Zhenfeng Li, Xiyi Yang, Zongxu Li, Xiaoli Zou, C. Jiang, Yijun Zhang, Yingyan Han, Chaojie Liu, J. Hao
As one of the most significant leafy vegetables, the occurrence of early bolting due to high temperatures during summer has emerged as a significant challenge in the annual cultivation production of leaf lettuce, demanding urgent resolution. ABF transcription factors, also known as ABA-responsive element binding factors, are a class of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins that specifically recognize ABREs and play a critical role in the ABA signaling pathway. In this study, we identified 8 members of the ABF gene family in leaf lettuce. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted on the ABF members of leaf lettuce, which resulted in the clustering of these members into three groups: A, B, and C. By performing a multiple sequence alignment analysis, it was observed that all LsABFs contain a highly conserved domain, RMIKNRESAARSRARKQAY (Bzip_plant_BZIP46). The result of tandem duplication events analysis in the ABF genes showed that there were two pairs of tandem duplication genes: LsABF2-LsABF1and LsABF3-LsABF1. A total of 1242 cis-acting elements were identified, and 323 cis-acting elements were screened out. In phosphorylation site analysis, a total of 304 phosphorylation sites were predicted. All LsABFs members had similar expression patterns, and their expression on the 8th day was significantly higher than the control, suggesting their involvement in the bolting process. Silencing LsABF1 has a positive effect on bolting in leaf lettuce, indicating that LsABF1 is a potential regulator of lettuce bolting. This study provides a theoretical basis for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the ABF genes in high-temperature-induced bolting.
{"title":"Genome-Wide Analysis of ABF Gene Family in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Negative Roles of LsABF1 in Thermally Induced Bolting","authors":"Zhenfeng Li, Xiyi Yang, Zongxu Li, Xiaoli Zou, C. Jiang, Yijun Zhang, Yingyan Han, Chaojie Liu, J. Hao","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n9p42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n9p42","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the most significant leafy vegetables, the occurrence of early bolting due to high temperatures during summer has emerged as a significant challenge in the annual cultivation production of leaf lettuce, demanding urgent resolution. ABF transcription factors, also known as ABA-responsive element binding factors, are a class of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins that specifically recognize ABREs and play a critical role in the ABA signaling pathway. In this study, we identified 8 members of the ABF gene family in leaf lettuce. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted on the ABF members of leaf lettuce, which resulted in the clustering of these members into three groups: A, B, and C. By performing a multiple sequence alignment analysis, it was observed that all LsABFs contain a highly conserved domain, RMIKNRESAARSRARKQAY (Bzip_plant_BZIP46). The result of tandem duplication events analysis in the ABF genes showed that there were two pairs of tandem duplication genes: LsABF2-LsABF1and LsABF3-LsABF1. A total of 1242 cis-acting elements were identified, and 323 cis-acting elements were screened out. In phosphorylation site analysis, a total of 304 phosphorylation sites were predicted. All LsABFs members had similar expression patterns, and their expression on the 8th day was significantly higher than the control, suggesting their involvement in the bolting process. Silencing LsABF1 has a positive effect on bolting in leaf lettuce, indicating that LsABF1 is a potential regulator of lettuce bolting. This study provides a theoretical basis for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the ABF genes in high-temperature-induced bolting.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72461111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Baba, Hisako Nomura, T. Than, Pao Srean, Kasumi Ito
Cassava producers face numerous economic and natural challenges that impact their profitability. Economically, they encounter price fluctuations for cassava chips and fresh tubers in the global market. Additionally, unexpected weather conditions and diseases affect production. Given the volatility of global prices and unpredictable natural events, producers employ various strategies to maximize their diminishing profits. However, it remains uncertain which practices are more effective in achieving profitability. The factors that influence profitability in farming, such as density, replanting, and the choice of selling the product, either fresh or dry, have been identified in this study. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the determinant factors, including inputs to profit efficiency and farming strategies specific to cassava plantations, that lead to enhanced profit capture. We employ a Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier model to analyze the technical efficiency of profit capture. Our study suggests that producers should avoid buying additional bunches for replanting and focus on planting at an optimized density to maximize profits. Other strategies showed uncertain outcomes. Knowledge of correct farming practices can improve efficiency and profit optimization.
