The effects of supplemental Zn within steroidal implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, trace mineral status, and muscle gene expression were tested in a 59-d study using 128 Angus-crossbred steers (492 ± 29 kg) in a 2 × 4 complete randomized design. Implant strategies included no implant (NoIMP) or Component TE-200 (TE200; Elanco, Greenfield, IN) administered on d 0. Zinc was supplemented at 0, 30, 100, or 150 mg Zn/kg dry matter (Zn0, Zn30, Zn100, Zn150, respectively) from ZnSO4. Steers were stratified by body weight (BW) to pens (n = 5 or 6 steers/pen) equipped with GrowSafe bunks (GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Airdrie, AB, Canada) and assigned treatments (n = 15, 16, or 17 steers/treatment). Cattle were weighed on d -1, 0, 18, and 59 with blood collected on d -1, 18, 40, and 59. Muscle samples were collected from the longissimus thoracis on d 11 and liver samples collected on d 55 or 56. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS via contrast statements testing the linear and quadratic response to Zn supplementation within implant treatment and NoIMP vs. TE200 for performance, carcass, blood, and liver parameters. Specific contrast statements were formed for the analysis of gene expression in muscle including: Zn0 vs. Zn150 within NoIMP and TE200, NoIMP vs. TE200 (Zn0 and Zn150 only), and the linear effect of supplementing Zn0, Zn100, and Zn150 within TE200. Steer was the experimental unit. Day 18 BW and d 0-18 average daily gain (ADG) were linearly increased due to Zn supplementation within TE200 (P ≤ 0.002) in conjunction with a linear increase from Zn in d 11 muscle epidermal growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and phosphodiesterase 4B gene expression of TE200 steers (P ≤ 0.05). Plasma Zn on d 18 and 40 linearly increased with increasing Zn supplementation regardless of implant treatment (P ≤ 0.03) and was lesser for TE200 than NoIMP steers on d 18 (P = 0.001). Day 59 BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were greater for TE200 vs. NoIMP (P ≤ 0.002) and HCW of implanted steers tended to linearly increase with increasing Zn supplementation (P = 0.09). No effects of Zn supplementation were observed in NoIMP for HCW, BW, or ADG (P ≥ 0.17). Yield grade and 12th rib fat tended to quadratically decrease within NoIMP (P ≤ 0.09), with Zn100 being most lean. These data indicate increasing supplemental Zn influences steroidal implant signaling machinery while increasing the Zn status and implant-induced growth of feedlot cattle.
{"title":"Effects Of Increasing Supplemental Zinc To Non-Implanted And Implanted Finishing Steers","authors":"Elizabeth M Messersmith, Stephanie L Hansen","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae365","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of supplemental Zn within steroidal implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, trace mineral status, and muscle gene expression were tested in a 59-d study using 128 Angus-crossbred steers (492 ± 29 kg) in a 2 × 4 complete randomized design. Implant strategies included no implant (NoIMP) or Component TE-200 (TE200; Elanco, Greenfield, IN) administered on d 0. Zinc was supplemented at 0, 30, 100, or 150 mg Zn/kg dry matter (Zn0, Zn30, Zn100, Zn150, respectively) from ZnSO4. Steers were stratified by body weight (BW) to pens (n = 5 or 6 steers/pen) equipped with GrowSafe bunks (GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Airdrie, AB, Canada) and assigned treatments (n = 15, 16, or 17 steers/treatment). Cattle were weighed on d -1, 0, 18, and 59 with blood collected on d -1, 18, 40, and 59. Muscle samples were collected from the longissimus thoracis on d 11 and liver samples collected on d 55 or 56. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS via contrast statements testing the linear and quadratic response to Zn supplementation within implant treatment and NoIMP vs. TE200 for performance, carcass, blood, and liver parameters. Specific contrast statements were formed for the analysis of gene expression in muscle including: Zn0 vs. Zn150 within NoIMP and TE200, NoIMP vs. TE200 (Zn0 and Zn150 only), and the linear effect of supplementing Zn0, Zn100, and Zn150 within TE200. Steer was the experimental unit. Day 18 BW and d 0-18 average daily gain (ADG) were linearly increased due to Zn supplementation within TE200 (P ≤ 0.002) in conjunction with a linear increase from Zn in d 11 muscle epidermal growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and phosphodiesterase 4B gene expression of TE200 steers (P ≤ 0.05). Plasma Zn on d 18 and 40 linearly increased with increasing Zn supplementation regardless of implant treatment (P ≤ 0.03) and was lesser for TE200 than NoIMP steers on d 18 (P = 0.001). Day 59 BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were greater for TE200 vs. NoIMP (P ≤ 0.002) and HCW of implanted steers tended to linearly increase with increasing Zn supplementation (P = 0.09). No effects of Zn supplementation were observed in NoIMP for HCW, BW, or ADG (P ≥ 0.17). Yield grade and 12th rib fat tended to quadratically decrease within NoIMP (P ≤ 0.09), with Zn100 being most lean. These data indicate increasing supplemental Zn influences steroidal implant signaling machinery while increasing the Zn status and implant-induced growth of feedlot cattle.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Graña-Baumgartner, Venkata S R Dukkipati, Patrick J Biggs, Paul R Kenyon, Hugh T Blair, Natalie K Pickering, Danitsja S Van der Linden, Nicolás López-Villalobos
Skin thickness was found to be moderately heritable and genetically associated with lamb survival in a previous study on Romney sheep. The aims of this study were to estimate the heritabilities of skin thickness and skin temperature at around five and 11 months of age, and determine genetic and phenotypic correlations between them and with production traits such as fat depth, loin-eye muscle depth and width, live weights at weaning, scanning, and 12 months, and 12-month fleece weight, in FocusPrime (n=2,088), Texel (n=732), Romney (n=825) and Highlander (n=1,801) sheep breeds. Heritability estimates of skin thickness at 5-month old were moderate in FocusPrime (0.39 ± 0.12) and low in Texel and Highlander (0.11 ± 0.15 and 0.13 ± 0.09, respectively). Heritability estimates of skin thickness at 11-month old were moderate in all breeds (ranged from 0.19 ± 0.07 to 0.29 ± 0.15). Heritability estimates of skin temperature were high in FocusPrime (0.39 ± 0.11), low in Texel (0.17 ± 0.11) and Highlander (0.12 ± 0.06) and almost zero in Romney (0.04 ± 0.03). A tendency in all breeds for negative and favourable correlations was found between skin thickness and skin temperature at 11-month old sheep. Skin thickness at 11-months tended to have a positive genetic correlation with fat depth in all breeds except in Texel where the correlation tended to be negative (-0.10 ± 0.34). Genetic correlations of skin thickness at 11-month old with the weight traits were variate. There tended to be a positive correlation with weaning weight in Texel (0.14 ± 0.34) and Highlander (0.29 ± 0.22). However, there tended to be negative correlations with live weight at scanning and at 12-month of age in FocusPrime (-0.03 ± 0.18 and -0.13 ± 0.22 , respectively) and tended to be positive in Romney (0.09 ± 0.25 and 0.10 ± 0.24, respectively) and Highlander (0.26 ± 0.22 and 0.39 ± 0.21, respectively). Moreover, genetic correlations of skin thickness at 11-month of age with FW12 tended to be positive in both Romney (0.20 ± 0.22) and Highlander (0.55 ± 0.19). Further studies on the genetic correlations of skin thickness and skin temperature with lamb survival in these breeds are warranted.
