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CO2 Sequestration Through Aqueous Carbonation of Electric Arc Furnace Slag 通过电弧炉炉渣水碳化封存二氧化碳
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.207
Francesca Bonfante, Giuseppe Ferrara, Pedro Humbert, Davide Garufi, Jean-Marc Christian Tulliani, Paola Palmero

Electric Arc Furnace slag (EAF slag) reuse is currently limited by its inconsistent chemical composition and volume instability. However, the alkaline composition suggests the possibility to use this material for carbon capture and storage. This study investigated the CO2 uptake of EAF slag using a direct aqueous carbonation technique. The process was implemented at room temperature and ambient pressure, with minimized energy consumption. The CO2-reactive phases were identified through X-ray diffraction analysis. Different CO2 quantification techniques were employed: thermogravimetric analysis, acid digestion and thermal decomposition. The replicability of experiments and quantification techniques was assessed through analysis of variance and pairwise comparisons. The average CO2 uptake and coefficient of variation resulted respectively 7.9% and 9.0%, with a carbonation degree of about 34%, proving that this simple mineralization process can be promising even in mild conditions.

电弧炉炉渣(EAF slag)的再利用目前受到其化学成分不一致和体积不稳定的限制。不过,其碱性成分表明有可能将这种材料用于碳捕集与封存。本研究采用直接水溶液碳化技术对电弧炉炉渣的二氧化碳吸收进行了研究。该工艺在室温和环境压力下进行,能耗最小。通过 X 射线衍射分析确定了二氧化碳反应相。采用了不同的二氧化碳定量技术:热重分析、酸消化和热分解。通过方差分析和配对比较评估了实验和定量技术的可重复性。结果显示,二氧化碳的平均吸收率和变异系数分别为 7.9% 和 9.0%,碳化程度约为 34%,这证明即使在温和的条件下,这种简单的矿化过程也是有前景的。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment on Bond Strength of CFRP Sheet Bonded to Concrete Focused on Sheet Stiffness 以片材刚度为重点评估与混凝土粘接的 CFRP 片材的粘接强度
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.190
Mitsuhiko Ozaki, Yasuhiko Sato, Eiji Yoshida, Aya Takeuchi, Yuta Yamada, Fumiaki Nagashima

In previous studies on the bond behaviors of FRP sheets attached to concrete, specimens for bond tests that contained FRP sheets with relatively low stiffnesses were used. However, in actual strengthening design, high stiffnesses of FRP sheets are required because the scale of the structure is very large. Therefore, in this study, bond tests were conducted using specimens with many different sheet stiffnesses and with polyurea resin. As a result, the bond strength increased as the stiffness increased with multiple CFRP sheets. Nevertheless, existing bond strength models overestimated the bond strength when the stiffness exceeded 200 kN/mm. In addition, 3D scanning measurements of patterned and indented concrete thin layers behind CFRP sheets revealed that the interfacial fracture energy was strongly related to the surface area of the concrete thin layer, not to the CFRP sheet stiffness or the resin properties.

This paper is an English translation of the authors’ previous work [Ozaki, M., Sato, Y., Yoshida, E., Takeuchi, A., Yamada, Y. and Nagashima, F., (2023). “Assessment on bond strength of CFRP sheet bonded to concrete focused on sheet stiffness.” Journal of JSCE, 79(6), 22-00289. (in Japanese)].

在以往关于附着在混凝土上的 FRP 片材的粘结行为的研究中,粘结试验中使用的试样包含刚度相对较低的 FRP 片材。然而,在实际加固设计中,由于结构的规模非常大,因此需要高刚度的 FRP 片材。因此,在本研究中,使用了多种不同刚度的板材试样和聚脲树脂进行了粘接试验。结果发现,随着多个 CFRP 片材刚度的增加,粘接强度也随之增加。然而,当刚度超过 200 kN/mm 时,现有的粘接强度模型高估了粘接强度。此外,对 CFRP 片材后面的混凝土薄层的图案和凹陷进行的三维扫描测量显示,界面断裂能与混凝土薄层的表面积密切相关,而与 CFRP 片材的刚度或树脂特性无关。"以片材刚度为重点的 CFRP 片材与混凝土粘结强度评估"。JSCE期刊,79(6),22-00289。(日文)]。
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引用次数: 0
Bond Strength of Post-installed Anchor Adhering to Damaged Concrete by Freeze-thaw Action 冻融作用下后置锚固件与受损混凝土的粘结强度
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.178
Yuga Yano, Taito Shiokoshi, Yuya Takase, Yutaro Ishida, Takahide Abe, Muneomi Takahashi, Tsutomu Ishigaki

