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Shear Behaviour of RC Beams Strengthened using CFRP Grid-ECC/PMM Matrix Composites: An Experimental and Numerical Investigation 使用 CFRP 网格-ECC/PMM 矩阵复合材料加固的 RC 梁的剪切行为:实验与数值研究
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-07 DOI: 10.3151/jact.22.1
Xu Yang, Jun-Qi Huang

In recent advancements, a novel strengthening approach employing engineered cementitious composites (ECC) and fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials has emerged. This method integrates ECC as the matrix, carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) grid as the internal strengthening component, and epoxy resin for bonding the overlay to the concrete substrate. This study conducted tests on four reinforced concrete (RC) beams under a four-point load configuration. One beam served as an un-strengthened control specimen, while three were subjected to different shear strengthening methods: polymer-modified mortar (PMM), ECC, and CFRP grid-reinforced ECC matrix composites layer (FGREM). The investigation covered failure modes, load-deformation relationships, and load-strain relationships. Finite element (FE) analysis was employed to reproduce the test results. Key findings include the ability of ECC as a matrix to substantially reduce concentrated interfacial bond stresses, preventing debonding failure. The FGREM-strengthened specimen exhibited a failure mode characterized by side concrete cover separation, resulting in a notable 124% enhancement in shear resistance. The proposed FE model, incorporating interfacial behaviour, accurately simulated the performance of all specimens.

最近,出现了一种采用工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)和纤维增强聚合物(FRP)材料的新型加固方法。这种方法将工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)作为基体,碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)网格作为内部增强部件,环氧树脂用于将覆盖层粘合到混凝土基体上。本研究在四点荷载配置下对四根钢筋混凝土(RC)梁进行了测试。其中一根梁作为未加固的对照试样,另外三根梁则采用了不同的剪切加固方法:聚合物改性砂浆(PMM)、ECC 和 CFRP 网格加固 ECC 矩阵复合材料层(FGREM)。调查内容包括失效模式、荷载-变形关系和荷载-应变关系。采用有限元(FE)分析来再现测试结果。主要发现包括 ECC 作为基体能够大幅降低集中的界面粘接应力,防止脱粘失效。经 FGREM 加固的试样表现出一种以侧混凝土覆盖层分离为特征的破坏模式,从而显著提高了 124% 的抗剪能力。所提出的包含界面行为的有限元模型准确地模拟了所有试样的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Probabilistic Service Life Prediction of Alkali Activated Concretes Exposed to Chloride Induced Corrosion 暴露于氯化物诱导腐蚀的碱活性混凝土使用寿命概率预测
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.1020
Tamara Janey Chidiac, Neven Ukrainczyk, Dale P. Prentice, John L. Provis

In this study, the well-established service life design code defined in fib Bulletin 34 is adapted to predict the time to initiation of reinforcement corrosion in alkali-activated concretes submerged in marine conditions. The model approach is based on the probabilistic calculation of the time needed for a critical concentration of chloride ions, migrating from the external environment towards the rebar, to accumulate at the surface of the steel reinforcement and initiate the corrosion reaction. The information required to define the parameters of the model is derived from literature data, relating the concrete mix designs with accelerated laboratory test results. The findings indicate that alkali-activated concretes with high calcium content can exhibit promising characteristics as a construction material applied for structural application in chloride-rich corrosive environments. The probabilistic approach adopted in this model provides the opportunity to assess the influence of variability in mineralogical composition and reactivity of the precursors with the alkaline activating solution, that influence the chemical evolution and microstructure of the binder matrix. The predicted service life is quite sensitive to these factors, with very high service lives predicted for some alkali-activated concretes but rather short service lives predicted for others, and this must be incorporated into any engineering assessment of future material performance.

在本研究中,对 fib Bulletin 34 中定义的行之有效的使用寿命设计规范进行了调整,以预测浸没在海洋条件下的碱活性混凝土中钢筋开始锈蚀的时间。该模型方法基于对从外部环境向钢筋迁移的氯离子临界浓度在钢筋表面积累并引发腐蚀反应所需时间的概率计算。定义模型参数所需的信息来自文献数据,这些数据与混凝土混合设计和实验室加速测试结果相关。研究结果表明,钙含量高的碱活性混凝土作为一种建筑材料,在富含氯化物的腐蚀环境中的结构应用中表现出良好的特性。该模型采用的概率方法提供了一个机会,可以评估矿物成分的变化和前体与碱性活化溶液的反应性的影响,这些都会影响粘结剂基体的化学演变和微观结构。预测的使用寿命对这些因素相当敏感,一些碱活化混凝土的预测使用寿命非常高,而其他混凝土的预测使用寿命则相当短,这一点必须纳入对未来材料性能的任何工程评估中。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Lime-Based Expansion Material and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Air-Void Blockage in Concrete 石灰基膨胀材料和冻融循环对混凝土气泡堵塞的影响
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.1008
Hidehiko Ogata, Momona Otsuka, Masahiro Hyodo, Haruka Ikadatsu

