This study evaluated three reflectance-based crop coefficient models (RBCC) for daily maize actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimates, using multispectral data from spaceborne, airborne, and proximal platforms. The goal was to identify the optimal multispectral sensor that gives more accurate daily ETa estimates. The remote sensing (RS) multispectral platforms included Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, Planet CubeSat, handheld multispectral radiometer (MSR), and unmanned aerial system or UAS, spatial resolution from 30 m to 0.03 m. Three RBCC models that use different vegetation indices as input variables were evaluated in the study. One RBCC uses the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The second model uses the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and the third model uses canopy cover (fc). The data for this study were from two maize research sites in Greeley and Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, collected in 2020 and 2021. The Greeley site had a subsurface drip system, while the Fort Collins site had surface irrigation (furrow). Daily maize ETa predictions were compared with observed daily maize ETa data from an Eddy Covariance system installed at each research site. Results indicated that, depending on the RS of ETa algorithm and platform, the optimal input RS data was different. The MSR sensor (1 m) provided the best remote sensing data (input) for the SAVI-based RBCC ETa model, with a maize ETa error (MBE±RMSE) of -0.13 (-3%)±0.67 (16%) mm/d. Sentinel-2 was the best sensor for the remaining two RBCC daily maize ETa algorithms, since the errors for the NDVI-based and fc-based RBCC models for maize ETa were 0.21 (5%)±0.78 (18%) mm/d and 0.59 (14%)±1.07 (25%) mm/d, respectively. These results indicate the need for methods to improve the spectral quality of the remote sensing data to improve spatial ETa estimates and advance sustainable irrigation water management.
{"title":"A Multi-sensor Analysis of Selected Reflectance-Based Crop Coefficient Models for Daily Maize Evapotranspiration Estimation","authors":"Edson Costa-Filho, José L. Chávez, Huihui Zhang","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n12p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n12p1","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated three reflectance-based crop coefficient models (RBCC) for daily maize actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimates, using multispectral data from spaceborne, airborne, and proximal platforms. The goal was to identify the optimal multispectral sensor that gives more accurate daily ETa estimates. The remote sensing (RS) multispectral platforms included Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, Planet CubeSat, handheld multispectral radiometer (MSR), and unmanned aerial system or UAS, spatial resolution from 30 m to 0.03 m. Three RBCC models that use different vegetation indices as input variables were evaluated in the study. One RBCC uses the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The second model uses the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and the third model uses canopy cover (fc). The data for this study were from two maize research sites in Greeley and Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, collected in 2020 and 2021. The Greeley site had a subsurface drip system, while the Fort Collins site had surface irrigation (furrow). Daily maize ETa predictions were compared with observed daily maize ETa data from an Eddy Covariance system installed at each research site. Results indicated that, depending on the RS of ETa algorithm and platform, the optimal input RS data was different. The MSR sensor (1 m) provided the best remote sensing data (input) for the SAVI-based RBCC ETa model, with a maize ETa error (MBE±RMSE) of -0.13 (-3%)±0.67 (16%) mm/d. Sentinel-2 was the best sensor for the remaining two RBCC daily maize ETa algorithms, since the errors for the NDVI-based and fc-based RBCC models for maize ETa were 0.21 (5%)±0.78 (18%) mm/d and 0.59 (14%)±1.07 (25%) mm/d, respectively. These results indicate the need for methods to improve the spectral quality of the remote sensing data to improve spatial ETa estimates and advance sustainable irrigation water management.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"1 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136229010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rachel Mwendwa, Michael Wawire, Peter Kahenya, Edwin Oyoo
The aquaculture sector in Africa has great potential for growth; however, it faces several challenges, one of them being the scarcity of clean water. This prompts the need for water recycling. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of rearing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using municipal wastewater treated with membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology. A total of 270 Nile tilapia fingerlings (0.15±0.05 g) were reared in three treatment groups in triplicate. There were 2 treatments, including; MBR treated wastewater and stabilization pond treated wastewater (maturation pond), while the municipal tap water was used as the control. The growth performance (weight and length) of the fish was monitored over a 24-week period. After the experimental period, the biochemical composition of the fish muscle was analysed using standard AOAC methods. The results showed that the highest weight gain, length gain, survival rate, and specific growth were obtained in the fish in the control followed by the MBR treatment. Additionally, the crude protein, as well as the crude fiber and dry matter, were significantly higher in the fish in the maturation ponds at 23.10%, 0.29%, and 25.35%, respectively, while the crude ash was highest in the MBR at 1.22%. Results also showed that the MBR and maturation pond treatments meet the permissible levels for BOD, COD, NH4, and NO3 for water to be used in aquaculture. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the fish was mainly from the feed, with copper being the highest contaminant at 1.75 mg/100 g. In conclusion, both the MBR and maturation pond treated wastewater are viable for use in the rearing of Nile tilapia without adverse effect on the growth. However, MBR treatment showed better growth performance, suggesting that it could be used to increase productivity in fish farming.
