Arezoo Alizadeh, Hooman Derakhshani, Jan Cornelis Plaizier
Field peas (FP) are characterized by a crude protein (CP) content ranging from 24% to 28% of dry matter (DM). Approximately 78% of this protein is rumen degradable. Hence, FP can be a viable alternative protein source for livestock. We examined the effect of partially substituting corn-based concentrates with FP on production parameters, rumen fermentation profile, and the composition of the rumen bacterial community in lactating dairy cows. Lactating, non-pregnant Holstein cows (n = 12) were used in a repeated 3 × 3 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods, with the last 7 d used for sample and data collection. Cows were fed a basal TMR (control), or partially mixed diets to which 3.9% (LP), or 7.8% DM (HP) of FP were added. The control diet contained on a DM basis 17.4% CP, 4.5% crude fat, 28.0% starch, and an estimated 1.67 Mcal/kg of net energy for lactation (NEL). The FP contained 22.5% CP, 1.67% crude fat, 44.7% starch, and an estimated 1.81 Mcal NEL/kg. The rumen bacterial composition was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Cows fed the HP diet had greater (P < 0.05) ruminal ammonia (NH3-N), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and plasma urea concentrations than those fed control and LP diets. Digestibility of DM was greater (P < 0.05) for cows fed control and LP diets than for cows fed the HP diet. The CP total tract digestibility decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of peas in the diet. Compared with the control, the HP diet tended (P = 0.09) to increase the total ruminal concentration of branched-chain volatile fatty acids. The addition of FP to the diets did not affect the alpha diversity, as indicated by Shannon’s index, and the beta diversity of the rumen bacterial community [p(PERMANOVA) = 0.97]. However, the relative abundances of several bacterial taxa, including amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to Bacteroidia, Clostridia, and Gammaproteobacteria decreased in response to the addition of FP to the diet. Taken together, our results suggest that up to an inclusion rate of 7.8% DM, FP can be included in corn grain-based diets of lactating dairy cows without adverse effects on milk yield, milk composition, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen microbial composition.
{"title":"252 Evaluating the impact of inclusion of field pea (Pisum sativum) on rumen fermentation profile, production parameters, and composition of rumen bacterial community of dairy cattle","authors":"Arezoo Alizadeh, Hooman Derakhshani, Jan Cornelis Plaizier","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.403","url":null,"abstract":"Field peas (FP) are characterized by a crude protein (CP) content ranging from 24% to 28% of dry matter (DM). Approximately 78% of this protein is rumen degradable. Hence, FP can be a viable alternative protein source for livestock. We examined the effect of partially substituting corn-based concentrates with FP on production parameters, rumen fermentation profile, and the composition of the rumen bacterial community in lactating dairy cows. Lactating, non-pregnant Holstein cows (n = 12) were used in a repeated 3 × 3 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods, with the last 7 d used for sample and data collection. Cows were fed a basal TMR (control), or partially mixed diets to which 3.9% (LP), or 7.8% DM (HP) of FP were added. The control diet contained on a DM basis 17.4% CP, 4.5% crude fat, 28.0% starch, and an estimated 1.67 Mcal/kg of net energy for lactation (NEL). The FP contained 22.5% CP, 1.67% crude fat, 44.7% starch, and an estimated 1.81 Mcal NEL/kg. The rumen bacterial composition was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Cows fed the HP diet had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ruminal ammonia (NH3-N), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and plasma urea concentrations than those fed control and LP diets. Digestibility of DM was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed control and LP diets than for cows fed the HP diet. The CP total tract digestibility decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing levels of peas in the diet. Compared with the control, the HP diet tended (P = 0.09) to increase the total ruminal concentration of branched-chain volatile fatty acids. The addition of FP to the diets did not affect the alpha diversity, as indicated by Shannon’s index, and the beta diversity of the rumen bacterial community [p(PERMANOVA) = 0.97]. However, the relative abundances of several bacterial taxa, including amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to Bacteroidia, Clostridia, and Gammaproteobacteria decreased in response to the addition of FP to the diet. Taken together, our results suggest that up to an inclusion rate of 7.8% DM, FP can be included in corn grain-based diets of lactating dairy cows without adverse effects on milk yield, milk composition, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen microbial composition.