Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0001
D. Reill
This introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Austrian-American History, “How East Central Europe Changed: The István Deák School of History,” discusses the salient points of the twelve contributions to the issue. It compares these specialists’ analyses of what made Deák’s work so important with the jury comments from the 2020 Friuli Storia Prize, which was made up mostly of lay judges. The introduction also gives insight into how the special issue was conceived, how it intersected with the January 2023 death of the main subject of the collection, and how this influenced the pieces included.
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Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0044
A. F. Johnson
István Deák was an expert on the Habsburg officer corps and argued convincingly that the defense of honor was central to its self-understanding. Deák confronts contradictory evidence about the extent of antisemitism in the Austro-Hungarian officer corps as well as the question of whether or not Jewish officers were treated by their peers as men with honor. Because of his immense erudition, Deák was able to approach these questions with a sensitivity to interpretation that creates a model for future scholars.
István Deák是研究哈布斯堡军官团的专家，他令人信服地指出，捍卫荣誉是其自我理解的核心。Deák面对关于奥匈帝国军官队伍中反犹主义程度的矛盾证据，以及犹太军官是否被同龄人视为有荣誉的人的问题。由于他渊博的学识，Deák能够以一种敏感的解释来处理这些问题，为未来的学者创造了一个模型。
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Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0027
Gábor Egry
The article dissects the reception of István Deák’s The Lawful Revolution within Hungarian historiography. It argues that strangely the book was a precursor of a deeper revision of the history of 1848, and still it is not a major reference. Deák’s ambiguous position as a US-Hungarian historian made possible to read his work less with an eye of the broader historical revisionism it promoted, a nonnationalist reading of Habsburg history, and to use it instead to make various arguments within the field of the politics of memory.
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Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0037
Eliza Ablovatski
István Deák’s work resonates so strongly because of his empathetic approach to the people of the past. His understanding of the multifaceted identities of historical actors informed his approach to denationalizing the study of East Central Europe and to complicating the narratives of collaboration and resistance in Nazi-occupied Europe. Deák’s approach anticipated intersectionalism, reminding readers how facets of individual identity interact with their changing historical circumstances. Following his example, Deák’s students have pioneered revisions of the histories of national and imperial performances, national indifference, retribution, and instrumental collaborations.
István Deák的作品之所以能引起如此强烈的共鸣，是因为他对过去人们的同理心。他对历史角色多重身份的理解，影响了他对东中欧研究的非国家化，以及对纳粹占领下欧洲的合作与抵抗叙事的复杂化。Deák的方法预测了交叉主义，提醒读者个人身份的各个方面如何与他们不断变化的历史环境相互作用。以他为榜样，Deák的学生率先修订了国家和帝国表演、民族冷漠、报复和器乐合作的历史。
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Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0009
P. Judson
This article argues that—fully unintentionally—István Deák founded a distinctive school of history among the students he mentored. The school took inspiration from Deák’s captivating style, clear argumentation, and empathetic moral capacity. In particular, however, Deák and his students sought explanations for social, cultural, and political phenomena in East Central Europe outside the constricting boundaries of the nationalism that dominated this field of history. Before Benedict Anderson, Eric Hobsbawm, and Ernest Gellner revived constructivist theories of the nation from very different perspectives in the 1980s, Deák’s wary approach to nationalism and the Habsburg monarchy would become a key element that defined the school of historians that grew up around him. In doing so he and they radically reshaped our understanding of the region and its history.
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Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0086
Jennifer L. Foray
This contribution focuses on István Deák’s formative influence on the scholarship of Nazi occupation, collaboration, resistance, and the Holocaust, including his pan-European approach to these topics. It pays particular attention to his long-standing focus on individual decision-making and moral culpability as well as his ability to empathize with his historical actors, albeit without relativizing or justifying their behavior. Further, it discusses how Deák’s approach to writing for multiple audiences shaped a generation of his students and scholars.