{"title":"Growth Performance and Biochemical Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Reared in Membrane Bioreactor Treated Wastewater","authors":"Rachel Mwendwa, Michael Wawire, Peter Kahenya, Edwin Oyoo","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n12p61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n12p61","url":null,"abstract":"The aquaculture sector in Africa has great potential for growth; however, it faces several challenges, one of them being the scarcity of clean water. This prompts the need for water recycling. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of rearing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using municipal wastewater treated with membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology. A total of 270 Nile tilapia fingerlings (0.15±0.05 g) were reared in three treatment groups in triplicate. There were 2 treatments, including; MBR treated wastewater and stabilization pond treated wastewater (maturation pond), while the municipal tap water was used as the control. The growth performance (weight and length) of the fish was monitored over a 24-week period. After the experimental period, the biochemical composition of the fish muscle was analysed using standard AOAC methods. The results showed that the highest weight gain, length gain, survival rate, and specific growth were obtained in the fish in the control followed by the MBR treatment. Additionally, the crude protein, as well as the crude fiber and dry matter, were significantly higher in the fish in the maturation ponds at 23.10%, 0.29%, and 25.35%, respectively, while the crude ash was highest in the MBR at 1.22%. Results also showed that the MBR and maturation pond treatments meet the permissible levels for BOD, COD, NH4, and NO3 for water to be used in aquaculture. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the fish was mainly from the feed, with copper being the highest contaminant at 1.75 mg/100 g. In conclusion, both the MBR and maturation pond treated wastewater are viable for use in the rearing of Nile tilapia without adverse effect on the growth. However, MBR treatment showed better growth performance, suggesting that it could be used to increase productivity in fish farming.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"3 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136229201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafael Paz Marques, Henrique Pozebon, Júlia Guimarães Bevilaqua, Guilherme Padilha, Paulo César Ramon, Léo Augusto de Cezaro, Alberto Rohrig, Ivair Valmorbida, Rubens Fiorin, Alberto Cargnelutti Filho, Janine Palma, José Domingos Jacques Leão, Pedro Parisi, Bruna Wojahn, Giulian Rafael da Luz, Jonas André Arnemann
Soybean stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae Zehntner (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an important soybean (Glycine max) pest in Eastern Asia that has recently colonized South America. The region colonized by M. sojae includes Brazil and several other major soybean growing countries. Management strategies for this pest remain largely undeveloped due to lack of information regarding its potential to injury soybeans. The objective of this study was to quantify soybean yield reduction caused by M. sojae injury. One experiment was carried out during two summer crop seasons (2020 and 2021) at Santa Maria, RS state, Brazil. Soybean was planted during late-season to ensure that high pressure of M. sojae adults were present in the fields. The number of seeds, 1,000-seed weight, seed yield and number of pods were quantified for the lower, middle and upper canopy, and plant height was compared to the amount of stem injured to determine percentage of injured stem. Each 1% of injured stem in the lower, middle and upper canopy segments significantly reduced the number of seeds per plant, 1,000-seed weight, and yield. Across all canopy segments, yield reduction reached 0.9 g per plant for every 1% of injured stem. Treatments where insecticide applications started during the vegetative phase presented the lowest damage by M. sojae. These data suggest that M. sojae is an economically important herbivore of soybeans under Brazilian growing conditions and highlight the need to develop efficient and sustainable management strategies for this pest.