{"title":"Heritability estimates and genetic and phenotypic correlations of skin thickness and skin temperature with key production traits in FocusPrime, Texel, Romney and Highlander sheep","authors":"Andrea Graña-Baumgartner, Venkata S R Dukkipati, Patrick J Biggs, Paul R Kenyon, Hugh T Blair, Natalie K Pickering, Danitsja S Van der Linden, Nicolás López-Villalobos","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae358","url":null,"abstract":"Skin thickness was found to be moderately heritable and genetically associated with lamb survival in a previous study on Romney sheep. The aims of this study were to estimate the heritabilities of skin thickness and skin temperature at around five and 11 months of age, and determine genetic and phenotypic correlations between them and with production traits such as fat depth, loin-eye muscle depth and width, live weights at weaning, scanning, and 12 months, and 12-month fleece weight, in FocusPrime (n=2,088), Texel (n=732), Romney (n=825) and Highlander (n=1,801) sheep breeds. Heritability estimates of skin thickness at 5-month old were moderate in FocusPrime (0.39 ± 0.12) and low in Texel and Highlander (0.11 ± 0.15 and 0.13 ± 0.09, respectively). Heritability estimates of skin thickness at 11-month old were moderate in all breeds (ranged from 0.19 ± 0.07 to 0.29 ± 0.15). Heritability estimates of skin temperature were high in FocusPrime (0.39 ± 0.11), low in Texel (0.17 ± 0.11) and Highlander (0.12 ± 0.06) and almost zero in Romney (0.04 ± 0.03). A tendency in all breeds for negative and favourable correlations was found between skin thickness and skin temperature at 11-month old sheep. Skin thickness at 11-months tended to have a positive genetic correlation with fat depth in all breeds except in Texel where the correlation tended to be negative (-0.10 ± 0.34). Genetic correlations of skin thickness at 11-month old with the weight traits were variate. There tended to be a positive correlation with weaning weight in Texel (0.14 ± 0.34) and Highlander (0.29 ± 0.22). However, there tended to be negative correlations with live weight at scanning and at 12-month of age in FocusPrime (-0.03 ± 0.18 and -0.13 ± 0.22 , respectively) and tended to be positive in Romney (0.09 ± 0.25 and 0.10 ± 0.24, respectively) and Highlander (0.26 ± 0.22 and 0.39 ± 0.21, respectively). Moreover, genetic correlations of skin thickness at 11-month of age with FW12 tended to be positive in both Romney (0.20 ± 0.22) and Highlander (0.55 ± 0.19). Further studies on the genetic correlations of skin thickness and skin temperature with lamb survival in these breeds are warranted.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Federico Correa, Diana Luise, Sara Virdis, Clara Negrini, Barbara Polimeni, Roxana Elena Amarie, Andrea Serra, Giacomo Biagi, Paolo Trevisi
Improving the synchrony between amino acids (AAs) and glucose appearance in the blood can support the growth performance of weaned pigs fed low crude protein (CP) diet. This can be achieved by using a diet with a low amylose to amylopectin ratio (AM/AP). The aim of this experiment was to evaluate whether reducing the AM/AP by using a corn variety characterized by a high amylopectin content, in the weaning diet can sustain growth performance and improve the intestinal health of pigs fed a low CP diet. At weaning (25±2 days), 90 pig were assigned to three treatment group: 1) control group (CTR), fed a standard diet with a medium-high CP content and high AM/AP (d 0 to 13: 18.0% CP, 0.13 AM/AP; d 14 to 27: 16.6% CP, 0.30 AM/AP; d 28 to 49: 16.7% CP, 0.15 AM/AP); 2) a group fed a low CP diet with a high AM/AP (LP), (d 0 to 13: 16.0% CP, 0.17 AM/AP; d 13 to 27: 14.7% CP, 0.17 AM/AP; d 28 to 49: 14.5%CP, 0.25 AM/AP); 3) a group fed a low CP and a low AM/AP diet (LPLA) (d 0 to 13: 16.0% CP, 0.09 AM/AP; d 14 to 27: 14.7% CP, 0.05 AM/AP; d 28 to 49: 14.5%CP, 0.09 AM/AP). Pigs were weighted weakly until d49. Fecal samples were collected at d 10 a d 42 (12 samples/group/timepoint) for ammonia and calprotectin content and microbiota profile characterization. Until d28, body weight (BW) of pigs from CTR was not different from pigs of the LPLA group, whereas it was higher from pigs of the LP group (P <0.05). Thereafter, CTR group had greater BW compared with LP and LPLA groups for all the other timepoints considered (P < 0.05). From d 0-7 LPLA group had a lower incidence of diarrhea than the LP group (P = 0.04). At d 10, LPLA group had a greater alpha diversity (Shannon and InvSimpson indices), than the CTR (P = 0.03) and LP (P = 0.04) groups. At d 42, LPLA group had significantly greater InvSimpson diversity than LP group (P = 0.028). At d 10, LP group was characterized by greater abundance of Lactobacillus (LDA score = 5.15, P = 0.02), Clostridium-sensu-stricto-1 (LDA score = 4.90, P = 0.02) and Oscillospiraceae NK4A214-group (LDA score = 4.87, P = 0.004), whereas LPLA group was characterized by greater abundance of Prevotella (LDA score = 5.04, P = 0.003) and Agathobacter (LDA score= 4.77, P = 0.05). In conclusion, while reducing CP levels may negatively impact growth performance, when combined with higher amylopectin levels, it can reduce the incidence of diarrhea and increase fecal microbial diversity.