{"title":"Of Modeling and Morality: Writing World War II","authors":"Jennifer L. Foray","doi":"10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0086","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This contribution focuses on István Deák’s formative influence on the scholarship of Nazi occupation, collaboration, resistance, and the Holocaust, including his pan-European approach to these topics. It pays particular attention to his long-standing focus on individual decision-making and moral culpability as well as his ability to empathize with his historical actors, albeit without relativizing or justifying their behavior. Further, it discusses how Deák’s approach to writing for multiple audiences shaped a generation of his students and scholars.","PeriodicalId":148947,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Austrian-American History","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121821230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.5325/jaustamerhist.7.1.0018
Holly Case, Máté Rigó
The contribution describes István Deák as both personification and propagator of paradoxical plurals, or seemingly self-contradictory elements concentrated in a single entity. Drawing on examples from his life, scholarship, public-facing writings, and extensive interview material, the authors explore this facet of his career and person.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.6.2.0105
Nicole M. Phelps
After the US Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles in 1920, the US government needed to find an alternate, politically viable route to a legal termination of its state of war with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. This was necessary to reopen diplomatic and trade relations, end domestic wartime legislation in the United States, settle a range of war-induced property claims, and, in Austria, to secure a League of Nations economic restructuring plan. In the Knox-Porter Resolution, or July Resolution, Congress claimed rights based on November 1918 armistices and the subsequent Paris treaties, even as they refused to ratify those actual treaties. This resolution formed the basis of the 1921 US treaties with Austria, Hungary, and Germany. The process of settling property claims dragged on until the end of the decade. The coverage in the New York Times reveals the importance of conflicts between the executive and legislative branches, partisanship and debates over the future of US foreign policy, US politicians’ focus on Germany rather than on the particular circumstances facing Austria, and a commitment to protecting private property rights as elements that shaped and prolonged the process of reaching a US-Austrian peace.
1920年，美国参议院否决了《凡尔赛条约》(Treaty of Versailles)后，美国政府需要找到一条政治上可行的替代途径，以合法结束与德国、奥地利和匈牙利的战争状态。这对于重新开放外交和贸易关系，结束美国国内战时立法，解决一系列战争引起的财产索赔，以及在奥地利确保国际联盟的经济重组计划是必要的。在诺克斯-波特决议或7月决议中，国会根据1918年11月的停战协议和随后的巴黎条约要求权利，尽管他们拒绝批准这些实际条约。这一决议构成了1921年美国与奥地利、匈牙利和德国签订条约的基础。财产索赔的解决过程一直拖到十年末。《纽约时报》的报道揭示了行政和立法部门之间冲突的重要性，党派之争和对美国外交政策未来的辩论，美国政治家关注德国而不是奥地利面临的特殊情况，以及作为塑造和延长美奥和平进程的因素，对保护私有产权的承诺。
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Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.6.2.0136
C. Tewinkel
Musical training, for the amount of time and the diligence it takes, has often been metaphorized as a long and arduous journey, with Johann Joseph Fux’s 1725 instructional book for piano players, Gradus ad Parnassum, being a case in point. For young US American pianists at the turn of the century, the idea of instrumental training as a gradual progress toward a goal blended in with the actual experience of crossing the ocean to study with European teachers. The Vienna-based pianist Theodor Leschetizky (1830–1915) counted among the most popular teachers for American students. While no musical expedition, whether figurative or real, comes without obstacles, Leschetizky introduced a particular barrier for those interested in making a career in music. He employed assistant teachers that prepared students before they were allowed to proceed and work with him directly. This strategy turned out to be rather rewarding financially, and it also catered to fundamental concepts about artistic achievement and transatlantic relations held by the classical music scene. In this article, I will address the special appeal that Leschetizky’s gatekeeping regimen had for pianists from the United States. I will describe organizational, financial, and aesthetic implications as well as the consequences that accepting or refusing this system had for American students. In doing this, I will draw on unpublished documents from the archive of the New York Leschetizky Association and on reports from Leschetizky students and assistants.