大豆茎蝇(Melanagromyza sojae Zehntner)是一种重要的东亚大豆(甘氨酸max)害虫，最近在南美洲定居。大豆m.s ajae的殖民地区包括巴西和其他几个主要的大豆种植国。由于缺乏有关其危害大豆的信息，这种害虫的管理策略在很大程度上仍未开发。本研究的目的是量化大豆芽孢杆菌造成的大豆减产。其中一项试验于2020年和2021年两个夏季作物季节在巴西RS州的Santa Maria进行。大豆在季末播种，以确保田间大豆黑穗病成虫的高压存在。对下、中、上层冠层的种子数、千粒重、种子产量和荚果数进行量化，并将株高与伤茎量进行比较，确定伤茎百分比。下、中、上冠段每伤1%，单株种子数、千粒重和产量均显著降低。在所有冠层段中，每1%的茎损伤产量减少0.9 g /株。在营养阶段开始施用杀虫剂的处理对大豆病菌的危害最小。这些数据表明，在巴西的生长条件下，大豆稻蠹是一种经济上重要的大豆食草动物，并强调需要制定有效和可持续的管理策略来对付这种害虫。
{"title":"Damage Assessment of Melanagromyza sojae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Soybean in Brazil","authors":"Rafael Paz Marques, Henrique Pozebon, Júlia Guimarães Bevilaqua, Guilherme Padilha, Paulo César Ramon, Léo Augusto de Cezaro, Alberto Rohrig, Ivair Valmorbida, Rubens Fiorin, Alberto Cargnelutti Filho, Janine Palma, José Domingos Jacques Leão, Pedro Parisi, Bruna Wojahn, Giulian Rafael da Luz, Jonas André Arnemann","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n12p33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n12p33","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae Zehntner (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an important soybean (Glycine max) pest in Eastern Asia that has recently colonized South America. The region colonized by M. sojae includes Brazil and several other major soybean growing countries. Management strategies for this pest remain largely undeveloped due to lack of information regarding its potential to injury soybeans. The objective of this study was to quantify soybean yield reduction caused by M. sojae injury. One experiment was carried out during two summer crop seasons (2020 and 2021) at Santa Maria, RS state, Brazil. Soybean was planted during late-season to ensure that high pressure of M. sojae adults were present in the fields. The number of seeds, 1,000-seed weight, seed yield and number of pods were quantified for the lower, middle and upper canopy, and plant height was compared to the amount of stem injured to determine percentage of injured stem. Each 1% of injured stem in the lower, middle and upper canopy segments significantly reduced the number of seeds per plant, 1,000-seed weight, and yield. Across all canopy segments, yield reduction reached 0.9 g per plant for every 1% of injured stem. Treatments where insecticide applications started during the vegetative phase presented the lowest damage by M. sojae. These data suggest that M. sojae is an economically important herbivore of soybeans under Brazilian growing conditions and highlight the need to develop efficient and sustainable management strategies for this pest.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136229215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Citrus fruits and their essential oils play a vital role in every aspect of human life. Essential oils derived from citrus peel are rich in polyphenols and act as secondary metabolites to treat various diseases and they can be used as insecticide or pesticide. These citrus oil derivatives are much popular in flavour and fragrance industry and FMCG sector. In present research work five variants of citrus fruits; C. aurantium (Narinja), C. hystrix (Gondhoajlebu), C. limon (Lemon), C. limetta (Mosambi) and Citrus reticulata Blanco (Nagur Orange) were selected from different regions of India; Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kolkata and Maharashtra. The collected samples were further studied using SPME-GCMS analysis to identify the specific molecules which are not in common. Most identified moleculesthrough GCMS analysis are Limonene, Alpha pinene, Myrcene, Delta-carene, Sabinene etc. Each molecule has a significant aroma and used in many Flavour & Fragrance industry. The chemical molecules identified in Narinja (C. aurantium) citrus fruit are specific and not identified in any of the selected fruits they areBicyclogermacrene, Isopiperitenone, Alpha eudesmol, Beta eudesmol. Antimicrobial activity of five essential oilsreports Narinja oil has potent activity on E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus followed by lemon oil and orange oil on E. coli and Bacillus, Mosambion Bacillus and Gondhorajlebu on E. coli. This data reveals that there aresome specific molecules in C. aurantiumto be considered for further research for their medicinal aspects, as mosquito repellent or in F&F industry.