{"title":"How Do Small-Scale Cassava Producers Overcome Global Issues? Cassava Profit and Technical Efficiency in Cambodia","authors":"T. Baba, Hisako Nomura, T. Than, Pao Srean, Kasumi Ito","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n8p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n8p1","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava producers face numerous economic and natural challenges that impact their profitability. Economically, they encounter price fluctuations for cassava chips and fresh tubers in the global market. Additionally, unexpected weather conditions and diseases affect production. Given the volatility of global prices and unpredictable natural events, producers employ various strategies to maximize their diminishing profits. However, it remains uncertain which practices are more effective in achieving profitability. The factors that influence profitability in farming, such as density, replanting, and the choice of selling the product, either fresh or dry, have been identified in this study. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the determinant factors, including inputs to profit efficiency and farming strategies specific to cassava plantations, that lead to enhanced profit capture. We employ a Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier model to analyze the technical efficiency of profit capture. Our study suggests that producers should avoid buying additional bunches for replanting and focus on planting at an optimized density to maximize profits. Other strategies showed uncertain outcomes. Knowledge of correct farming practices can improve efficiency and profit optimization.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81954633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Elzarei, S. Al-Sharari, M. S. Alhasyani, A. Aloufi, E. Mousa
Saudi’s farm animal genetic resources have a particular role to play in managing the rural environment and assisting in maintaining wild biological diversity. Our indigenous livestock breeds are of great economic, social and cultural importance. The presence of livestock is a very positive feature for many who live in, work in or visit the countryside and livestock farming is frequently a core activity on which whole communities depend. The Kingdom has a rich and diverse population of livestock breeds sheep, goats, poultry, horses & Camel most of it are at risk. The conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture is a widely supported international objective contributing to efforts to eliminate global poverty and achieve world food security. The data of the present study were collected form Noemi, Najdi and Hari breeds raised in Najd (96, 108, and 90 animals, respectively) Qassim region. Eight body measurements were studied, Wither heights (WH), Rum heights (RH), Body length (BL), Head length (HL), Heart girth (HG), Muzzle diameter (MD), Cannon circumference (CC) and Cannon length (CL). Noemi is taking the second size breed of the sheep breeds in Saudi Arabia. Hari is the smallest breed of sheep breeds in Saudi Arabia and it is the main breed in Hejaz and Asir regions which belong to the sheep with coarse hair and thick tail strain. The results of the present study on these breeds showed that Najdi breed has the biggest sizes in all body measurements 10.9% and 11.4% bigger than Noemi and Hari, Approximate respectively. By the other way in comparing Noemi’s breed with Hari breed, Noemi having the biggest sizes (10.5% Approximate) in all body measurements than Hari. Three categories of ages were presents in this study, eight, eighteen and forty-eight months. The first category eight months showed the smallest size in all body measurements by 11.2% in compare with eighteen months. No big differences were showed among eighteen and forty-eight months the different around 2% in favor of forty-eight category. In addition, the effect of sex was significant, male always have biggest body measurements in compare with female. The results showed that male have around 10.9% more in all studied measurements more than female. All the fixed effect (effect of: Age, Breed and Sex) are significant on all body measurements traits expect Cannon circumference (CC) trait. The correlations coefficients among all studied traits were moderate to high and highly significant. The highest correlation coefficient was found between RH and WH traits (0.872), and the lowest one was found between CC and HG traits (0.214).