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures in cold regions are susceptible to surface deterioration due to freeze-thaw cycles (FTC). For sustainable development goals (SDGs) and a decarbonized society, damaged structures should be repaired and reinforced. Post-installed anchors are commonly used for seismic retrofitting and equipment fixation. However, research on the bond characteristics of damaged concrete is limited. Therefore, in this study, the bonding performance of adhesive anchors in damaged concrete was investigated. Liquid nitrogen was employed to subject the concrete surface to FTC; subsequently, bond-slip tests were conducted with the degree of deterioration serving as a parameter. The results suggested, the bond strength decreased as the degree of damage increased. The reduction ratios of the post-installed anchor with epoxy and cement-based resins were almost identical. Furthermore, a bond strength equation was proposed by referring to the bond-slip model between the rebar and concrete (fib 1990). The test results were well predicted with a correlation coefficient of 0.94. This study is based on previous studies (Yano et al. 2022, 2023) but presents new findings.

寒冷地区的钢筋混凝土(RC)结构很容易因冻融循环(FTC)而导致表面老化。为了实现可持续发展目标(SDGs)和去碳化社会,应修复和加固受损结构。后安装锚栓通常用于抗震改造和设备固定。然而,对受损混凝土粘结特性的研究却十分有限。因此,本研究调查了粘合锚栓在受损混凝土中的粘合性能。采用液氮对混凝土表面进行 FTC,然后以劣化程度为参数进行粘结滑动测试。结果表明,粘接强度随着损坏程度的增加而降低。使用环氧树脂和水泥基树脂的后安装锚固件的降低率几乎相同。此外,参照钢筋和混凝土之间的粘结滑移模型(fib,1990 年),提出了一个粘结强度方程。测试结果的预测结果良好,相关系数为 0.94。本研究基于之前的研究(Yano 等人,2022 年、2023 年),但提出了新的发现。
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引用次数: 0
The GBESO Method Based on FEA with Discrete Models and Application for Aided Design to Members in RC D-Region 基于离散模型有限元分析的 GBESO 方法及其在 RC D 区构件辅助设计中的应用
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.162
Hu-zhi Zhang, Yi-jun Kang, Li-kun Li, Jian-qun Wang

To better utilize topology optimization theory to assist in designing reinforced concrete (RC) D-region members, a novel application mode, the Genetic Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (GBESO) method based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with discrete models is proposed. Correspondingly a design method for reinforcement layout of RC D-region members is also derived. Non-linear FEA verification is conducted on numerical examples involving deep beams with openings. The results demonstrate that the GBESO algorithm exhibits better global optimization capacities compared to Evolutionary Structural Optimization-type (ESO-type) algorithms. It also provides rebar topologies that are more in line with the optimization objective, bringing lower steel consumption and higher rebar utilization rates. Moreover, by introducing inclined rebar to the members, their shear strength is enhanced to a level comparable to the flexural one, significantly improving ultimate load-bearing capacity, elastoplastic deformation capacity, and better ductility compared to empirical method.

为了更好地利用拓扑优化理论协助设计钢筋混凝土(RC)D-区域构件,提出了一种新的应用模式,即基于离散模型有限元分析(FEA)的遗传双向进化结构优化(GBESO)方法。相应地,还推导出了 RC D 区构件加固布局的设计方法。在涉及带开口的深梁的数值实例中进行了非线性有限元分析验证。结果表明,与进化结构优化算法(ESO)相比,GBESO 算法具有更好的全局优化能力。它还提供了更符合优化目标的钢筋拓扑结构,从而降低了钢材消耗,提高了钢筋利用率。此外,与经验法相比,通过在构件中引入倾斜钢筋,构件的抗剪强度提高到了与抗弯强度相当的水平,从而显著提高了极限承载能力和弹塑性变形能力,并改善了延性。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of SCMs on the Resistance of Steam-cured Concrete to Chloride Attack in the Tidal Zone of Real Marine Environment 单体材料对真实海洋环境潮汐区蒸汽养护混凝土抗氯化物侵蚀能力的影响
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.149
Xiaofeng Han, Lixiao Zhao, Xiaoguang Sun, Li Tian, Zhenxing Du, Penggang Wang