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Probiotics may improve ruminal and/or intestinal conditions and according to FAO/WHO, 2002 which states “mono or mixed strains of living microorganisms which confer desirable health benefits on the host when used adequately”. It should be nonpathogenic, able to give a viable cell count, has a positive effect on the health of the host, and enhance the functions of the intestinal tract. The most commonly used probiotics are from Lentilactobacillus genus formerly quoted as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifido bacterium spp., Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Escherichia coli bacteria, and other probiotic fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics may benefit farm animals by improving feed efficiency, body weight gain, milk yield and immune response. In silages, the major claim is regarding the microbiome, coming either from the wild original microbial population endophytic and epiphytic or mainly from silage microbial additives. After silage fermentation, microbiome is largely changed towards less diversity of viable species of bacteria, yeasts and fungi and many different compounds resulted from the substrate undergone through the metabolic pathways. The survival of the original/added microbiome throughout the silage fermentation still remains as a key question and results are largely influenced across trials. Only recently, the use of next-generation sequencing and PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing technology offered high-throughput and enabled the discovery of a vast majority of microbiota and relative abundances of various microbes in the community to the genus and species precision. The addition of microbial additives during ensiling not only has shown positive effects on silage quality by altering the bacterial community but also changed microbiome and metabolites in the digestive tract of ruminants. Moreover, undisputably metabolites in the rumen were correlated with the bacterial communities. The lactic acid bacteria inoculants in silage production might be beneficial for animal performance and health by influencing the bacterial community and metabolites in the digestive tract of ruminants. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may increase intake and digestibility. The positive effects on digestibility are related to degrading feruloyl ester linkages and modifying the matrix structure of forage lignocellulose based on the feruloyl esterase-producing Lactobacillus (Lactiplantibacillus) plantarum. LAB can also act as antimicrobial agents by producing bacteriocins or organic compounds harmful to microbial membranes such as 3-phenyllactic acid. The enhancement of the antioxidant capacity to mitigate oxidative stress in ruminants fed silages was also linked to the free ferulic acid. Some biofunctional metabolites, such as bacterios
{"title":"158 Probiotics in silage production","authors":"Luiz Gustavo Nussio","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.440","url":null,"abstract":"Probiotics may improve ruminal and/or intestinal conditions and according to FAO/WHO, 2002 which states “mono or mixed strains of living microorganisms which confer desirable health benefits on the host when used adequately”. It should be nonpathogenic, able to give a viable cell count, has a positive effect on the health of the host, and enhance the functions of the intestinal tract. The most commonly used probiotics are from Lentilactobacillus genus formerly quoted as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifido bacterium spp., Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Escherichia coli bacteria, and other probiotic fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics may benefit farm animals by improving feed efficiency, body weight gain, milk yield and immune response. In silages, the major claim is regarding the microbiome, coming either from the wild original microbial population endophytic and epiphytic or mainly from silage microbial additives. After silage fermentation, microbiome is largely changed towards less diversity of viable species of bacteria, yeasts and fungi and many different compounds resulted from the substrate undergone through the metabolic pathways. The survival of the original/added microbiome throughout the silage fermentation still remains as a key question and results are largely influenced across trials. Only recently, the use of next-generation sequencing and PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing technology offered high-throughput and enabled the discovery of a vast majority of microbiota and relative abundances of various microbes in the community to the genus and species precision. The addition of microbial additives during ensiling not only has shown positive effects on silage quality by altering the bacterial community but also changed microbiome and metabolites in the digestive tract of ruminants. Moreover, undisputably metabolites in the rumen were correlated with the bacterial communities. The lactic acid bacteria inoculants in silage production might be beneficial for animal performance and health by influencing the bacterial community and metabolites in the digestive tract of ruminants. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may increase intake and digestibility. The positive effects on digestibility are related to degrading feruloyl ester linkages and modifying the matrix structure of forage lignocellulose based on the feruloyl esterase-producing Lactobacillus (Lactiplantibacillus) plantarum. LAB can also act as antimicrobial agents by producing bacteriocins or organic compounds harmful to microbial membranes such as 3-phenyllactic acid. The enhancement of the antioxidant capacity to mitigate oxidative stress in ruminants fed silages was also linked to the free ferulic acid. Some biofunctional metabolites, such as bacterios","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alice Rocha, Briana Morales, Hamed El Mashad, Yuee Pan, Yongjing Zhao, Frank M Mitloehner
Dairy manure management is responsible for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in California. Aside from redesigning infrastructure to adopt alternative manure management systems, there are few options available to farmers to mitigate emissions without substantial financial investment. Calcium cyanamide, a new manure additive, showed significant reductions in GHG emissions when applied to fresh dairy cow slurry, but has not been tested on dairy lagoon water. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of calcium cyanamide on GHG and NH3 emissions and the microbiome of dairy lagoon water. Lagoon water was collected from a commercial dairy, and distributed into 12 stainless steel barrels. Three treatments (n = 4/treatment) of different doses of calcium cyanamide were tested: high (LW-HD; 1 kg/m3 lagoon water), low (LW-LD; 0.5 kg/m3 lagoon water), and control with no calcium cyanamide (LW-CONT; n = 4). Each barrel was sampled over two, 14-d periods, staggered to four barrels at a time, using OdoFlux chambers to monitor emissions for carbon dioxide (CO2,), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ammonia (NH3). Treatments LW-LD and LW-HD contained significantly more total solids, total nitrogen and total carbon compared with LW-CONT. There was also a significantly greater concentration of acetic acid in LW-LD and LW-HD treatments compared with LW-CONT. CO2 emissions in LW-LD and LW-HD were 2.96% and 12.03% less than LW-CONT. CH4 emissions in LW-LD and LW-HD were 80.9% and 85.13% less compared with LW-CONT. N2O emissions in LW-LD and LW-HD were 81.1% and 82.66% less than LW-CONT. However, NH3 fluxes were greater in LW-LD and LW-HD compared with LW-CONT by 65.26% and 65.73%, respectively. The microbiome of the lagoon water was also affected, with reductions in relative abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum responsible for nitrification in LW-LD and LW-HD and increases in the Firmicutes phylum containing acetogenic bacteria. Calcium cyanamide could inhibit methanogenesis by increasing acetogenic bacteria that compete with methanogens for fermentation substrates. Further research is needed to investigate the efficacy of calcium cyanamide in a commercial lagoon setting.
{"title":"PSV-14 The effects of calcium cyanamide on greenhouse gases, ammonia emissions, and the microbiome of dairy cattle lagoon water","authors":"Alice Rocha, Briana Morales, Hamed El Mashad, Yuee Pan, Yongjing Zhao, Frank M Mitloehner","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.585","url":null,"abstract":"Dairy manure management is responsible for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in California. Aside from redesigning infrastructure to adopt alternative manure management systems, there are few options available to farmers to mitigate emissions without substantial financial investment. Calcium cyanamide, a new manure additive, showed significant reductions in GHG emissions when applied to fresh dairy cow slurry, but has not been tested on dairy lagoon water. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of calcium cyanamide on GHG and NH3 emissions and the microbiome of dairy lagoon water. Lagoon water was collected from a commercial dairy, and distributed into 12 stainless steel barrels. Three treatments (n = 4/treatment) of different doses of calcium cyanamide were tested: high (LW-HD; 1 kg/m3 lagoon water), low (LW-LD; 0.5 kg/m3 lagoon water), and control with no calcium cyanamide (LW-CONT; n = 4). Each barrel was sampled over two, 14-d periods, staggered to four barrels at a time, using OdoFlux chambers to monitor emissions for carbon dioxide (CO2,), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ammonia (NH3). Treatments LW-LD and LW-HD contained significantly more total solids, total nitrogen and total carbon compared with LW-CONT. There was also a significantly greater concentration of acetic acid in LW-LD and LW-HD treatments compared with LW-CONT. CO2 emissions in LW-LD and LW-HD were 2.96% and 12.03% less than LW-CONT. CH4 emissions in LW-LD and LW-HD were 80.9% and 85.13% less compared with LW-CONT. N2O emissions in LW-LD and LW-HD were 81.1% and 82.66% less than LW-CONT. However, NH3 fluxes were greater in LW-LD and LW-HD compared with LW-CONT by 65.26% and 65.73%, respectively. The microbiome of the lagoon water was also affected, with reductions in relative abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum responsible for nitrification in LW-LD and LW-HD and increases in the Firmicutes phylum containing acetogenic bacteria. Calcium cyanamide could inhibit methanogenesis by increasing acetogenic bacteria that compete with methanogens for fermentation substrates. Further research is needed to investigate the efficacy of calcium cyanamide in a commercial lagoon setting.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Red Angus heifers [n = 19; body weight (BW) = 370 ± 8.1 kg) and their paired offspring (BW = 283 ± 4.2 kg; 18 heifers, 1 steer) were used to compare the respiration gas parameters between dams and their progeny over 2 calving cycles (8 pairs in the 1st cycle, 11 in the 2nd). The methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and oxygen (O2) consumption of the dams were measured at 14 mo of age over a 70-d period using an automated head-chamber system (AHCS) that measured the flux of these 3 gases. Dams grazed native mixed-grass prairie and were offered a daily supplement of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets (1.0 kg) via the AHCS. Dams were artificially inseminated using sexed semen (female) from a single Black Angus sire. The gas fluxes of the progeny were measured, beginning at 11 mo of age, over a 70-d period. Like the dams, during their measurement period, the progeny grazed native mixed-grass prairie and were offered a daily supplement (1.0 kg) of alfalfa pellets via the AHCS. Pearson correlations were developed between the 70-d means of daily CH4 and CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, CH4:CO2 ratio, respiratory quotient (RQ), and heat of production estimates for the dams and their progeny by regressing maternal parameters on the parameters of the progeny, using beginning dam and progeny BW as covariates, and year as an indicator variable. A dam’s CH4 emission was very strongly correlated with that of their offspring (ρ = 0.86). The CO2 emission and O2 consumption of the dams were both also very strongly (ρ = 0.92 and ρ = 0.97, respectively) correlated, with that of their progeny. The heat production and CH4:CO2 ratio of the dams were very strongly (ρ = 0.96) and fairly (ρ = 0.50) correlated, respectively, with that of their progeny. Lastly, the RQ of the dam was also very strongly correlated (ρ = 0.87) with the RQ of the progeny. These results indicate that CH4 and CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, CH4:CO2 ratio, and heat of production of the dam are fairly to very strongly correlated to the gas flux parameters of their progeny. Hence, even with this small dataset, there is evidence that beef cattle traits related to greenhouse gas emissions are somewhat heritable and could potentially be selected in breeding animals to decrease greenhouse gas emission intensity.
{"title":"PSIX-22 Maternal methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen flux compared with progeny gas flux","authors":"Stacey A Gunter, Corey A Moffet, Emalee J Friend","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.828","url":null,"abstract":"Red Angus heifers [n = 19; body weight (BW) = 370 ± 8.1 kg) and their paired offspring (BW = 283 ± 4.2 kg; 18 heifers, 1 steer) were used to compare the respiration gas parameters between dams and their progeny over 2 calving cycles (8 pairs in the 1st cycle, 11 in the 2nd). The methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and oxygen (O2) consumption of the dams were measured at 14 mo of age over a 70-d period using an automated head-chamber system (AHCS) that measured the flux of these 3 gases. Dams grazed native mixed-grass prairie and were offered a daily supplement of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets (1.0 kg) via the AHCS. Dams were artificially inseminated using sexed semen (female) from a single Black Angus sire. The gas fluxes of the progeny were measured, beginning at 11 mo of age, over a 70-d period. Like the dams, during their measurement period, the progeny grazed native mixed-grass prairie and were offered a daily supplement (1.0 kg) of alfalfa pellets via the AHCS. Pearson correlations were developed between the 70-d means of daily CH4 and CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, CH4:CO2 ratio, respiratory