{"title":"Phenotypic Characterization of Indigenous Sheep Breeds in Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Elzarei, S. Al-Sharari, M. S. Alhasyani, A. Aloufi, E. Mousa","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n8p16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n8p16","url":null,"abstract":"Saudi’s farm animal genetic resources have a particular role to play in managing the rural environment and assisting in maintaining wild biological diversity. Our indigenous livestock breeds are of great economic, social and cultural importance. The presence of livestock is a very positive feature for many who live in, work in or visit the countryside and livestock farming is frequently a core activity on which whole communities depend. The Kingdom has a rich and diverse population of livestock breeds sheep, goats, poultry, horses & Camel most of it are at risk. The conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture is a widely supported international objective contributing to efforts to eliminate global poverty and achieve world food security. \u0000 \u0000The data of the present study were collected form Noemi, Najdi and Hari breeds raised in Najd (96, 108, and 90 animals, respectively) Qassim region. Eight body measurements were studied, Wither heights (WH), Rum heights (RH), Body length (BL), Head length (HL), Heart girth (HG), Muzzle diameter (MD), Cannon circumference (CC) and Cannon length (CL). Noemi is taking the second size breed of the sheep breeds in Saudi Arabia. Hari is the smallest breed of sheep breeds in Saudi Arabia and it is the main breed in Hejaz and Asir regions which belong to the sheep with coarse hair and thick tail strain. The results of the present study on these breeds showed that Najdi breed has the biggest sizes in all body measurements 10.9% and 11.4% bigger than Noemi and Hari, Approximate respectively. By the other way in comparing Noemi’s breed with Hari breed, Noemi having the biggest sizes (10.5% Approximate) in all body measurements than Hari. Three categories of ages were presents in this study, eight, eighteen and forty-eight months. The first category eight months showed the smallest size in all body measurements by 11.2% in compare with eighteen months. No big differences were showed among eighteen and forty-eight months the different around 2% in favor of forty-eight category. \u0000 \u0000In addition, the effect of sex was significant, male always have biggest body measurements in compare with female. The results showed that male have around 10.9% more in all studied measurements more than female. All the fixed effect (effect of: Age, Breed and Sex) are significant on all body measurements traits expect Cannon circumference (CC) trait. The correlations coefficients among all studied traits were moderate to high and highly significant. The highest correlation coefficient was found between RH and WH traits (0.872), and the lowest one was found between CC and HG traits (0.214).","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74455581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The promotion of cocoa farm productivity has necessitated the intensification of input use with ensuing loss of natural pollinators. Ghana Cocoa Board’s (COCOBOD) remedy to declining pollinator population is addressed in the rolling out of hand pollination in the 2016/17 crop year. Applying contingent valuation on field data covering 608 farmers in five cocoa growing regions, we estimate the value of pollinator services to the cocoa industry in Ghana and farmers willingness to pay for the service. We find that cocoa farmers in Ghana are willing to pay for hand pollination to improve on their farm yields. Farmers averagely value pollinator services at $1.3 per acre of land. Extrapolated to cover all cultivated cocoa lands for 2017/18 crop year, the value of pollinator services to Ghana’s cocoa industry is averagely $6.1 million per annum. Hand pollination can improve cocoa farms yields given the statistically significant mean difference in yields between hand-pollinated and non-hand-pollinated farms. Having established the loss to the cocoa industry from pollinator decline and the need for effective pollination to support crop productivity, it is imperative for COCOBOD to ramp up strategies at preserving cocoa farm ecology to safe guard the industry.
{"title":"Valuing Pollination as an Ecosystem Services: The Case of Hand Pollination for Cocoa Production in Ghana","authors":"Salamatu Jebuni-Dotsey, B. Senadza, Wisdom Akpalu","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n8p48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n8p48","url":null,"abstract":"The promotion of cocoa farm productivity has necessitated the intensification of input use with ensuing loss of natural pollinators. Ghana Cocoa Board’s (COCOBOD) remedy to declining pollinator population is addressed in the rolling out of hand pollination in the 2016/17 crop year. Applying contingent valuation on field data covering 608 farmers in five cocoa growing regions, we estimate the value of pollinator services to the cocoa industry in Ghana and farmers willingness to pay for the service. We find that cocoa farmers in Ghana are willing to pay for hand pollination to improve on their farm yields. Farmers averagely value pollinator services at $1.3 per acre of land. Extrapolated to cover all cultivated cocoa lands for 2017/18 crop year, the value of pollinator services to Ghana’s cocoa industry is averagely $6.1 million per annum. Hand pollination can improve cocoa farms yields given the statistically significant mean difference in yields between hand-pollinated and non-hand-pollinated farms. Having established the loss to the cocoa industry from pollinator decline and the need for effective pollination to support crop productivity, it is imperative for COCOBOD to ramp up strategies at preserving cocoa farm ecology to safe guard the industry.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87826207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) presents a suitable source of green fodder in the livestock sector. However, its use as livestock feed is limited by a high concentration of lignocellulose. A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of environment and developmental stage of harvesting on lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose concentration of selected fodder sorghum cultivars. A field experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times at Egerton University (0°22′S; 35°55′E in Nakuru county), Rongai (0°23′N; 35°51′E in Nakuru county) and Marigat (0°46′N; 35°98′E in Baringo county) in Kenya in the years 2019 and 2020. Twenty different genotypes of sorghum were grown in a randomized complete block design and sampled at the booting and dough stages of development. The samples were analyzed for cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose content. Plant growth, number of days to 50% heading, and daily average temperatures were recorded. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content varied among genotypes and across the three environments. The lowest cellulose content was recorded in line E6518 when sampled at the booting stage at Egerton (17.02%) while the highest concentration was recorded in IS11442 (43.87%) from Marigat at the dough stage. Lignin was highest in sorghum grown at Marigat than at Egerton and Rongai while sorghum harvested at dough stage had higher cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin concentration than at booting stage. Location which distinctively varied on average daily temperature had a significant (p > 0.05) effect on the three parameters with sorghum grown at Egerton showing the lowest lignocellulose content followed by Rongai and Marigat, respectively. Lignin was positively correlated with plant height and days to 50% heading. However, regression analysis showed a negative relationship between days to 50% heading and the total sum of temperature. Crop developmental stage, genotype, and environment determine the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose concentration in fodder sorghum. The recommendation of suitable sorghum fodder for a region should consider local growing temperature and the developmental stage of harvesting.