{"title":"Reduction of amylose-amylopectin ratio in low-protein diets: impacts on growth performance and intestinal health in weaned pigs","authors":"Federico Correa, Diana Luise, Sara Virdis, Clara Negrini, Barbara Polimeni, Roxana Elena Amarie, Andrea Serra, Giacomo Biagi, Paolo Trevisi","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae370","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the synchrony between amino acids (AAs) and glucose appearance in the blood can support the growth performance of weaned pigs fed low crude protein (CP) diet. This can be achieved by using a diet with a low amylose to amylopectin ratio (AM/AP). The aim of this experiment was to evaluate whether reducing the AM/AP by using a corn variety characterized by a high amylopectin content, in the weaning diet can sustain growth performance and improve the intestinal health of pigs fed a low CP diet. At weaning (25±2 days), 90 pig were assigned to three treatment group: 1) control group (CTR), fed a standard diet with a medium-high CP content and high AM/AP (d 0 to 13: 18.0% CP, 0.13 AM/AP; d 14 to 27: 16.6% CP, 0.30 AM/AP; d 28 to 49: 16.7% CP, 0.15 AM/AP); 2) a group fed a low CP diet with a high AM/AP (LP), (d 0 to 13: 16.0% CP, 0.17 AM/AP; d 13 to 27: 14.7% CP, 0.17 AM/AP; d 28 to 49: 14.5%CP, 0.25 AM/AP); 3) a group fed a low CP and a low AM/AP diet (LPLA) (d 0 to 13: 16.0% CP, 0.09 AM/AP; d 14 to 27: 14.7% CP, 0.05 AM/AP; d 28 to 49: 14.5%CP, 0.09 AM/AP). Pigs were weighted weakly until d49. Fecal samples were collected at d 10 a d 42 (12 samples/group/timepoint) for ammonia and calprotectin content and microbiota profile characterization. Until d28, body weight (BW) of pigs from CTR was not different from pigs of the LPLA group, whereas it was higher from pigs of the LP group (P &lt;0.05). Thereafter, CTR group had greater BW compared with LP and LPLA groups for all the other timepoints considered (P &lt; 0.05). From d 0-7 LPLA group had a lower incidence of diarrhea than the LP group (P = 0.04). At d 10, LPLA group had a greater alpha diversity (Shannon and InvSimpson indices), than the CTR (P = 0.03) and LP (P = 0.04) groups. At d 42, LPLA group had significantly greater InvSimpson diversity than LP group (P = 0.028). At d 10, LP group was characterized by greater abundance of Lactobacillus (LDA score = 5.15, P = 0.02), Clostridium-sensu-stricto-1 (LDA score = 4.90, P = 0.02) and Oscillospiraceae NK4A214-group (LDA score = 4.87, P = 0.004), whereas LPLA group was characterized by greater abundance of Prevotella (LDA score = 5.04, P = 0.003) and Agathobacter (LDA score= 4.77, P = 0.05). In conclusion, while reducing CP levels may negatively impact growth performance, when combined with higher amylopectin levels, it can reduce the incidence of diarrhea and increase fecal microbial diversity.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marllon J K de Oliveira, Olufemi O Babatunde, Lucas A Rodrigues, Taiwo J Erinle, John K Htoo, S Maria Mendoza, Daniel A Columbus
Proteolytic fermentation induces negative effects on gut health and function, which may affect pig performance. The objective was to conduct a meta-analysis to develop an index of dietary indigestible dietary protein (IDP) to investigate growth performance outcomes of mixed-sex weanling pigs (average body weight of 7.59 kg). Eighty-nine articles reporting growth performance variables [average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain:feed ratio (GF), initial (IBW), and final body weight] in pigs fed different dietary protein (DP) content (from 12% to 33.6%) and protein sources (plant and animal) were included. Dietary protein and IDP index were calculated in all experiments using a common database, with the IDP index defined as the difference between total DP and standardized ileal digestible DP. A DP- and an IDP-based model were developed to predict the ADG, GF, and ADFI (by their relationship) of weaning pigs using a multivariable linear mixed model regression approach with estimates of variable effects obtained using the residual maximum likelihood method. Based on a stepwise manual forward selection, significant predictor variables with improvement of at least 2 points in the Bayesian information criterion were included in the final regression model. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05 and a trend at P < 0.10. Initial exploratory analysis of the database showed a quadratic increase (P < 0.01) in the IDP index with increasing inclusion of plant protein sources in diet formulation and a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in the IDP index with increasing synthetic amino acid inclusion. Regarding the models, the DP-based model could not account for the inclusion of protein sources compared to the IDP-based model. There was a tendency for DP to positively affect (P < 0.10) ADG and GF. Increasing the IDP index tended to negatively impact (P < 0.10) ADG while reducing (P < 0.05) ADFI. Using a practical and hypothetical feed formulation simulation, the final regression models predicted the expected negative impact of a high IDP index on newly weaned pig performance when compared to a low IDP diet. The IDP-based model predicted a stronger negative effect of high IDP when compared to the DP-based model. Results indicate that IDP may be an improved and more reliable index to investigate the impact of DP on pig performance in the post-weaning phase.