Steam curing is a widely used technique for producing precast concrete components in practical engineering. Chloride attack is a main factor that leads to the corrosion of rebars in concrete structures, which significantly affects the durability and safety of concrete structures in marine environments. In this paper, XRD, LF-NMR, 29Si NMR, and 27Al NMR were used to investigate the microstructure evolution of steam-cured concrete and standard-cured concrete. Then, the steam-cured and standard-cured concrete were subjected to actual marine exposure tests to explore the microstructure evolution of concrete and the chloride erosion behavior in the tidal zone. The results showed that steam-curing can increase the average molecular chain length (MCL) and polymerization degree of C-(A)-S-H, promote the transformation of silicon-oxygen tetrahedral dimer to polymer, and increase the Q2/Q1 value of steam-cured concrete to twice that of standard-cured concrete. Compared to standard-cured specimens, steam-cured concrete specimens had significantly more harmful pores and multi-harmful pores. With the increase of exposure time to the marine environment, the depth of the convection zone inside the concrete did not change significantly, however, the peak value of chloride concentration increased gradually. The addition of SCMs to steam-cured concrete reduced the content of free and total chloride, which was well explained by microscopic tests. The concentration of chloride on the surface and chloride diffusion coefficient of steam-cured concrete showed a quadratic function relationship with the increase of slag content, and an exponential decay relationship with the content of fly ash.

在实际工程中,蒸汽养护是一种广泛用于生产混凝土预制构件的技术。氯化物侵蚀是导致混凝土结构中钢筋锈蚀的主要因素,严重影响了海洋环境中混凝土结构的耐久性和安全性。本文采用 XRD、LF-NMR、29Si NMR 和 27Al NMR 对蒸汽养护混凝土和标准养护混凝土的微观结构演变进行了研究。然后,对蒸汽养护混凝土和标准养护混凝土进行了实际的海洋暴露试验,以探讨混凝土的微观结构演变和在潮汐区的氯离子侵蚀行为。结果表明,蒸汽养护可增加 C-(A)-S-H 的平均分子链长(MCL)和聚合度,促进硅氧四面体二聚体向聚合物的转化,并使蒸汽养护混凝土的 Q2/Q1 值增至标准养护混凝土的两倍。与标准养护试件相比,蒸汽养护混凝土试件的有害孔隙和多有害孔隙明显增多。随着暴露于海洋环境时间的增加,混凝土内部对流区的深度没有明显变化,但氯离子浓度的峰值逐渐增加。在蒸养混凝土中添加单体氯化物可降低游离氯化物和总氯化物的含量,这在显微测试中得到了很好的解释。蒸养混凝土表面的氯化物浓度和氯化物扩散系数与矿渣含量的增加呈二次函数关系,与粉煤灰含量呈指数衰减关系。
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引用次数: 0
Extraction of Carbonation Rate from Depth Profile of Concrete Carbonation by using Pseudo-analytical Solution of Two-component Reaction-diffusion Equation 利用双组分反应-扩散方程的伪解析解从混凝土碳化深度剖面提取碳化率
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.139
Tsuneki Ichikawa, Kazuko Haga, Kazuo Yamada

The accurate numerical solution of a one-dimensional two-component reaction-diffusion equation including a second-order chemical reaction between concrete constituents and carbon dioxide to generate carbonated products was approximated by a simple analytical function which was given as a function of the effective diffusion coefficient of CO2, the rate constant of CO2 absorption, and parameters determined by the initial and the boundary conditions of the system. The pseudo-analytical solution thus obtained showed that the depth profile of carbonation shifts in parallel with square-root of time, and the rate constant of carbonation is determined from the location where the amount of the carbonated product is a half of the maximum amount. Comparison of the pseudo-analytical solution with an observed depth profile of concrete carbonation makes it possible to directly extract the rate constant of concrete carbonation that is necessary for predicting the future progress of the carbonation.