Air voids in concrete are sometimes observed to be blocked by white precipitates. In this study, the authors conducted freeze-thaw tests on concrete mixed with lime-based expansion material and then performed microscopic observations using scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The size distributions of air voids in the concrete during the curing period (28 days after placement) and before, during, and after the tests were also measured in order to investigate the effects of the expansion material on air-void blockage as well as the underlying processes. During the curing period, no air-void blockage was observed. However, as the concrete aged, precipitates formed on the inner surfaces of the air voids. During the freeze-thaw tests, the number of air voids with diameters of ≤0.15 mm decreased, and the air-void spacing factor increased as the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity decreased. It was found that freeze-thaw cycles caused calcium-based precipitates to form inside the air voids of concrete mixed-with lime-based expansion material, and that the air voids became blocked.

混凝土中的空气空隙有时会被白色沉淀物堵塞。在这项研究中,作者对掺有石灰膨胀材料的混凝土进行了冻融试验,然后使用扫描电子显微镜进行了微观观察,并使用能量色散 X 射线光谱进行了元素分析。此外,还测量了混凝土在养护期(浇筑后 28 天)以及试验前、试验中和试验后的气孔大小分布,以研究膨胀材料对气孔堵塞的影响以及其基本过程。在养护期间,没有观察到气泡堵塞现象。然而,随着混凝土的老化,气隙内表面形成了沉淀物。在冻融试验中,直径≤0.15 毫米的气孔数量减少,气孔间距系数随着相对动态弹性模量的降低而增大。研究发现,冻融循环导致掺有石灰膨胀材料的混凝土空隙内形成钙基沉淀物,空隙被堵塞。
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引用次数: 0
Hydration Mechanism of Portland and Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cementitious Material 硅酸盐和硫铝酸钙水泥基材料的水化机理
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.983
Jiahe Wang, Yanbin Tan, Huajian Li, Yongjiang Xie, Zhongwei Feng

This paper discusses the hydration process of Portland cement (PC) and Calcium Sulphoaluminate cement (CSA) composite material at the early age. The setting time and mortar strength were tested, the hydration process was analyzed by isothermal calorimetry tests, and the hydration products were characterized by XRD, SEM analysis. The results show that: CSA can significantly improve the hydration rate of ultra-early age (2 h and 6 h) and improve the mechanical properties. But there are still interactions between the hydration of PC and CSA, including that the gypsum in CSA will inhibit the hydration of C3A in PC and the CH generated by PC will promote the rehydration of AH3. The inhibiting or promoting effect of CSA on hydration process changes with its content. The design method of PC-CSA composite material was proposed, and the reasonable mixing amount of PC or CSA was also suggested.

本文讨论了硅酸盐水泥(PC)和硫铝酸钙水泥(CSA)复合材料在龄期的水化过程。测试了凝结时间和砂浆强度,通过等温量热试验分析了水化过程,并通过 XRD 和 SEM 分析对水化产物进行了表征。结果表明CSA 能明显提高超早期龄期(2 h 和 6 h)的水化速率,改善力学性能。但 PC 与 CSA 的水化仍存在相互作用,包括 CSA 中的石膏会抑制 PC 中 C3A 的水化,而 PC 产生的 CH 会促进 AH3 的再水化。CSA 对水化过程的抑制或促进作用随其含量的变化而变化。提出了 PC-CSA 复合材料的设计方法,以及 PC 或 CSA 的合理混合量。
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引用次数: 0
The Influences and Effect Mechanism of Low Temperature Curing on the Performances of Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement 低温固化对碱式硫酸镁水泥性能的影响及作用机制
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.995
Keyue Fang, Chengyou Wu, Hongdu Chen