{"title":"Growing Temperature Influence Lignocellulose in Sorghum and Could Lead to a Significant Variation in Feed Value of Fodder Sorghum Genotypes","authors":"Lilian Ouma, E. Cheruiyot, J. Ogendo","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n8p35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n8p35","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) presents a suitable source of green fodder in the livestock sector. However, its use as livestock feed is limited by a high concentration of lignocellulose. A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of environment and developmental stage of harvesting on lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose concentration of selected fodder sorghum cultivars. A field experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times at Egerton University (0°22′S; 35°55′E in Nakuru county), Rongai (0°23′N; 35°51′E in Nakuru county) and Marigat (0°46′N; 35°98′E in Baringo county) in Kenya in the years 2019 and 2020. Twenty different genotypes of sorghum were grown in a randomized complete block design and sampled at the booting and dough stages of development. The samples were analyzed for cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose content. Plant growth, number of days to 50% heading, and daily average temperatures were recorded. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content varied among genotypes and across the three environments. The lowest cellulose content was recorded in line E6518 when sampled at the booting stage at Egerton (17.02%) while the highest concentration was recorded in IS11442 (43.87%) from Marigat at the dough stage. Lignin was highest in sorghum grown at Marigat than at Egerton and Rongai while sorghum harvested at dough stage had higher cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin concentration than at booting stage. Location which distinctively varied on average daily temperature had a significant (p > 0.05) effect on the three parameters with sorghum grown at Egerton showing the lowest lignocellulose content followed by Rongai and Marigat, respectively. Lignin was positively correlated with plant height and days to 50% heading. However, regression analysis showed a negative relationship between days to 50% heading and the total sum of temperature. Crop developmental stage, genotype, and environment determine the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose concentration in fodder sorghum. The recommendation of suitable sorghum fodder for a region should consider local growing temperature and the developmental stage of harvesting.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82931123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. M. Brighenti, Tainá Linhares, N. M. Armacolo, G. K. Donagemma, Ademir Fontana, Fabiano de C. Balieiro
The objective of this research was to carry out a survey of weeds in pastures in the Middle Valley of Paraíba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in order to subsidize weed management and pasture recovery. Weed identification and plant count were carried out in pastures with four levels of degradation, classified as low (N1), moderate (N2), strong (N3) and very strong (N4), with five replications. Thirty-nine weed species were identified and distributed into16 botanical families. Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most relevant families. The number and density of weeds increased as the level of degradation decreased. The relative importance of weed species varied with the level of degraded pasture. The main weeds found in N1 were Melinis minutiflora, Desmodium incanum, Croton lundianus, Andropogon bicornis, and Imperata brasiliensis; in N2: Paspalum notatum, Melinis minutiflora, Imperata brasiliensis, Sida rhombifolia, and Desmodium incanum; in N3: Paspalum notatum, Melinis minutiflora, Sida rhombifolia, Eupatorium maximilianii, and Imperata brasiliensis; in N4: Paspalum notatum, Melinis minutiflora, Cynodon dactilon, Eupatorium maximilianii, and Imperata brasiliensis. The similarity index was high, showing the homogeneity of weeds among areas. The predominant species, considering all areas, were in increasing order of importance: Cynodon dactilon, Melinis minutiflora and Paspalum notatum. Decision-making about applying control measures could be marked out when the plant density reached out or exceed the average of 3.58 plants m-2.