{"title":"Development of an indigestible dietary protein index to investigate the effects of dietary protein content in post-weaned pigs","authors":"Marllon J K de Oliveira, Olufemi O Babatunde, Lucas A Rodrigues, Taiwo J Erinle, John K Htoo, S Maria Mendoza, Daniel A Columbus","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae374","url":null,"abstract":"Proteolytic fermentation induces negative effects on gut health and function, which may affect pig performance. The objective was to conduct a meta-analysis to develop an index of dietary indigestible dietary protein (IDP) to investigate growth performance outcomes of mixed-sex weanling pigs (average body weight of 7.59 kg). Eighty-nine articles reporting growth performance variables [average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain:feed ratio (GF), initial (IBW), and final body weight] in pigs fed different dietary protein (DP) content (from 12% to 33.6%) and protein sources (plant and animal) were included. Dietary protein and IDP index were calculated in all experiments using a common database, with the IDP index defined as the difference between total DP and standardized ileal digestible DP. A DP- and an IDP-based model were developed to predict the ADG, GF, and ADFI (by their relationship) of weaning pigs using a multivariable linear mixed model regression approach with estimates of variable effects obtained using the residual maximum likelihood method. Based on a stepwise manual forward selection, significant predictor variables with improvement of at least 2 points in the Bayesian information criterion were included in the final regression model. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05 and a trend at P &lt; 0.10. Initial exploratory analysis of the database showed a quadratic increase (P &lt; 0.01) in the IDP index with increasing inclusion of plant protein sources in diet formulation and a linear decrease (P &lt; 0.01) in the IDP index with increasing synthetic amino acid inclusion. Regarding the models, the DP-based model could not account for the inclusion of protein sources compared to the IDP-based model. There was a tendency for DP to positively affect (P &lt; 0.10) ADG and GF. Increasing the IDP index tended to negatively impact (P &lt; 0.10) ADG while reducing (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI. Using a practical and hypothetical feed formulation simulation, the final regression models predicted the expected negative impact of a high IDP index on newly weaned pig performance when compared to a low IDP diet. The IDP-based model predicted a stronger negative effect of high IDP when compared to the DP-based model. Results indicate that IDP may be an improved and more reliable index to investigate the impact of DP on pig performance in the post-weaning phase.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alaina J Johnson, Wenli Li, Barbara I Dittrich, Aleah C Cole, Marie K Prodell, J Wesley Lyons, Scott A Fritz, Priscila Fregulia, Chi Chen, Chanho Kown, Young Dal Jang
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a second iron injection for suckling pigs fed diets with different dietary iron levels in the nursery period on growth performance, hematological parameters, serum and liver trace mineral content, fecal score, microbiome, and metabolites. A total of 70 newborn pigs from 7 litters were assigned to either one or two iron injections within litter and received the first i.m. iron injection (200 mg) at 2-3 d of age. Pigs assigned to the second injection treatment received an additional iron injection 5 d after the first injection. At weaning (d 27-30 of age), pigs within iron injection treatments were divided into 2 nursery diet treatments for a 27-d growth period. Treatments were: 1) no additional iron injection + nursery diets with 100 ppm iron (NC), 2) second i.m. iron injection (200 mg) + NC diets, 3) no additional iron injection + nursery diets with 200 ppm iron (PC), and 4) second i.m. iron injection (200 mg) + PC diets. The second iron injection increased liver iron content at weaning (P = 0.08, tendency), and serum iron, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels until d 13 postweaning (P < 0.05). In the nursery period, pigs receiving the second iron injection had a greater final body weight (P = 0.08, tendency), overall growth rate (P = 0.08, tendency) and feed intake (P < 0.05), and lower fecal score (P < 0.05) indicating firmer feces compared to those receiving one iron injection. There was no major effect of dietary iron level or interaction with the iron injection treatment in any measurements except that the pigs fed the PC diets had greater hemoglobin and hematocrit levels (P < 0.05) at d 27 postweaning and a lower fecal score (P = 0.08, tendency) in the late nursery period than those fed the NC diets. The second iron injection reduced fecal bacterial alpha-diversity based on Faith’s phylogenetic diversity at weaning (P < 0.05), while the second iron injection and dietary iron levels resulted in dissimilarity in the fecal bacterial community based on Unweighted Unifrac analysis (P < 0.05; at weaning by iron injection and d 27 postweaning by dietary iron level). In conclusion, the second iron injection for suckling pigs improved postweaning growth performance and hemoglobin levels and affected the fecal microbiome, whereas an additional 100 ppm of dietary iron supplementation increased hemoglobin levels and altered the fecal microbiome in the late nursery period but did not affect postweaning growth.