Due to lightweight, high-strength, and high toughness properties, Basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC) can be widely used in producing various structural and decorative products. Most current research only focuses on the performance of BMSC under room temperature. However, low temperature environments may have a serious impact on the performance of BMSC, such as during cold seasons or in salt lake cold regions with abundant magnesium resources, so the performance of BMSC in low temperature environment needs to be explored to expand its application. This study investigated the influence of different low temperatures (−5 to 20°C) on the compressive strength and water resistance of BMSC cement. The phase composition, microstructure and pore structure of BMSC has been analyzed using XRD, QXRD, TG/DTA, SEM, BSEM/EDS Mapping and MIP. The Results indicate that the low hydration rate, precipitation of magnesium sulfate, increase in porosity and decrease in 517 phase content are the main reasons for the low strength of BMSC under low temperature curing. Although hardened BMSCs cured at low temperatures can continue to hydrate in water to form strength phases, corrosion and cracking may occur. Replacing light burned magnesite with high active magnesium oxide can significantly improve the mechanical properties of low temperature cured BMSC. However, low temperatures reduced the crystallinity of the 517 phase, thereby increasing its water solubility and lead to poor water resistance of BMSC.

碱式硫酸镁水泥(BMSC)具有轻质、高强度和高韧性等特性,可广泛用于生产各种结构和装饰产品。目前大多数研究只关注 BMSC 在室温下的性能。然而,低温环境可能会对硫酸镁水泥的性能产生严重影响,例如在寒冷季节或镁资源丰富的盐湖寒冷地区,因此需要探索硫酸镁水泥在低温环境下的性能,以扩大其应用范围。本研究探讨了不同低温(-5 至 20°C)对 BMSC 水泥抗压强度和耐水性的影响。使用 XRD、QXRD、TG/DTA、SEM、BSEM/EDS 制图和 MIP 分析了 BMSC 的相组成、微观结构和孔隙结构。结果表明,水化率低、硫酸镁析出、孔隙率增加和 517 相含量减少是低温固化下 BMSC 强度低的主要原因。虽然低温固化的硬化 BMSC 可继续在水中水化形成强度相,但可能会发生腐蚀和开裂。用高活性氧化镁替代轻烧菱镁矿可显著改善低温固化 BMSC 的机械性能。然而,低温会降低 517 相的结晶度,从而增加其水溶性,导致 BMSC 的耐水性变差。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Frost Damage on Performance of Engineered Cementitious Composites 冻害对工程胶凝复合材料性能的影响
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.971
Lanqin Wang, Xiaofeng Han, Li Tian, Penggang Wang, Xiaoguang Sun

Although engineered cementitious composites (ECC) exhibit tensile strain hardening and multiple microcracking characteristics, whether the performance of ECC changes obviously under freezing-thawing conditions is important for the design and maintenance of buildings in the areas with freeze-thaw exposure. Results indicates that, as the number of freeze-thawing cycles increase, the PVA fiber/matrix interfacial bonding strength decreases, more fibers can be pulled out, thereby resulting in an increasing deformation on ECC. The results of water capillary absorption, chloride penetration and carbonation on ECC reveal that the frost damage has little effect on ECC. In addition, the steel bar-normal concrete interfacial ultimate bonding strength decreases linearly with the increase in the number of freeze-thawing cycles, the specimen splits failure. However, for the ECC, the steel bar-ECC interfacial ultimate bonding strength decreases with the increase in the number of freeze-thawing cycles, the pull-out failure occurs.

尽管工程胶凝复合材料(ECC)表现出拉伸应变硬化和多重微裂缝的特征,但在冻融条件下,ECC的性能是否发生明显变化,对冻融暴露地区建筑的设计和维护具有重要意义。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,PVA纤维/基体界面结合强度降低,更多的纤维被拉出,从而导致ECC上的变形增大。水毛细吸收、氯离子渗透和碳化作用结果表明,冻害对ECC影响不大。此外,随着冻融循环次数的增加,钢筋-普通混凝土界面的极限粘结强度呈线性降低,试件发生劈裂破坏。然而,对于ECC,随着冻融循环次数的增加,钢筋-ECC界面的极限结合强度降低,出现拉出破坏。
{"title":"Influence of Frost Damage on Performance of Engineered Cementitious Composites","authors":"Lanqin Wang, Xiaofeng Han, Li Tian, Penggang Wang, Xiaoguang Sun","doi":"10.3151/jact.21.971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.21.971","url":null,"abstract":"</p><p>Although engineered cementitious composites (ECC) exhibit tensile strain hardening and multiple microcracking characteristics, whether the performance of ECC changes obviously under freezing-thawing conditions is important for the design and maintenance of buildings in the areas with freeze-thaw exposure. Results indicates that, as the number of freeze-thawing cycles increase, the PVA fiber/matrix interfacial bonding strength decreases, more fibers can be pulled out, thereby resulting in an increasing deformation on ECC. The results of water capillary absorption, chloride penetration and carbonation on ECC reveal that the frost damage has little effect on ECC. In addition, the steel bar-normal concrete interfacial ultimate bonding strength decreases linearly with the increase in the number of freeze-thawing cycles, the specimen splits failure. However, for the ECC, the steel bar-ECC interfacial ultimate bonding strength decreases with the increase in the number of freeze-thawing cycles, the pull-out failure occurs.</p>\u0000<p></p>","PeriodicalId":14868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence of Corrosion Conditions on Prestressing Force and Residual Tensile Capacity of Corroded Prestressed Concrete Steel Strands 腐蚀条件对腐蚀预应力混凝土钢绞线预应力力和残余抗拉能力的影响
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.956
Jingyuan Li, Tomohiro Miki, Qiuning Yang, Mingjie Mao