对包括混凝土成分与二氧化碳之间二阶化学反应生成碳化产物的一维双组分反应-扩散方程的精确数值求解,用一个简单的解析函数进行了近似,该函数是二氧化碳有效扩散系数、二氧化碳吸收速率常数以及由系统初始条件和边界条件确定的参数的函数。由此得到的伪解析解表明,碳化深度剖面随时间的平方根平行移动,碳化速率常数由碳化产物量为最大量一半的位置确定。将伪解析解与观测到的混凝土碳化深度剖面图进行比较,可以直接提取混凝土碳化速率常数,这对于预测碳化的未来进展十分必要。
{"title":"Extraction of Carbonation Rate from Depth Profile of Concrete Carbonation by using Pseudo-analytical Solution of Two-component Reaction-diffusion Equation","authors":"Tsuneki Ichikawa, Kazuko Haga, Kazuo Yamada","doi":"10.3151/jact.22.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.22.139","url":null,"abstract":"</p><p>The accurate numerical solution of a one-dimensional two-component reaction-diffusion equation including a second-order chemical reaction between concrete constituents and carbon dioxide to generate carbonated products was approximated by a simple analytical function which was given as a function of the effective diffusion coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>, the rate constant of CO<sub>2</sub> absorption, and parameters determined by the initial and the boundary conditions of the system. The pseudo-analytical solution thus obtained showed that the depth profile of carbonation shifts in parallel with square-root of time, and the rate constant of carbonation is determined from the location where the amount of the carbonated product is a half of the maximum amount. Comparison of the pseudo-analytical solution with an observed depth profile of concrete carbonation makes it possible to directly extract the rate constant of concrete carbonation that is necessary for predicting the future progress of the carbonation.</p>\u0000<p></p>","PeriodicalId":14868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140201788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Structural Behaviors of Steel Tube-encased Concrete Columns Confined by Bolted Circular Thin Steel Tube 螺栓连接圆形薄钢管限制的钢管包裹混凝土柱的结构行为
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.115
Chi Zhang, Koki Yamaoka, Takashi Fujinaga, Yuping Sun

Six square steel tube-encased concrete (SC) columns confined by bolted circular thin steel tube were fabricated and tested under cyclical reversed lateral load to investigate their structural behavior. The primary experimental variables included the axial load ratio, the grade of the encased square steel tubes (FB rank and FC rank), the infilling of concrete into the encased steel tube, and the thickness of outer circular bolted thin steel tubes. Experimental results revealed that confinement by the bolted circular thin steel tube with outer-diameter-to-thickness ratio of 189 could ensure sufficient ductility to the SC columns, and the bolted thin steel tube did not rupture until the drift angle of about 0.09 rad. Furthermore, a simple evaluation method for the ultimate flexural strength of SC column section was proposed along with a numerical analytical method to predict the overall behavior of SC columns. The proposed methods can take the confinement effect by the bolted circular steel tube into consideration. Fairly good agreement between the experimental results and the calculated ones verified the reliability and accuracy of the proposed methods.

我们制作了六根方形钢管包裹的混凝土(SC)柱,并在循环反向侧向荷载下对其进行了测试,以研究其结构行为。主要实验变量包括轴向荷载比、包裹方钢管的等级(FB 级和 FC 级)、包裹钢管中混凝土的填充量以及外层圆形螺栓薄钢管的厚度。实验结果表明,外径与厚度比为 189 的螺栓连接圆形薄钢管的约束可以确保 SC 柱具有足够的延性,并且螺栓连接薄钢管在漂移角约为 0.09 rad 时才会断裂。此外,还提出了一种简单的 SC 柱截面极限抗弯强度评估方法,以及一种预测 SC 柱整体行为的数值分析方法。所提出的方法考虑了螺栓连接圆钢管的约束效应。实验结果与计算结果相当吻合,验证了所提方法的可靠性和准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Fly Ash Content on Rheological Properties of Self-compacting Geopolymer Mortar 粉煤灰含量对自密实土工聚合物砂浆流变特性的影响
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-09 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.103
Muhammad Talha Ghafoor, Chikako Fujiyama

This study is a continuation of the published research studies relevant to self-compacting geopolymer mortar (SCGM) prototype using fly ash. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fly ash quantity on the rheological properties of SCGM. The flow properties include relative flow area (Gm) and relative funnel speed (Rm) is determined with the variation of fly ash to sand ratio (FA/S), volume of water to powder ratio (Vw/Vp), and superplasticizer to powder ratio (Sp/P). The test results exhibited that the increase in FA/S from 0.5 to 1.0 positively affected the Gm and Rm of SCGM. The maximum Gm of 10.90 and Rm of 1.43 were obtained for the SCGM mix having FA/S of 1.0, Vw/Vp of 1.02, and Sp/P of 3%. Overall, test results exhibited that with an increase in FA/S comparable flow properties of SCGM were achieved even at lower Vw/Vp and Sp/P. The recommended boundary for SCGM is proposed by comparing the experimental test result of this study with previous studies.