{"title":"Effect of second iron injection on growth performance, hematological parameters, and fecal microbiome of piglets fed different dietary iron levels","authors":"Alaina J Johnson, Wenli Li, Barbara I Dittrich, Aleah C Cole, Marie K Prodell, J Wesley Lyons, Scott A Fritz, Priscila Fregulia, Chi Chen, Chanho Kown, Young Dal Jang","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae371","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a second iron injection for suckling pigs fed diets with different dietary iron levels in the nursery period on growth performance, hematological parameters, serum and liver trace mineral content, fecal score, microbiome, and metabolites. A total of 70 newborn pigs from 7 litters were assigned to either one or two iron injections within litter and received the first i.m. iron injection (200 mg) at 2-3 d of age. Pigs assigned to the second injection treatment received an additional iron injection 5 d after the first injection. At weaning (d 27-30 of age), pigs within iron injection treatments were divided into 2 nursery diet treatments for a 27-d growth period. Treatments were: 1) no additional iron injection + nursery diets with 100 ppm iron (NC), 2) second i.m. iron injection (200 mg) + NC diets, 3) no additional iron injection + nursery diets with 200 ppm iron (PC), and 4) second i.m. iron injection (200 mg) + PC diets. The second iron injection increased liver iron content at weaning (P = 0.08, tendency), and serum iron, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels until d 13 postweaning (P &lt; 0.05). In the nursery period, pigs receiving the second iron injection had a greater final body weight (P = 0.08, tendency), overall growth rate (P = 0.08, tendency) and feed intake (P &lt; 0.05), and lower fecal score (P &lt; 0.05) indicating firmer feces compared to those receiving one iron injection. There was no major effect of dietary iron level or interaction with the iron injection treatment in any measurements except that the pigs fed the PC diets had greater hemoglobin and hematocrit levels (P &lt; 0.05) at d 27 postweaning and a lower fecal score (P = 0.08, tendency) in the late nursery period than those fed the NC diets. The second iron injection reduced fecal bacterial alpha-diversity based on Faith’s phylogenetic diversity at weaning (P &lt; 0.05), while the second iron injection and dietary iron levels resulted in dissimilarity in the fecal bacterial community based on Unweighted Unifrac analysis (P &lt; 0.05; at weaning by iron injection and d 27 postweaning by dietary iron level). In conclusion, the second iron injection for suckling pigs improved postweaning growth performance and hemoglobin levels and affected the fecal microbiome, whereas an additional 100 ppm of dietary iron supplementation increased hemoglobin levels and altered the fecal microbiome in the late nursery period but did not affect postweaning growth.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Federico Podversich, Leandro Abdelhadi, Sergio Roskopf, Gleise M Silva, Emanuel Angeli, Gustavo J Hein, Hugo H Ortega, Martin Ruiz-Moreno, Jose C B Dubeux, Nicolas DiLorenzo
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of feeding whole-plant sorghum silage (WPSS) with different kernel processing techniques (KP). Exp. 1 contrasted KP for WPSS on intake and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in beef heifers (n = 24, 13 ± 1 mo, 267 ± 10.9 kg of initial body weight [BW]) housed in individual pens (36 m2). Grain sorghum was harvested at hard dough, switching the kernel processor to obtain the WPSS treatments: A) unprocessed (UNP), B) conventionally processed (CONV), and C) shredlage processed (SHRD). Heifers (8/treatment) received ad libitum WPSS from their respective treatment, plus soybean meal top-dressed at 0.5% BW/d (DM basis). Feed, and feces were collected for 5 d; feed was offered once daily, and orts were collected the following day. Fecal samples were collected twice daily, and ATTD was determined using indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) as a marker. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, with heifer as the experimental unit, and the following contrasts were performed 1) Processing: UNP vs. (CONV + SHRD) and 2) Processor: CONV vs. SHRD. Processing WPSS increased the ATTD of starch by 4.5% (P = 0.01), reduced fecal starch by 27.5% (P = 0.01), and reduced the change of NDF from feed to orts by 39% (P < 0.01). Heifers fed SHRD had 6.6% greater ATTD of NDF than CONV-fed heifers (P = 0.04). Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of feeding either SHRD or CONV-processed WPSS on growth performance of beef heifers. Whole-plant grain sorghum was harvested at the hard-dough stage, switching the KP as in Exp. 1. Angus heifers (n = 96, 15 ± 1 mo, 249.6 ± 28.6 kg of BW) were blocked by initial BW, and randomly assigned to pens (8 heifers/pen, 6 pens/treatment). Diets consisted, all in a DM basis, of WPSS, either SHRD or CONV, at 90.5%, expeller soybean meal at 7.0%, and a vitamin-mineral-protein concentrate at 2.5%. After 14-d of adaptation, growth was measured for 56 d, and feed was offered once daily. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the pen as the experimental unit. Heifers fed CONV had a 9.6% greater gain-to-feed ratio (P = 0.05) and a 7.4% greater Kleiber ratio (P = 0.05) than SHRD-fed heifers. Apparent net energy of gain tended to be 7.1% greater in CONV-fed heifers (P = 0.06). In conclusion, kernel processing WPSS increased starch digestibility and reduced fecal starch concentration. Using SHRD increased NDF digestibility and feeding CONV-processed WPSS resulted in enhanced growth performance.