This paper investigates the mechanism of the corrosion pattern of wires on the prestressing forces of prestressed concrete (PC) strands. A rigid frame testing machine combined with an electrically accelerated corrosion device was used to test 16 steel strands. Specimens subjected to the tensile load of 50% of the tensile strength were divided into three groups according to the target corrosion level (mass loss). The rigid frame testing machine can remain the prestressing force, and the force and deformation were measured continuously during the corrosion test. The prestress was degraded in two stages; the beginning and development of the second stage being related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss and fracture type of the wires, respectively. The prestress loss of the strands was the result of the internal force balance after the deterioration of the tensile properties. It was found that the deterioration process of the ultimate tensile capacity related to the fracture type of the wire. The fracture type of PC strand was influenced by the shape and the distribution of the cross-sectional area loss of corroded wires.

本文研究了预应力混凝土(PC)钢索的腐蚀模式对预应力力的影响机理。采用刚性框架试验机结合电加速腐蚀装置对16根钢绞线进行了试验。在抗拉强度为50%的拉伸载荷下,根据目标腐蚀程度(质量损失)将试样分为三组。刚性框架试验机可以保留预应力,并在腐蚀试验过程中连续测量受力和变形。预应力降解分为两个阶段;第二阶段的开始和发展分别与导线的最大截面积损失和断裂类型有关。预应力损失是拉伸性能恶化后的内力平衡的结果。结果表明,焊丝极限抗拉能力的恶化过程与断口类型有关。腐蚀线材的形状和截面积损失的分布对PC线材的断裂类型有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Calcination on the Cementitious Activity and Pozzolanic Reactivity of Bayer Red Mud from Different Sources 煅烧对不同来源拜耳赤泥胶凝活性和火山灰反应性的影响
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.941
Shaoliang Chen, Abdul Ghani Razaqpur, Tuanjie Wang

Red mud (RM) is a hazardous waste generated by aluminum production. It is difficult to utilize due to its high aluminum and iron oxide contents, high alkalinity, and large specific surface. Still, extensive research is underway to explore its potential as partial replacement for cement in concrete. Due to the differences in the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of bauxites from different sources, the associated RMs are also different. Some studies have reported that unless calcined, RM produced by the Bayer process has negligible pozzolanicity. However, the appropriate calcination temperature is not unique as it will depend on the RM mineralogical composition. Here, the calcination mineralogical composition nexus and its effect on RM pozzolanicity are investigated in three types of RM produced by Bayer’s process. The RMs were calcined at 600, 800, and 1000°C for 2 hours, and were used as 15 wt.% replacement for Portland cement in mortar mixes. One of the RMs exhibited pozzolanicity without calcination while another showed increased reactivity after calcination at 800°C. The underlying mechanisms are discussed, and it is concluded that no specific calcination temperature(s) can be recommended to activate every RM. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, one of the investigated RMs, used in its virgin form at 15 wt.% replacement for cement, exhibited noticeable pozzolanic activity and achieved over 94% of the compressive strength of the control specimen at 91 days. The calcination of the same RM, irrespective of the calcination temperature, reduced its pozzolanicity.