音乐训练，因为它需要大量的时间和勤奋，经常被比喻为一个漫长而艰苦的旅程，约翰·约瑟夫·福克斯1725年为钢琴演奏者编写的教学书籍《Gradus and Parnassum》就是一个很好的例子。对于世纪之交的年轻美国钢琴家来说，乐器训练作为一个逐步实现目标的想法，与漂洋过海跟随欧洲老师学习的实际经历相结合。维也纳钢琴家西奥多·莱舍蒂基(Theodor Leschetizky, 1830-1915)是美国学生最喜欢的老师之一。虽然没有音乐探险，无论是象征性的还是真实的，没有障碍，Leschetizky为那些有兴趣从事音乐事业的人介绍了一个特别的障碍。他雇佣了助理教师，在学生被允许直接与他一起学习之前，他们会为学生做好准备。事实证明，这种策略在经济上是相当有益的，而且它也迎合了古典音乐界关于艺术成就和跨大西洋关系的基本概念。在这篇文章中，我将阐述Leschetizky的守门人制度对来自美国的钢琴家的特殊吸引力。我将描述组织、财务和美学方面的影响，以及接受或拒绝这一制度对美国学生的影响。在此过程中，我将利用纽约Leschetizky协会档案中未发表的文件，以及Leschetizky学生和助手的报告。
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Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.6.2.0154
C. M. Van Demark
Between 1945 and 1955, US policymakers targeted Austrian children with a sweeping propaganda campaign intended to cultivate democratic, free-market sensibilities. Coordinated in the 1950s by the US Department of State’s Information Agency, US occupation authorities used subtle, Austrian-ized propaganda to develop educational and extracurricular programming at a moment of sociopolitical and economic transformation in postwar Austria. Responding to concerns about the moral degradation of children after Nazism and rising instances of youth delinquency, this campaign sought to address the ongoing youth problem by inscribing a set of behaviors—empathy, cooperation, and respect for others—that were amenable to the broader US democratizing mission in Central Europe. This paper examines a series of articles from Eine neue Welt für unsere Jugend (1953), a German-language anthology written by authors from both sides of the Atlantic. The text exposed Austrian young people to the richness of life in the United States by flaunting sociopolitical and cultural achievements that aligned with the aims of postwar reorientation initiatives, including articles on the Boy Scouts, transatlantic pen pal programs, and after-school clubs. By broaching these topics, US policymakers hoped to cultivate democratic sensibilities in Austrian youth—to build a new Austria supportive of Western-style liberalism. Works by prominent historians in the field, including Jaimey Fisher and Reinhold Wagnleitner, help frame this article that explores the transnational dynamics of democratic rehabilitation in miniature as US policymakers grappled with the aftermath of Nazism on the one hand and an escalating Cold War on the other.
1945年至1955年间，美国政策制定者针对奥地利儿童展开了一场大规模的宣传运动，旨在培养他们对民主和自由市场的敏感性。20世纪50年代，在美国国务院新闻署的协调下，美国占领当局在战后奥地利社会政治和经济转型的时刻，利用微妙的、奥地利化的宣传来发展教育和课外活动。为了回应人们对纳粹主义后儿童道德沦丧和青少年犯罪上升的担忧，这场运动试图通过一系列行为——同情、合作和尊重他人——来解决持续存在的青少年问题，这些行为符合美国在中欧更广泛的民主化使命。本文考察了《新世界报》(Eine neue Welt fr unsere Jugend, 1953)中的一系列文章，这是一本由大西洋两岸的作者撰写的德语选集。这本书通过炫耀社会政治和文化成就，向奥地利年轻人展示了美国丰富的生活，这些成就与战后重新定位倡议的目标相一致，包括关于童子军、跨大西洋笔友计划和课后俱乐部的文章。通过提出这些话题，美国决策者希望培养奥地利年轻人的民主敏感性——建立一个支持西式自由主义的新奥地利。该领域著名历史学家的著作，包括杰米·费舍尔和莱因霍尔德·瓦格莱特纳，帮助构建了这篇文章，探讨了民主复兴的跨国动态，一方面是美国政策制定者在努力应对纳粹主义的后果，另一方面是不断升级的冷战。
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