{"title":"Evaluation of kernel processing and processor type in whole plant sorghum silage: Effects on nutrient digestibility and animal performance in backgrounding beef heifers","authors":"Federico Podversich, Leandro Abdelhadi, Sergio Roskopf, Gleise M Silva, Emanuel Angeli, Gustavo J Hein, Hugo H Ortega, Martin Ruiz-Moreno, Jose C B Dubeux, Nicolas DiLorenzo","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae369","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of feeding whole-plant sorghum silage (WPSS) with different kernel processing techniques (KP). Exp. 1 contrasted KP for WPSS on intake and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in beef heifers (n = 24, 13 ± 1 mo, 267 ± 10.9 kg of initial body weight [BW]) housed in individual pens (36 m2). Grain sorghum was harvested at hard dough, switching the kernel processor to obtain the WPSS treatments: A) unprocessed (UNP), B) conventionally processed (CONV), and C) shredlage processed (SHRD). Heifers (8/treatment) received ad libitum WPSS from their respective treatment, plus soybean meal top-dressed at 0.5% BW/d (DM basis). Feed, and feces were collected for 5 d; feed was offered once daily, and orts were collected the following day. Fecal samples were collected twice daily, and ATTD was determined using indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) as a marker. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, with heifer as the experimental unit, and the following contrasts were performed 1) Processing: UNP vs. (CONV + SHRD) and 2) Processor: CONV vs. SHRD. Processing WPSS increased the ATTD of starch by 4.5% (P = 0.01), reduced fecal starch by 27.5% (P = 0.01), and reduced the change of NDF from feed to orts by 39% (P &lt; 0.01). Heifers fed SHRD had 6.6% greater ATTD of NDF than CONV-fed heifers (P = 0.04). Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of feeding either SHRD or CONV-processed WPSS on growth performance of beef heifers. Whole-plant grain sorghum was harvested at the hard-dough stage, switching the KP as in Exp. 1. Angus heifers (n = 96, 15 ± 1 mo, 249.6 ± 28.6 kg of BW) were blocked by initial BW, and randomly assigned to pens (8 heifers/pen, 6 pens/treatment). Diets consisted, all in a DM basis, of WPSS, either SHRD or CONV, at 90.5%, expeller soybean meal at 7.0%, and a vitamin-mineral-protein concentrate at 2.5%. After 14-d of adaptation, growth was measured for 56 d, and feed was offered once daily. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the pen as the experimental unit. Heifers fed CONV had a 9.6% greater gain-to-feed ratio (P = 0.05) and a 7.4% greater Kleiber ratio (P = 0.05) than SHRD-fed heifers. Apparent net energy of gain tended to be 7.1% greater in CONV-fed heifers (P = 0.06). In conclusion, kernel processing WPSS increased starch digestibility and reduced fecal starch concentration. Using SHRD increased NDF digestibility and feeding CONV-processed WPSS resulted in enhanced growth performance.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rumen plays an essential role in the physiology and health of ruminants. The rumen undergoes substantial changes in size and function from birth to adulthood. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are not clear. This study was aimed to identify the transcription factors and signaling pathways mediating these changes in cattle. We found that the ratios of the emptied rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum to body weight in adult steers were 4.8 (P < 0.01), 3.1 (P < 0.01), 6.0 (P < 0.01), and 0.8 (P = 0.9) times those in neonatal calves, respectively. The length of rumen papillae and the thickness of rumen epithelium, tunica mucosa and submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa increased 7.4-, 2.0-, 3.0-, 2.9-, and 4.6-fold (P < 0.01 for all), respectively, from neonatal calves to adult steers. However, the density of rumen papillae was lower in adult steers than in neonatal calves (P < 0.05). The size of rumen epithelial cells was not different between neonatal calves and adult steers (P = 0.57). RNA sequencing identified 2,922 genes differentially expressed in the rumen between neonatal calves and adult steers. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that organ development, blood vessel development, Ras signaling, and Wnt signaling were among the functional terms enriched in genes downregulated in adult steers vs. neonatal calves and that fatty acid metabolism, immune responses, PPAR signaling, and Rap1 signaling were among those enriched in genes upregulated in adult steers vs. neonatal calves. Serum response factor (SRF), interferon regulatory factor 4, and purine-rich single-stranded DNA-binding protein alpha were among the major candidate transcription factors controlling the expression of genes upregulated, while TCF4, inhibitor of DNA binding 4, and snail family transcriptional repressor 2 were among those controlling the expression of genes downregulated in adult steers vs. neonatal calves. Taken together, these results suggest that the rumen grows by increasing the number, not the size, of cells from birth to adulthood, that the absorptive, metabolic, immune, and motility functions of the rumen are acquired or significantly enhanced during the postnatal life, and that the changes in rumen size and function from birth to adulthood are mediated by many candidate transcription factors, including SRF and TCF4, and many candidate signaling pathways, including the PPAR and Wnt signaling pathways.
{"title":"Identification of Transcriptional Regulators and Signaling Pathways Mediating Postnatal Rumen Growth and Functional Maturation in Cattle","authors":"Binod Pokhrel, Zhendong Tan, Honglin Jiang","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae367","url":null,"abstract":"The rumen plays an essential role in the physiology and health of ruminants. The rumen undergoes substantial changes in size and function from birth to adulthood. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are not clear. This study was aimed to identify the transcription factors and signaling pathways mediating these changes in cattle. We found that the ratios of the emptied rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum to body weight in adult steers were 4.8 (P &lt; 0.01), 3.1 (P &lt; 0.01), 6.0 (P &lt; 0.01), and 0.8 (P = 0.9) times those in neonatal calves, respectively. The length of rumen papillae and the thickness of rumen epithelium, tunica mucosa and submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa increased 7.4-, 2.0-, 3.0-, 2.9-, and 4.6-fold (P &lt; 0.01 for all), respectively, from neonatal calves to adult steers. However, the density of rumen papillae was lower in adult steers than in neonatal calves (P &lt; 0.05). The size of rumen epithelial cells was not different between neonatal calves and adult steers (P = 0.57). RNA sequencing identified 2,922 genes differentially expressed in the rumen between neonatal calves and adult steers. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that organ development, blood vessel development, Ras signaling, and Wnt signaling were among the functional terms enriched in genes downregulated in adult steers vs. neonatal calves and that fatty acid metabolism, immune responses, PPAR signaling, and Rap1 signaling were among those enriched in genes upregulated in adult steers vs. neonatal calves. Serum response factor (SRF), interferon regulatory factor 4, and purine-rich single-stranded DNA-binding protein alpha were among the major candidate transcription factors controlling the expression of genes upregulated, while TCF4, inhibitor of DNA binding 4, and snail family transcriptional repressor 2 were among those controlling the expression of genes downregulated in adult steers vs. neonatal calves. Taken together, these results suggest that the rumen grows by increasing the number, not the size, of cells from birth to adulthood, that the absorptive, metabolic, immune, and motility functions of the rumen are acquired or significantly enhanced during the postnatal life, and that the changes in rumen size and function from birth to adulthood are mediated by many candidate transcription factors, including SRF and TCF4, and many candidate signaling pathways, including the PPAR and Wnt signaling pathways.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sirui Liu, Wanqing Liang, Jiaxin Wu, Endong Bao, Shu Tang