{"title":"Aroma Chemicals Identification by Sophisticated Technique and Their Role Against Pathogens","authors":"N. Sekhar, M. Srimannarayana, N. Deepika","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n12p92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n12p92","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus fruits and their essential oils play a vital role in every aspect of human life. Essential oils derived from citrus peel are rich in polyphenols and act as secondary metabolites to treat various diseases and they can be used as insecticide or pesticide. These citrus oil derivatives are much popular in flavour and fragrance industry and FMCG sector. In present research work five variants of citrus fruits; C. aurantium (Narinja), C. hystrix (Gondhoajlebu), C. limon (Lemon), C. limetta (Mosambi) and Citrus reticulata Blanco (Nagur Orange) were selected from different regions of India; Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kolkata and Maharashtra. The collected samples were further studied using SPME-GCMS analysis to identify the specific molecules which are not in common. Most identified moleculesthrough GCMS analysis are Limonene, Alpha pinene, Myrcene, Delta-carene, Sabinene etc. Each molecule has a significant aroma and used in many Flavour & Fragrance industry. The chemical molecules identified in Narinja (C. aurantium) citrus fruit are specific and not identified in any of the selected fruits they areBicyclogermacrene, Isopiperitenone, Alpha eudesmol, Beta eudesmol. Antimicrobial activity of five essential oilsreports Narinja oil has potent activity on E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus followed by lemon oil and orange oil on E. coli and Bacillus, Mosambion Bacillus and Gondhorajlebu on E. coli. This data reveals that there aresome specific molecules in C. aurantiumto be considered for further research for their medicinal aspects, as mosquito repellent or in F&F industry.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"3 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136229366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nader Soltani, Christy Shropshire, Peter H. Sikkema
In Ontario, volunteer glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn is one the most common annual grass escapes in GR soybean sprayed with glyphosate. Six field experiments were established in southwestern Ontario during 2021 and 2022 to determine volunteer GR corn control in soybean with glyphosate (900 g ae ha-1) + clethodim (45 g ai ha-1) plus three adjuvants. At 1, 2, and 4 WAA, there was no visible soybean injury from the herbicide treatments evaluated. At 1 WAA, glyphosate + clethodim controlled volunteer GR corn 23%; the addition of the adjuvants Amigo®, Journey HSOC®, and StrikeLock® at 0.5% v/v improved control to 45 to 49%; there was no statistical difference in volunteer corn control among the adjuvants evaluated. At 2 WAA, glyphosate + clethodim controlled volunteer GR corn 23%; the addition of the adjuvants Amigo®, Journey HSOC®, and StrikeLock® at 0.5% v/v improved the control to 73 to 79%; there was no statistical difference in volunteer corn control among the adjuvants evaluated. At 4 WAA, glyphosate + clethodim controlled volunteer GR corn 16%; the addition of the adjuvants Amigo®, Journey HSOC®, and StrikeLock® at 0.5% v/v improved the control to 91 to 95%; there was no statistical difference in volunteer corn control among the adjuvants evaluated. Volunteer corn interference reduced soybean yield by up to 23% in this trial (highest yielding treatment compared to the non-treated control). Reduced volunteer corn interference with clethodim increased soybean yield 13%. Reduced volunteer corn interference with clethodim plus an adjuvant increased soybean yield 27 to 31%. This study concludes that the addition of Amigo®, Journey HSOC®, or StrikeLock® to clethodim improves volunteer GR corn control resulting in a concomitant increase in soybean yield.