{"title":"Phytosociological Survey of Weeds on Degraded and Well-Managed Pastures: Agronomical and Ecological Implications","authors":"A. M. Brighenti, Tainá Linhares, N. M. Armacolo, G. K. Donagemma, Ademir Fontana, Fabiano de C. Balieiro","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n8p23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n8p23","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research was to carry out a survey of weeds in pastures in the Middle Valley of Paraíba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in order to subsidize weed management and pasture recovery. Weed identification and plant count were carried out in pastures with four levels of degradation, classified as low (N1), moderate (N2), strong (N3) and very strong (N4), with five replications. Thirty-nine weed species were identified and distributed into16 botanical families. Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most relevant families. The number and density of weeds increased as the level of degradation decreased. The relative importance of weed species varied with the level of degraded pasture. The main weeds found in N1 were Melinis minutiflora, Desmodium incanum, Croton lundianus, Andropogon bicornis, and Imperata brasiliensis; in N2: Paspalum notatum, Melinis minutiflora, Imperata brasiliensis, Sida rhombifolia, and Desmodium incanum; in N3: Paspalum notatum, Melinis minutiflora, Sida rhombifolia, Eupatorium maximilianii, and Imperata brasiliensis; in N4: Paspalum notatum, Melinis minutiflora, Cynodon dactilon, Eupatorium maximilianii, and Imperata brasiliensis. The similarity index was high, showing the homogeneity of weeds among areas. The predominant species, considering all areas, were in increasing order of importance: Cynodon dactilon, Melinis minutiflora and Paspalum notatum. Decision-making about applying control measures could be marked out when the plant density reached out or exceed the average of 3.58 plants m-2.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76389218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Cuvaca, R. Currie, Pat Gier, A. Foster, Kraig Rozeboom, J. Fry, M. Jugulam
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) is primarily found in fallow and cultivated fields throughout Kansas (KS). Previously, we reported that the effective dose of dicamba for 50% control (ED50) of a 10-30 cm tall A. palmeri accession from KS (KSP) during the fallow-year of a wheat-corn-fallow rotation (WCF) ranged between 40.4 to 283.5 g ae ha-1 Here, we investigated corn (Zea mays L.) plant density effects on grain yield and the KSP response to dicamba in the corn-year of the WCF rotation. The experiments used a randomized complete block design with four replicates and a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Main plots consisted of corn planted at five densities (49,400; 61,700; 74,100; 86,400 and 98,800 plants ha-1) and sub-plots consisted of six doses of dicamba [(70, 140, 210, 280, 420, and 560 g ae ha-1) applied near V6], a weedy-check, and a weed-free check. In general, acceptable grain yield and KSP control with dicamba doses < 560 g ae ha-1 were only achieved when corn was planted at a density ≥ 74,100 plants ha-1. Based on the ED50 estimates, the KSP required 4.4-8.2% less dicamba for height and biomass reduction as corn plant density increased from 49,400 to 98,800 plants ha-1. Conversely, the amount of dicamba required for 50% reduction of KSP density increased 45.1% from 144.4 to 209.6 g ae ha-1 as corn plant density increased from 49,400 to 98,800 plants ha-1, respectively. Taken together, this study shows that integration of high-density corn planting with dicamba is a cost-effective tool for controlling A. palmeri. However, resistance mitigation and a season-long control of this species cannot be achieved without the integration of other more diversified and robust strategies that include the use of preemergence fb postemergence herbicide programs that overlap residuals with cultural, biological, and mechanical weed control tactics.
