escalating within 216 h, compared to 312 h for the MTI. Analysis of dry weight (DW), extracellular polysaccharides (PSs) and proteins (PNs) in different parts of the irrigation pipes revealed that the PS and PN contents contributed to the EC, with the end part being the most affected. High-throughput sequencing identified Proteobacteria as a key factor in clogging, with Aquabacterium being dominant in TQI and Pseudomonas in MTI, whereas Methylophilus was common to both, suggesting that aerobic and anaerobic alternations exist in the irrigation pipe. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations indicated that the TQI had a faster flow velocity and greater water shear, leading to greater DWs in MTI (1.79–2.27 times higher than the TQI) but similar PS (1.06–1.47 times) and PN (0.87–1.03 times) levels. To manage clogging, MDI systems should apply chlorination with pressure flushing before clogging intensifies, adjusting the flushing duration according to the water quality.

Subsurface irrigation, which provides greater water efficiency and reduces surface soil wetting, is an effective alternative for minimizing water losses through evaporation, especially under cultivation conditions that require greater resource conservation. The ‘Sabiá’ grass, an agronomically relevant forage species, may exhibit different responses when irrigated by subsurface systems. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of ‘Sabiá’ grass irrigated with drippers installed at different depths during different climatic seasons. The experiment was carried out from January to July 2022 under open-air conditions in Viçosa, MG, Brazil, in a completely randomized design in split plots with four replicates. The plots consisted of four cycles of ‘Sabiá’ grass, and the subplots consisted of seven depths of dripper installation (superficial, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm). ‘Sabiá’ grass was cultivated in pots, and the recommendations for irrigation were based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), which was measured in two drainage lysimeters. The water consumption and morphogenetic and agronomic characteristics of ‘Sabiá’ grass were evaluated. The total water consumption of ‘Sabiá’ grass in cycles 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 42.4, 26.7, 14.9, and 11.5, respectively. The growth, development and productivity of ‘Sabiá’ grass decreased from cycle 1 (summer) to cycle 4 (winter). Morphogenic characteristics were slightly affected by the different dripper installation depths. ‘Sabiá’ grass presented lower shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass and water use productivity at the greatest dripper depths. ‘Sabiá’ grass presented greater root system development when the dripper was installed between 10 and 15 cm deep. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) proved to be a promising tool for estimating the biomass production of ‘Sabiá’ grass. In view of these results, drip tapes should be installed between depths of 10 and 20 cm for the cultivation of ‘Sabiá’ grass in clay soil.