赤泥是铝生产过程中产生的有害废弃物。铝铁氧化物含量高,碱度高,比表面积大,难以利用。尽管如此,广泛的研究仍在进行中,以探索其在混凝土中部分替代水泥的潜力。由于不同来源铝土矿的物理、化学和矿物学特征不同,相关的均方根值也不同。一些研究报道,除非经过煅烧,由拜耳法生产的RM具有可忽略不计的火山灰性。然而,适当的煅烧温度并不是唯一的,因为它将取决于RM的矿物组成。本文以拜耳法生产的三种类型的原石为研究对象,研究了煅烧矿物组成关系及其对原石火山灰性的影响。RMs分别在600、800和1000℃下煅烧2小时,并在砂浆混合物中作为15%的硅酸盐水泥替代品使用。其中一种RMs在未煅烧的情况下表现出火山灰性,而另一种RMs在800℃煅烧后表现出增强的反应性。讨论了潜在的机制,并得出结论,没有特定的煅烧温度(s)可以推荐激活每个RM。与之前的研究结果相反,其中一种被调查的RMs,以15 wt.%替代水泥的原始形式使用,表现出明显的火山灰活性,并在91天内达到对照试样的94%以上的抗压强度。同一原料的煅烧,无论煅烧温度如何,都降低了其火山灰度。
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引用次数: 0
Verification Method of Direct Air Capture by Cementitious Material Using Carbon Isotopes 用碳同位素验证胶凝材料直接捕集空气的方法
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.934
Zhenzhen Wang, Abudushalamu Aili, Masayo Minami, Ippei Maruyama

Capturing atmospheric CO2 into cement-based materials is a way to set off the CO2 emissions of concrete production. This study proposes an experimental method to track the origin of cement paste that fixes CO2 directly from the air under natural conditions. By exposing powders of well-hydrated cement paste to air, carbonated cement paste powders are obtained with different carbonation degrees. The inorganic carbon of these carbonated samples is extracted by dissolution in phosphoric acid, and the isotopic characteristics related to 13C and 14C are measured. The experimental results show that the 14C value of carbonated cement paste can be used as an indicator for tracing the origin of carbon.

将大气中的二氧化碳捕获到水泥基材料中是一种抵消混凝土生产过程中二氧化碳排放的方法。本研究提出了一种在自然条件下直接从空气中固定CO2的水泥膏体溯源的实验方法。将水化良好的水泥浆体粉末暴露在空气中,得到了不同碳化程度的水泥浆体粉。用磷酸溶解法提取碳酸化样品中的无机碳,测定其13C和14C的同位素特征。实验结果表明,碳化水泥浆体的14C值可作为碳源溯源的指标。
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引用次数: 0
Study of Mechanical Properties of Silicate Minerals by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 硅酸盐矿物力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.3151/jact.21.920
Takayoshi Fujimura, Yuji Hakozaki, Shunsuke Sakuragi, Yuu Nakajima, Kenta Murakami, Kiyoteru Suzuki, Ippei Maruyama, Takahiro Ohkubo

The aging and damage of concrete buildings and structures is a problem in modern society. This is especially true for nuclear power plant buildings, which are required to have high safety standards. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to obtain mechanical properties for silicate minerals, including quartz, which is used as an aggregate in concrete. We also attempted to clarify phenomena including mechanical fracture. Mechanical properties of each mineral (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and maximum stress) were obtained by performing tensile simulations on 10 silicate minerals which are α-quartz, Orthoclase, Microcline, Albite, Oligoclase, Andesine, Labradorite, Augite, Diopside and Forsterite. Minerals other than α-quartz were highly anisotropic with respect to Young's modulus. The maximum stress was highest for α-quartz, but once a fracture started, the development of large fractures progressed at once and the stress relaxed rapidly. Deformation and fracture of the mineral in response to strain were analyzed by extracting the non-affine component of the local displacement of atoms in tensile simulations. This analysis was able to explain the behavior of the stress-strain curve for each mineral. We also investigated how the composition of a mineral affects its mechanical fracture.

混凝土建筑物和构筑物的老化和损坏是现代社会的一个问题。对于要求具有高安全标准的核电站建筑来说尤其如此。在这项研究中,进行了分子动力学模拟,以获得硅酸盐矿物的力学性能,包括用作混凝土骨料的石英。我们还试图澄清包括机械断裂在内的现象。通过对α-石英、正长石、微斜长石、钠长石、寡长石、安山石、拉布拉多石、奥辉石、透辉石和橄榄石等10种硅酸盐矿物进行拉伸模拟,得到了各矿物的力学性质(杨氏模量、泊松比和最大应力)。除α-石英外,其它矿物的杨氏模量各向异性较强。α-石英的最大应力最大,但一旦裂缝开始,大裂缝立即发育,应力迅速松弛。通过提取拉伸模拟中原子局部位移的非仿射分量,分析了矿物在应变作用下的变形和断裂。这种分析能够解释每种矿物的应力-应变曲线的行为。我们还研究了矿物成分如何影响其机械断裂。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology
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