本研究是已发表的与使用粉煤灰的自密实土工聚合物砂浆(SCGM)原型相关的研究的延续。本研究旨在探讨粉煤灰用量对自密实土工聚合物砂浆流变特性的影响。随着粉煤灰与砂的比例(FA/S)、水与粉末的体积比(Vw/Vp)以及超塑化剂与粉末的比例(Sp/P)的变化,确定了包括相对流动面积(Gm)和相对漏斗速度(Rm)在内的流动特性。试验结果表明,FA/S 从 0.5 增加到 1.0 会对 SCGM 的 Gm 和 Rm 产生积极影响。FA/S 为 1.0、Vw/Vp 为 1.02、Sp/P 为 3% 的 SCGM 混合料的最大 Gm 为 10.90,Rm 为 1.43。总之,测试结果表明,随着 FA/S 的增加,即使在较低的 Vw/Vp 和 Sp/P 条件下,SCGM 也能获得相当的流动性能。通过将本研究的实验测试结果与之前的研究结果进行比较,提出了 SCGM 的推荐边界。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of the Protected Paste Volume by Spatial Tessellation Associated with the Point Pattern of Air Voids 通过与气泡点模式相关的空间细分估算保护浆料体积
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-09 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.128
Kazuya Ohyama, Soshi Yamashita, Shin-ichi Igarashi

Paste volumes protected by air voids against frost attacks were estimated using Dirichlet tessellation tiles. Each tile was regarded as an area protected by air voids. The characteristic distance was defined by the largest tile size to reach a cumulative area fraction of 0.95. The significance of this distance was verified by a Monte Carlo test for the simulation of random point patterns. Comparing the characteristic distance and conventional spacing factor, the latter corresponds to the actual distance required for protecting the local region with the highest vulnerability to frost attack. The tessellation model provides the protection characteristic distance without overlaps even in the region of clustered air voids.

利用 Dirichlet 网格瓦片估算出受空气空隙保护、免受霜冻侵袭的浆料体积。每个瓦片都被视为受空隙保护的区域。特征距离由达到累积面积分数 0.95 的最大瓦片尺寸定义。通过模拟随机点图案的蒙特卡洛测试验证了该距离的重要性。比较特征距离和传统间距系数,后者与保护最易遭受霜冻袭击的局部区域所需的实际距离一致。即使在空气空隙聚集的区域,细分模型也能提供无重叠的保护特征距离。
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引用次数: 0
Shear Behaviour of Full-Scale Squat Shear Walls with and without Precast Pre-walls 有预制预墙和无预制预墙的全尺寸蹲式剪力墙的剪力行为
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.86
Eissa Fathalla, Bertrand Ringeisen, Marc Lenges, Boyan Mihaylov

Reinforced concrete shear walls are commonly used in buildings to resist lateral loads due to wind and seismic action. They are typically either cast-in-place or precast, with the latter solution used to achieve high construction speed and quality control. At the same time, the main challenge with precast solutions is to ensure appropriate connections between the adjacent walls, as well as the anchorage of the walls in the foundations. A hybrid structural system combining precast and cast-in-place concrete can provide the advantages of both methods such as faster construction, better quality control, improved structural performance, and durability. This study focuses on investigating the shear behaviour of squat hybrid shear walls through full-scale experimental testing. The tests include one conventional cast-in-place wall and one hybrid wall with a pre-wall system (two precast walls) and cast-in-place concrete core. Detailed measurements and kinematic-based modelling are used to develop comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of the test specimens. It is shown that the hybrid method of construction does not affect the stiffness of the walls and results in a slight reduction of shear strength. It is also shown that the three-parameter kinematic theory can be used to predict the shear strength and key deformation components of the tested walls.

钢筋混凝土剪力墙通常用于建筑物,以抵抗风和地震作用产生的侧向荷载。剪力墙通常采用现浇或预制两种方式,其中预制方案可实现较高的施工速度和质量控制。同时,预制解决方案的主要挑战在于确保相邻墙体之间的适当连接,以及墙体在地基中的锚固。结合预制和现浇混凝土的混合结构系统可以提供两种方法的优点,如更快的施工速度、更好的质量控制、更高的结构性能和耐久性。本研究的重点是通过全尺寸实验测试,研究蹲式混合剪力墙的剪切性能。试验包括一堵传统的现浇墙和一堵带有预制墙系统(两堵预制墙)和现浇混凝土核心筒的混合墙。通过详细测量和基于运动学的建模,全面了解了试件的行为。结果表明,混合施工方法不会影响墙体的刚度,但会导致剪切强度略有降低。研究还表明,三参数运动学理论可用于预测测试墙体的剪切强度和主要变形成分。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology
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