quotient (RQ), and heat of production estimates for the dams and their progeny by regressing maternal parameters on the parameters of the progeny, using beginning dam and progeny BW as covariates, and year as an indicator variable. A dam’s CH4 emission was very strongly correlated with that of their offspring (ρ = 0.86). The CO2 emission and O2 consumption of the dams were both also very strongly (ρ = 0.92 and ρ = 0.97, respectively) correlated, with that of their progeny. The heat production and CH4:CO2 ratio of the dams were very strongly (ρ = 0.96) and fairly (ρ = 0.50) correlated, respectively, with that of their progeny. Lastly, the RQ of the dam was also very strongly correlated (ρ = 0.87) with the RQ of the progeny. These results indicate that CH4 and CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, CH4:CO2 ratio, and heat of production of the dam are fairly to very strongly correlated to the gas flux parameters of their progeny. Hence, even with this small dataset, there is evidence that beef cattle traits related to greenhouse gas emissions are somewhat heritable and could potentially be selected in breeding animals to decrease greenhouse gas emission intensity.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carrie S Wilson, Jessica L Petersen, Luiz F Brito, Brad A Freking, Sara M Nilson, Ronald M Lewis
The development of the Polypay breed focused on improving the lifetime productivity of the Western range ewe with the objective of ewes lambing twice a year starting at 1 yr of age. The Polypay was developed at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station (USSES) in 1968 as a four-breed composite with 25% each of Dorset, Rambouillet, Targhee, and Finnsheep. The breed is versatile and rugged enough to be used extensively in Western sheep production and throughout the Central and Eastern U.S. in intensive accelerated lambing systems. Our objective was to define the current population structure and genetic diversity in this breed using pedigree- and genomic-based methods as the industry adopts genomic selection. Pedigree records from Polypay breeders participating in the National Sheep Improvement Program representing 193 flocks were combined with pedigree records from USSES (n = 162,997) tracing back to the origins of the breed. A subset of these pedigreed sheep from 32 flocks born from 2011 to 2023 were genotyped with the GGP Ovine 50K BeadChip (n = 1,856). Quality control measures were applied for marker and animal call rates and to remove markers in high linkage disequilibrium. Pedigree completeness and quality was 9.6, 2.3, and 4.6 for mean maximum, mean complete, and mean equivalent generations, respectively. Pedigree-based inbreeding for the full data was 2.19%; for the subset of pedigreed animals also genotyped, it was 2.94%. The rate of inbreeding was consistently 0.07%/yr across years (P = 0.88). Measures of genomic inbreeding for genotyped sheep were 1.26% for Wright’s inbreeding coefficient, measured as heterozygote deficiency, and 2.90% for inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity. Ten rams from 8 flocks contributed up to 20.3% of the current gene pool. Pedigree-based measures of effective population size ranged from 70 to 249 while the genomic estimate was 118. Fixed and rare (≤ 0.01) alleles accounted for 3.2% and 1.4% of the markers, respectively. The majority of runs of homozygosity (72.1%) were less than 6 Mb, indicative of founder effects and ancient inbreeding rather than recent inbreeding. Based on principal component (PC) analysis, PC 1 suggested a separation of USSES sheep from the rest. Model-based population structure showed differentiation among flocks as did Wright’s Fixation Index (FST) values with a mean of 0.07. High levels of genetic diversity exist in the Polypay as demonstrated by low inbreeding, high heterozygosity, and large effective population sizes. Population substructure exists in the population as shown by PC analysis, model-based population structure, and FST values. These parameters indicate that sufficient genetic diversity is present to move forward with genomic selection. Genetic diversity measures should be revisited periodically once genomic selection is implemented in the breed. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