{"title":"Control of Volunteer Glyphosate-Resistant Corn in Soybean With Clethodim Plus Adjuvants","authors":"Nader Soltani, Christy Shropshire, Peter H. Sikkema","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n12p26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n12p26","url":null,"abstract":"In Ontario, volunteer glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn is one the most common annual grass escapes in GR soybean sprayed with glyphosate. Six field experiments were established in southwestern Ontario during 2021 and 2022 to determine volunteer GR corn control in soybean with glyphosate (900 g ae ha-1) + clethodim (45 g ai ha-1) plus three adjuvants. At 1, 2, and 4 WAA, there was no visible soybean injury from the herbicide treatments evaluated. At 1 WAA, glyphosate + clethodim controlled volunteer GR corn 23%; the addition of the adjuvants Amigo®, Journey HSOC®, and StrikeLock® at 0.5% v/v improved control to 45 to 49%; there was no statistical difference in volunteer corn control among the adjuvants evaluated. At 2 WAA, glyphosate + clethodim controlled volunteer GR corn 23%; the addition of the adjuvants Amigo®, Journey HSOC®, and StrikeLock® at 0.5% v/v improved the control to 73 to 79%; there was no statistical difference in volunteer corn control among the adjuvants evaluated.  At 4 WAA, glyphosate + clethodim controlled volunteer GR corn 16%; the addition of the adjuvants Amigo®, Journey HSOC®, and StrikeLock® at 0.5% v/v improved the control to 91 to 95%; there was no statistical difference in volunteer corn control among the adjuvants evaluated. Volunteer corn interference reduced soybean yield by up to 23% in this trial (highest yielding treatment compared to the non-treated control). Reduced volunteer corn interference with clethodim increased soybean yield 13%. Reduced volunteer corn interference with clethodim plus an adjuvant increased soybean yield 27 to 31%. This study concludes that the addition of Amigo®, Journey HSOC®, or StrikeLock® to clethodim improves volunteer GR corn control resulting in a concomitant increase in soybean yield.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"2 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136229213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated labor productivity in meat and milk/dairy production within single and multi-household management patterns, based on primary data collected from 156 randomly selected herder households in Maqu County, Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that in the rotational grazing system, herder households in both single and multi-household management patterns achieved higher labor productivity for meat production (70.36 Kg/man-day and 51.21 Kg/man-day, respectively) compared to the overall study households (40.89 Kg/man-day). In contrast, within the continuous grazing system, the single-household management pattern recorded lower labor productivity for meat production (23.04 Kg/man-day). Significantly, regional variations in the distance between pastures and market centers led herder households in the single-household management pattern within the continuous grazing system to achieve superior labor productivity for milk and dairy production (19.74 $/man-day) compared to the overall study households (15.44 $/man-day). In the rotational grazing system, labor productivity for milk and dairy production stood at 12.63 $/man-day for the single-household management pattern and 8.30 $/man-day for the multi-household management pattern. These findings underscore the complexities associated with achieving high labor productivity simultaneously in both meat and milk/dairy production within the same grassland management pattern. While the multi-household management pattern shows promise in reducing labor inputs, it also grapples with challenges in achieving substantial production levels for meat and milk/dairy products. To address these challenges, policymakers should consider follow-up measures that prioritize the simultaneous enhancement of meat and milk/dairy production within the multi-household management pattern. Special attention should be given to reducing the distance between herder households and market centers to facilitate the sale of milk/dairy products. Simply advocating for the broader adoption of the multi-household management pattern may fall short without addressing these production-related hurdles.