In intensive poultry farming, environmental stress, pathogen infections, and noise can negatively impact growth or cause sudden death, leading to economic losses. The prevalent use of antibiotics as feed additives to prevent diseases in broilers has raised concerns about antibiotic resistance and highlighted the need for safer and more effective alternatives. Carnosic acid (CA), a bioactive compound derived from rosemary, exhibits notable pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study investigates CA's efficacy in mitigating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced heart inflammation in broilers. Broilers were pretreated with CA at varying doses (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) for 7 days then exposed to LPS (200 mg/kg) for 24h to induce an inflammatory response. LPS treatment increased the levels of the cardiac damage markers creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), but these effects were markedly decreased in CA-pretreated poultry. Histopathological analysis indicated that CA mitigated myocardial fiber rupture and inflammatory cell infiltration. Immunohistochemistry showed that CA sustained high expression levels of the protective protein crystallin alpha B (CRYAB), the expression of which was reduced by LPS. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that CA regulates key inflammatory signaling pathways via inhibiting LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) by reducing the phosphorylation of p65 and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B alpha (IκBα). Additionally, CA attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation, as evidenced by decreased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 in the CA-treated groups compared to the LPS-only groups. These findings suggest that CA exerts a protective effect against LPS-induced cardiac inflammation by enhancing CRYAB expression and modulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Importantly, the findings emphasize CA's potential as a natural feed additive to enhance cardiac health in poultry and present a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics in livestock management. Further research is needed to investigate its broader applications in animal health and other inflammatory conditions.
{"title":"Alleviation of lipopolysaccharide-induced heart inflammation in poultry treated with carnosic acid via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways","authors":"Sirui Liu, Wanqing Liang, Jiaxin Wu, Endong Bao, Shu Tang","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae373","url":null,"abstract":"In intensive poultry farming, environmental stress, pathogen infections, and noise can negatively impact growth or cause sudden death, leading to economic losses. The prevalent use of antibiotics as feed additives to prevent diseases in broilers has raised concerns about antibiotic resistance and highlighted the need for safer and more effective alternatives. Carnosic acid (CA), a bioactive compound derived from rosemary, exhibits notable pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study investigates CA's efficacy in mitigating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced heart inflammation in broilers. Broilers were pretreated with CA at varying doses (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) for 7 days then exposed to LPS (200 mg/kg) for 24h to induce an inflammatory response. LPS treatment increased the levels of the cardiac damage markers creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), but these effects were markedly decreased in CA-pretreated poultry. Histopathological analysis indicated that CA mitigated myocardial fiber rupture and inflammatory cell infiltration. Immunohistochemistry showed that CA sustained high expression levels of the protective protein crystallin alpha B (CRYAB), the expression of which was reduced by LPS. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that CA regulates key inflammatory signaling pathways via inhibiting LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) by reducing the phosphorylation of p65 and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B alpha (IκBα). Additionally, CA attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation, as evidenced by decreased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 in the CA-treated groups compared to the LPS-only groups. These findings suggest that CA exerts a protective effect against LPS-induced cardiac inflammation by enhancing CRYAB expression and modulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Importantly, the findings emphasize CA's potential as a natural feed additive to enhance cardiac health in poultry and present a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics in livestock management. Further research is needed to investigate its broader applications in animal health and other inflammatory conditions.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangwoo Park, Lauren Kovanda, Adebayo O Sokale, Adriana Barri, Yanhong Liu
The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vitro immune-modulatory effects of monoglycerides and zinc glycinate with porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) and their impact on epithelial barrier integrity using the intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). Cell viability was assessed using a Vybrant MTT assay to determine the appropriate dose range of monoglyceride blend (C4, C8, and C10) and zinc glycinate. In Exp. 1, IPEC-J2 cells (5 × 105 cells/mL) were seeded and treated with each compound (monoglycerides: 0, 25, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL; zinc glycinate: 0, 2, 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured by Ohm’s law method at 0 h (before treatment) and at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment. In Exp. 2, PAM were collected from six clinically healthy piglets (7 wk of age) and seeded at 106 cells/mL. After incubation, the cells were treated with each compound and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experimental design was a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement with 2 doses of LPS (0 or 1 μg/mL) and 6 doses of each compound (monoglycerides: 0, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL; zinc glycinate: 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL). Cell supernatants were collected to analyze the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with a randomized complete block design. IPEC-J2 cells treated with 250 or 1,000 μg/mL of monoglycerides, or 5 μg/mL of zinc glycinate had increased (P < 0.05) TEER values at 48 or 72 h post-treatment, compared with control. The LPS challenge increased (P < 0.05) the production of TNF-α and IL-1β from PAM. In the non-challenge group, 50 or 100 μg/mL of monoglycerides stimulated (P < 0.05) TNF-α and IL-1β production from PAMs. Treatment with 25 or 100 μg/mL of zinc glycinate also enhanced (P < 0.05) TNF-α production from PAM. In LPS-treated PAM, 1,000 μg/mL of monoglycerides increased (P < 0.05) IL-1β production, while zinc glycinate suppressed (P < 0.0001) the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β at the doses of 100, 250, and 500 μg/mL. In conclusion, the results of this in vitro study indicate that monoglycerides positively affect the barrier function of the epithelium, while zinc glycinate may have strong immune regulatory benefits. Future animal studies will be required to verify their impacts on animal gut health, systemic immunity, and growth performance.