苋菜(Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.)主要生长在堪萨斯州(KS)的休耕和耕地中。在小麦-玉米-休耕轮作(WCF)的玉米年，我们研究了玉米(Zea mays L.)株密度对籽粒产量的影响以及KSP对麦草畏的响应。试验采用随机完全区组设计，4个重复，处理采用分块处理。主要地块以5种密度种植玉米(49,400;61700;74100;86,400株和98,800株(hm -1)和子样地由6个剂量的麦草畏[(70,140,210,280,420和560 g hm -1)在V6附近施用]、杂草检查和无杂草检查组成。一般来说，只有当玉米种植密度≥74,100株/ hm -1时，麦草枯剂量< 560 g / hm -1才能达到可接受的粮食产量和KSP控制。根据ED50的估计，当玉米植株密度从49,400株/公顷增加到98,800株/公顷时，KSP需要减少4.4% -8.2%的麦草畏来降低高度和生物量。相反，当玉米株密度从49,400株ha-1增加到98,800株ha-1时，将KSP密度降低50%所需的麦草畏用量分别从144.4 g ae -1增加到209.6 g ae -1，增加了45.1%。综上所述，本研究表明玉米高密度种植与麦草畏的结合是一种经济有效的控制棕榈蚜的方法。然而，如果没有其他更多样化和更强大的策略，包括使用苗期前和苗期后除草剂计划，这些计划与文化、生物和机械杂草控制策略重叠，就无法实现抗性缓解和对该物种的长期控制。
{"title":"Corn Plant Density Effects on Grain Yield and Palmer Amaranth Response to Dicamba","authors":"I. Cuvaca, R. Currie, Pat Gier, A. Foster, Kraig Rozeboom, J. Fry, M. Jugulam","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n7p35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n7p35","url":null,"abstract":"Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) is primarily found in fallow and cultivated fields throughout Kansas (KS). Previously, we reported that the effective dose of dicamba for 50% control (ED50) of a 10-30 cm tall A. palmeri accession from KS (KSP) during the fallow-year of a wheat-corn-fallow rotation (WCF) ranged between 40.4 to 283.5 g ae ha-1 Here, we investigated corn (Zea mays L.) plant density effects on grain yield and the KSP response to dicamba in the corn-year of the WCF rotation. The experiments used a randomized complete block design with four replicates and a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Main plots consisted of corn planted at five densities (49,400; 61,700; 74,100; 86,400 and 98,800 plants ha-1) and sub-plots consisted of six doses of dicamba [(70, 140, 210, 280, 420, and 560 g ae ha-1) applied near V6], a weedy-check, and a weed-free check. In general, acceptable grain yield and KSP control with dicamba doses < 560 g ae ha-1 were only achieved when corn was planted at a density ≥ 74,100 plants ha-1. Based on the ED50 estimates, the KSP required 4.4-8.2% less dicamba for height and biomass reduction as corn plant density increased from 49,400 to 98,800 plants ha-1. Conversely, the amount of dicamba required for 50% reduction of KSP density increased 45.1% from 144.4 to 209.6 g ae ha-1 as corn plant density increased from 49,400 to 98,800 plants ha-1, respectively. Taken together, this study shows that integration of high-density corn planting with dicamba is a cost-effective tool for controlling A. palmeri. However, resistance mitigation and a season-long control of this species cannot be achieved without the integration of other more diversified and robust strategies that include the use of preemergence fb postemergence herbicide programs that overlap residuals with cultural, biological, and mechanical weed control tactics.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85580696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
White lupin (Lupinus albus L.), a winter legume crop with tremendous potential as a food crop, has been evaluated at Virginia State University for several years. This effort has developed several winter-hardy, high-yielding lines, which vary in alkaloid concentration in the seeds. Current study was conducted to characterize various component of lupin seed especially seed coat and cotyledon portion in seeds of five lupin lines (VSU-1, VSU-1X, VSU-5, VSU-10, and VSU-101). Five hundred seeds of each line were separated into seed coats and cotyledons to record relative proportions. Whole seeds, seed coats, and cotyledons were analyzed to determine concentrations of protein, fiber, fat, iron and zinc. Significant differences were observed among five lines for seed coat proportion, which varied from 22.6 to 25.6 percent. Proportions of protein (7.8, 41.6, and 34.3 percent), fiber (44.7, 1.0, and 12.2 percent), fat (1.3, 10.4, and 8.6 percent), and zinc (14.5, 61.9, and 50.8 percent) concentrations varied significantly for seed coats, cotyledons, and whole seed, respectively but not for iron concentration. Results of this study indicate that separation of seed coats from white lupin seed could be used to develop value-added products; to increase nutritional quality of white lupin seeds; and enhance white lupin’s suitability as a plant protein source.