{"title":"Analysis of Labor Productivity in Single and Multi-household Grassland Management Patterns: A Case Study in Maqu County, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Sanqiang Du","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n11p31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n11p31","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated labor productivity in meat and milk/dairy production within single and multi-household management patterns, based on primary data collected from 156 randomly selected herder households in Maqu County, Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that in the rotational grazing system, herder households in both single and multi-household management patterns achieved higher labor productivity for meat production (70.36 Kg/man-day and 51.21 Kg/man-day, respectively) compared to the overall study households (40.89 Kg/man-day). In contrast, within the continuous grazing system, the single-household management pattern recorded lower labor productivity for meat production (23.04 Kg/man-day). Significantly, regional variations in the distance between pastures and market centers led herder households in the single-household management pattern within the continuous grazing system to achieve superior labor productivity for milk and dairy production (19.74 $/man-day) compared to the overall study households (15.44 $/man-day). In the rotational grazing system, labor productivity for milk and dairy production stood at 12.63 $/man-day for the single-household management pattern and 8.30 $/man-day for the multi-household management pattern. These findings underscore the complexities associated with achieving high labor productivity simultaneously in both meat and milk/dairy production within the same grassland management pattern. While the multi-household management pattern shows promise in reducing labor inputs, it also grapples with challenges in achieving substantial production levels for meat and milk/dairy products. To address these challenges, policymakers should consider follow-up measures that prioritize the simultaneous enhancement of meat and milk/dairy production within the multi-household management pattern. Special attention should be given to reducing the distance between herder households and market centers to facilitate the sale of milk/dairy products. Simply advocating for the broader adoption of the multi-household management pattern may fall short without addressing these production-related hurdles.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136185705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study conducted an analysis of total production costs, gross production values, and net margins across varying scales (small, medium, and large) within herder households operating under the multi-household management pattern. Data was sourced from a random sample of 35 herder households representing six multi-household management patterns in Maqu County, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results revealed that average total production costs per sheep unit were $168.43, $107.36, and $92.89 for small, medium, and large-scale operations, respectively. Gross production values in these scales were $243.50/SSU, $245.23/SSU, and $239.53/SSU. Significantly, large and medium-scale herder households achieved higher net margins, at $146.64/SSU and $137.87/SSU, while small-scale households obtained $75.06/SSU. An intriguing revelation is that net margins for large and medium-scale households predominantly fall within the range of $100.01/SSU to $200.00/SSU, signifying that while scaling may curtail total production costs per sheep unit, it does not assure enduring increases in net margins. These findings hold paramount implications for policymakers as they reassess the feasibility of upscaling multi-household management pattern operations for grassland ecological restoration on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. While scaling up can yield cost efficiencies, it does not inherently translate into sustained net profit growth. Hence, astute consideration of these insights is imperative in evaluating the potential of scaling up multi-household management patterns for grassland ecological restoration initiatives.
{"title":"Cost-Benefit Analysis of Herders’ Household Business Scale in the Multi Household Grassland Management Patterns: A Case Study of Maqu County in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Sanqiang Du","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n11p44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n11p44","url":null,"abstract":"This study conducted an analysis of total production costs, gross production values, and net margins across varying scales (small, medium, and large) within herder households operating under the multi-household management pattern. Data was sourced from a random sample of 35 herder households representing six multi-household management patterns in Maqu County, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results revealed that average total production costs per sheep unit were $168.43, $107.36, and $92.89 for small, medium, and large-scale operations, respectively. Gross production values in these scales were $243.50/SSU, $245.23/SSU, and $239.53/SSU. Significantly, large and medium-scale herder households achieved higher net margins, at $146.64/SSU and $137.87/SSU, while small-scale households obtained $75.06/SSU. An intriguing revelation is that net margins for large and medium-scale households predominantly fall within the range of $100.01/SSU to $200.00/SSU, signifying that while scaling may curtail total production costs per sheep unit, it does not assure enduring increases in net margins. These findings hold paramount implications for policymakers as they reassess the feasibility of upscaling multi-household management pattern operations for grassland ecological restoration on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. While scaling up can yield cost efficiencies, it does not inherently translate into sustained net profit growth. Hence, astute consideration of these insights is imperative in evaluating the potential of scaling up multi-household management patterns for grassland ecological restoration initiatives.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136185712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nader Soltani, Christian A. Willemse, Peter H. Sikkema
There is little information on the effect of the co-application of glyphosate with Class Act NG adjuvant on weed control efficacy and corn yield under Ontario environmental conditions. This study consisted of 6 field experiments that were conducted in Ontario during 2021 and 2022 to determine if the addition of Class Act NG (2.5% v/v) to glyphosate at 450, 900 and 1350 g ae ha-1 would improve weed control and result in a concomitant increase in corn yield. The co-application of glyphosate with Class Act NG resulted in no visible corn injury at 1 and 4 weeks after herbicide application (WAA). The addition of Class Act NG to glyphosate at 450 g ae ha-1 improved control of common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common ragweed, and barnyardgrass as much as 20, 14, 9, 8, and 7%, respectively but there was no improvement in control of giant foxtail, or green foxtail and there was no increase in corn yield. The addition of Class Act NG to glyphosate at 900 g ae ha-1 improved common lambsquarters control 6 and 5% at 4 and 8 WAA, respectively and improved barnyardgrass control 4% at 4 WAA. The addition of Class Act NG to glyphosate at 1350 g ae ha-1 provided no improvement in control of velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, giant foxtail, or green foxtail and there was no increase in corn yield. Based on this data the co-application of glyphosate with Class Act NG results in improved control of some annual broadleaf and grass weeds (common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common ragweed and barnyardgrass) when glyphosate is applied at 450 or 900 g ae ha-1; however, when glyphosate is applied at 1350 g ae ha-1 there was no improvement in weed control. The addition of Class Act NG to glyphosate at 450, 900 and 1350 g ae ha-1 did not result in an increase in corn yield.