{"title":"In vitro investigation of monoglycerides and zinc glycinate: anti-inflammatory and epithelial barrier function","authors":"Sangwoo Park, Lauren Kovanda, Adebayo O Sokale, Adriana Barri, Yanhong Liu","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae372","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vitro immune-modulatory effects of monoglycerides and zinc glycinate with porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) and their impact on epithelial barrier integrity using the intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). Cell viability was assessed using a Vybrant MTT assay to determine the appropriate dose range of monoglyceride blend (C4, C8, and C10) and zinc glycinate. In Exp. 1, IPEC-J2 cells (5 × 105 cells/mL) were seeded and treated with each compound (monoglycerides: 0, 25, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL; zinc glycinate: 0, 2, 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured by Ohm’s law method at 0 h (before treatment) and at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment. In Exp. 2, PAM were collected from six clinically healthy piglets (7 wk of age) and seeded at 106 cells/mL. After incubation, the cells were treated with each compound and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experimental design was a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement with 2 doses of LPS (0 or 1 μg/mL) and 6 doses of each compound (monoglycerides: 0, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL; zinc glycinate: 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL). Cell supernatants were collected to analyze the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with a randomized complete block design. IPEC-J2 cells treated with 250 or 1,000 μg/mL of monoglycerides, or 5 μg/mL of zinc glycinate had increased (P &lt; 0.05) TEER values at 48 or 72 h post-treatment, compared with control. The LPS challenge increased (P &lt; 0.05) the production of TNF-α and IL-1β from PAM. In the non-challenge group, 50 or 100 μg/mL of monoglycerides stimulated (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α and IL-1β production from PAMs. Treatment with 25 or 100 μg/mL of zinc glycinate also enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α production from PAM. In LPS-treated PAM, 1,000 μg/mL of monoglycerides increased (P &lt; 0.05) IL-1β production, while zinc glycinate suppressed (P &lt; 0.0001) the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β at the doses of 100, 250, and 500 μg/mL. In conclusion, the results of this in vitro study indicate that monoglycerides positively affect the barrier function of the epithelium, while zinc glycinate may have strong immune regulatory benefits. Future animal studies will be required to verify their impacts on animal gut health, systemic immunity, and growth performance.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soybean isoflavone (SIF) in soybeans are natural phytoestrogens, which is functioned as an estrogen agonistic or antagonistic. SIF regulates the capacity of animals to synthesize triacylglycerols by directly utilizing long-chain fatty acids. However, few studies have focused on its regulatory lipid metabolism in lactating dairy goats. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of SIF on milk yield and composition using Saanen dairy goats as a model, employing both in vivo and in vitro approaches. In the in vivo phase, a total of 20 goats were randomly divided into two groups: the control group fed a basal diet, and the experimental group fed a basal diet supplemented with SIF at a dosage of 100 mg per day. The results underscored a significant elevation in serum estrogen and prolactin levels in the SIF-supplemented group (P < 0.05). Notably, SIF supplementation also displayed a higher milk fat percentage (P = 0.03). Transitioning to in vitro experimentation, the addition of SIF (75 μM) to goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) exhibited a pronounced effect on cell proliferation. It spurred cell proliferation and led to an increase in triacylglycerol levels (P < 0.05). Consistently, SIF showcased an enhancement in the expression of key genes associated with milk fat de novo synthesis. SIF demonstrated a rescuing effect on the suppressive impact of MK2206 on Akt protein phosphorylation. Importantly, the study observed that the knockdown of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression completely counteracted the effect of SIF on lipid droplet accumulation. Collectively, the current study establishes the critical role of SIF in process of fatty acid de novo in the goat mammary gland. This regulation is notably mediated through the ERα-Akt axis, thus enriching our understanding of this intricate biological process. This research sheds light on the potential benefits of SIF supplementation in dairy goat farming, ultimately contributing to improved milk production and quality.
{"title":"Soybean isoflavone promotes milk yield and milk fat yield through the ERα mediated Akt/mTOR pathway in dairy goats","authors":"Yuexin Shao, Jiangtao Huang, Manhong Wei, Liaoyu Fan, Huaiping Shi, Hengbo Shi","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae352","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean isoflavone (SIF) in soybeans are natural phytoestrogens, which is functioned as an estrogen agonistic or antagonistic. SIF regulates the capacity of animals to synthesize triacylglycerols by directly utilizing long-chain fatty acids. However, few studies have focused on its regulatory lipid metabolism in lactating dairy goats. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of SIF on milk yield and composition using Saanen dairy goats as a model, employing both in vivo and in vitro approaches. In the in vivo phase, a total of 20 goats were randomly divided into two groups: the control group fed a basal diet, and the experimental group fed a basal diet supplemented with SIF at a dosage of 100 mg per day. The results underscored a significant elevation in serum estrogen and prolactin levels in the SIF-supplemented group (P &lt; 0.05). Notably, SIF supplementation also displayed a higher milk fat percentage (P = 0.03). Transitioning to in vitro experimentation, the addition of SIF (75 μM) to goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) exhibited a pronounced effect on cell proliferation. It spurred cell proliferation and led to an increase in triacylglycerol levels (P &lt; 0.05). Consistently, SIF showcased an enhancement in the expression of key genes associated with milk fat de novo synthesis. SIF demonstrated a rescuing effect on the suppressive impact of MK2206 on Akt protein phosphorylation. Importantly, the study observed that the knockdown of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression completely counteracted the effect of SIF on lipid droplet accumulation. Collectively, the current study establishes the critical role of SIF in process of fatty acid de novo in the goat mammary gland. This regulation is notably mediated through the ERα-Akt axis, thus enriching our understanding of this intricate biological process. This research sheds light on the potential benefits of SIF supplementation in dairy goat farming, ultimately contributing to improved milk production and quality.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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