{"title":"Characterization of White Lupin Seed Coats","authors":"Jada Shaw, H. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n7p64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n7p64","url":null,"abstract":"White lupin (Lupinus albus L.), a winter legume crop with tremendous potential as a food crop, has been evaluated at Virginia State University for several years. This effort has developed several winter-hardy, high-yielding lines, which vary in alkaloid concentration in the seeds. Current study was conducted to characterize various component of lupin seed especially seed coat and cotyledon portion in seeds of five lupin lines (VSU-1, VSU-1X, VSU-5, VSU-10, and VSU-101). Five hundred seeds of each line were separated into seed coats and cotyledons to record relative proportions. Whole seeds, seed coats, and cotyledons were analyzed to determine concentrations of protein, fiber, fat, iron and zinc. Significant differences were observed among five lines for seed coat proportion, which varied from 22.6 to 25.6 percent. Proportions of protein (7.8, 41.6, and 34.3 percent), fiber (44.7, 1.0, and 12.2 percent), fat (1.3, 10.4, and 8.6 percent), and zinc (14.5, 61.9, and 50.8 percent) concentrations varied significantly for seed coats, cotyledons, and whole seed, respectively but not for iron concentration. Results of this study indicate that separation of seed coats from white lupin seed could be used to develop value-added products; to increase nutritional quality of white lupin seeds; and enhance white lupin’s suitability as a plant protein source.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77328417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. G. Silva, Marizete C. de S. Vieira, E.R.D. Vieira, I. F. D. Silva, C. J. Ávila
The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest that damages soybean, especially in the central-west region of Brazil. The effect of insect growth regulator insecticides on fourth-instar nymphs and adults of the neotropical brown stink bug was evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, respectively. In the laboratory, the insecticides (doses in g a.i. ha-1) novaluron (20.0 and 40.0), teflubenzuron (26.2 and 52.5), and lufenuron (20.0 and 40.0), in addition to the control (water), were tested on fourth-instar nymphs of E. heros and their development were followed to adulthood. Mortality, number of adults with and without deformities, and fecundity were determined. In a greenhouse, the effects of the same insecticides on the adult of the stink bug were evaluated by determining the fecundity and viability of the eggs laid. The fourth-instar nymphs of E. heros, when exposed to either dose of the tested insecticides presented mortality and insects with deformations, as well as reduced fecundity of females that reached adulthood. In the trial with adult E. heros, all tested insecticides reduced stink bug fecundity. In the same way, the viability of the produced eggs was reduced in all the chemical treatments, except for novaluron at the lowest dose tested, in which egg viability did not differ from the control treatment. Based on the obtained results, one can infer that the growth-regulator insecticides evaluated, although usually more suitable for the control of caterpillars, can interfere negatively in the development and reproduction of the neotropical brown stink bug, thus constituting a complementary alternative for the management of this pest.
{"title":"Effect of Insect Growth Regulator Insecticides Novaluron, Teflubenzuron and Lufenuron on the Morphology and Physiology of Euschistus heros","authors":"P. G. Silva, Marizete C. de S. Vieira, E.R.D. Vieira, I. F. D. Silva, C. J. Ávila","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n7p44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n7p44","url":null,"abstract":"The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest that damages soybean, especially in the central-west region of Brazil. The effect of insect growth regulator insecticides on fourth-instar nymphs and adults of the neotropical brown stink bug was evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, respectively. In the laboratory, the insecticides (doses in g a.i. ha-1) novaluron (20.0 and 40.0), teflubenzuron (26.2 and 52.5), and lufenuron (20.0 and 40.0), in addition to the control (water), were tested on fourth-instar nymphs of E. heros and their development were followed to adulthood. Mortality, number of adults with and without deformities, and fecundity were determined. In a greenhouse, the effects of the same insecticides on the adult of the stink bug were evaluated by determining the fecundity and viability of the eggs laid. The fourth-instar nymphs of E. heros, when exposed to either dose of the tested insecticides presented mortality and insects with deformations, as well as reduced fecundity of females that reached adulthood. In the trial with adult E. heros, all tested insecticides reduced stink bug fecundity. In the same way, the viability of the produced eggs was reduced in all the chemical treatments, except for novaluron at the lowest dose tested, in which egg viability did not differ from the control treatment. Based on the obtained results, one can infer that the growth-regulator insecticides evaluated, although usually more suitable for the control of caterpillars, can interfere negatively in the development and reproduction of the neotropical brown stink bug, thus constituting a complementary alternative for the management of this pest.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73295305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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