在安大略省环境条件下，草甘膦与Class Act NG佐剂共施对杂草防治效果和玉米产量的影响研究甚少。本研究包括2021年和2022年在安大略省进行的6项田间试验，以确定在草甘膦中添加450、900和1350 g / hm的类Act NG (2.5% v/v)是否会改善杂草控制并导致玉米产量的增加。在除草剂施用后1周和4周，草甘膦与类法NG共施用对玉米无明显伤害。在草甘膦中以450 g / h / 1添加Class Act NG，对普通羊、绒叶、苋菜、普通豚草和稗草的防治效果分别提高了20%、14%、9%、8%和7%，但对野狐尾和绿狐尾的防治效果没有改善，玉米产量也没有提高。在草甘膦中添加900 g / h / 1的类Act NG，在4和8 WAA时，普通羔羊的防治率分别提高6%和5%，在4 WAA时，稗草的防治率提高4%。在草甘膦中添加1350 g / h / 1的Class Act NG对绒叶、苋菜、普通豚草、普通羊蹄草、稗草、毛缕草和绿毛缕草的防治效果没有改善，玉米产量也没有增加。根据这一数据，当草甘膦用量为450或900克/公顷时，草甘膦与类法案NG共同施用可改善对某些一年生阔叶和禾草杂草(常见的羊蹄草、绒叶草、Powell苋菜、普通豚草和谷仓草)的控制;然而，当草甘膦用量为1350 g / hm -1时，杂草控制效果没有改善。在草甘膦中添加450、900和1350 g / hm -1的类法NG对玉米产量无显著影响。
{"title":"Effect of Class Act NG Adjuvant on Glyphosate Efficacy in Corn","authors":"Nader Soltani, Christian A. Willemse, Peter H. Sikkema","doi":"10.5539/jas.v15n11p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n11p1","url":null,"abstract":"There is little information on the effect of the co-application of glyphosate with Class Act NG adjuvant on weed control efficacy and corn yield under Ontario environmental conditions. This study consisted of 6 field experiments that were conducted in Ontario during 2021 and 2022 to determine if the addition of Class Act NG (2.5% v/v) to glyphosate at 450, 900 and 1350 g ae ha-1 would improve weed control and result in a concomitant increase in corn yield. The co-application of glyphosate with Class Act NG resulted in no visible corn injury at 1 and 4 weeks after herbicide application (WAA). The addition of Class Act NG to glyphosate at 450 g ae ha-1 improved control of common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common ragweed, and barnyardgrass as much as 20, 14, 9, 8, and 7%, respectively but there was no improvement in control of giant foxtail, or green foxtail and there was no increase in corn yield. The addition of Class Act NG to glyphosate at 900 g ae ha-1 improved common lambsquarters control 6 and 5% at 4 and 8 WAA, respectively and improved barnyardgrass control 4% at 4 WAA. The addition of Class Act NG to glyphosate at 1350 g ae ha-1 provided no improvement in control of velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, giant foxtail, or green foxtail and there was no increase in corn yield. Based on this data the co-application of glyphosate with Class Act NG results in improved control of some annual broadleaf and grass weeds (common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common ragweed and barnyardgrass) when glyphosate is applied at 450 or 900 g ae ha-1; however, when glyphosate is applied at 1350 g ae ha-1 there was no improvement in weed control. The addition of Class Act NG to glyphosate at 450, 900 and 1350 g ae ha-1 did not result in an increase in corn yield.","PeriodicalId":14884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136185706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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