{"title":"117 Population structure and genetic diversity of U.S. Polypay Sheep in the National Sheep Improvement Program","authors":"Carrie S Wilson, Jessica L Petersen, Luiz F Brito, Brad A Freking, Sara M Nilson, Ronald M Lewis","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.036","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the Polypay breed focused on improving the lifetime productivity of the Western range ewe with the objective of ewes lambing twice a year starting at 1 yr of age. The Polypay was developed at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station (USSES) in 1968 as a four-breed composite with 25% each of Dorset, Rambouillet, Targhee, and Finnsheep. The breed is versatile and rugged enough to be used extensively in Western sheep production and throughout the Central and Eastern U.S. in intensive accelerated lambing systems. Our objective was to define the current population structure and genetic diversity in this breed using pedigree- and genomic-based methods as the industry adopts genomic selection. Pedigree records from Polypay breeders participating in the National Sheep Improvement Program representing 193 flocks were combined with pedigree records from USSES (n = 162,997) tracing back to the origins of the breed. A subset of these pedigreed sheep from 32 flocks born from 2011 to 2023 were genotyped with the GGP Ovine 50K BeadChip (n = 1,856). Quality control measures were applied for marker and animal call rates and to remove markers in high linkage disequilibrium. Pedigree completeness and quality was 9.6, 2.3, and 4.6 for mean maximum, mean complete, and mean equivalent generations, respectively. Pedigree-based inbreeding for the full data was 2.19%; for the subset of pedigreed animals also genotyped, it was 2.94%. The rate of inbreeding was consistently 0.07%/yr across years (P = 0.88). Measures of genomic inbreeding for genotyped sheep were 1.26% for Wright’s inbreeding coefficient, measured as heterozygote deficiency, and 2.90% for inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity. Ten rams from 8 flocks contributed up to 20.3% of the current gene pool. Pedigree-based measures of effective population size ranged from 70 to 249 while the genomic estimate was 118. Fixed and rare (≤ 0.01) alleles accounted for 3.2% and 1.4% of the markers, respectively. The majority of runs of homozygosity (72.1%) were less than 6 Mb, indicative of founder effects and ancient inbreeding rather than recent inbreeding. Based on principal component (PC) analysis, PC 1 suggested a separation of USSES sheep from the rest. Model-based population structure showed differentiation among flocks as did Wright’s Fixation Index (FST) values with a mean of 0.07. High levels of genetic diversity exist in the Polypay as demonstrated by low inbreeding, high heterozygosity, and large effective population sizes. Population substructure exists in the population as shown by PC analysis, model-based population structure, and FST values. These parameters indicate that sufficient genetic diversity is present to move forward with genomic selection. Genetic diversity measures should be revisited periodically once genomic selection is implemented in the breed. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas S F Lopes, Saeed Shadpour, Filippo Miglior, Dan Tulpan, Flávio S Schenkel, Christine F Baes
Cattle methane emissions (ME) account for approximately 6% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Given the challenges in measuring ME directly from individual animals, there is a need for the development of novel indirect methods. Rumination time (RT) and milk mid-infrared spectral data (MIR) show promise for the indirect assessment of ME in dairy cows. Both traits have been used as indicators of reproduction, production, and gas emission traits. Methodologies combining the use of MIR and machine learning algorithms such as artificial neural networks (ANN) for the prediction of ME have been successful; however, the inclusion of RT has not been assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of RT on milk MIR-based models using ANN for the prediction of ME. One-week averages for RT, ME, and MIR from first-lactation Canadian Holstein cows (n = 412) were calculated. Six data sets were evaluated using a multilayer perceptron ANN. All sets included age at calving, season of calving and days in milk as model factors, but varied in using milk MIR data points (1,060 or 235) and including or not including RT. The ANN architecture consisted of one input layer, one hidden layer with one or more neurons, and one output layer. Results showed that sets using both RT and milk MIR data achieved correlations from 0.5 to 0.6 between predicted and observed ME. Notably, the inclusion of RT did not improve the performance of the models. Predictions may be improved through the use of larger data sets, the use of daily records, and inclusion of data across herds and lactations. Optimizing parameters of the ANN could also improve predictions. Further research is needed to fully assess the potential of RT as a predictor of ME in dairy cows.
牛的甲烷排放量（ME）约占全球人为温室气体排放量的 6%。鉴于直接测量单个动物的甲烷排放量存在挑战，因此需要开发新的间接方法。反刍时间（RT）和牛奶中红外光谱数据（MIR）显示了间接评估奶牛ME的前景。这两个性状已被用作繁殖、生产和气体排放性状的指标。结合使用 MIR 和机器学习算法（如人工神经网络 (ANN)）来预测 ME 的方法已经取得了成功；但将 RT 纳入其中的方法尚未得到评估。本研究旨在评估 RT 对使用人工神经网络预测 ME 的基于牛奶 MIR 的模型的影响。研究人员计算了加拿大荷斯坦奶牛第一泌乳期（n = 412）的 RT、ME 和 MIR 的一周平均值。使用多层感知器 ANN 评估了六组数据。所有数据集都将产犊年龄、产犊季节和产奶天数作为模型因子，但在使用牛奶 MIR 数据点（1,060 或 235）以及包括或不包括 RT 方面有所不同。ANN 结构包括一个输入层、一个带有一个或多个神经元的隐藏层和一个输出层。结果表明，同时使用 RT 和牛奶 MIR 数据的数据集在预测的 ME 值和观察到的 ME 值之间实现了 0.5 到 0.6 的相关性。值得注意的是，加入 RT 并没有提高模型的性能。通过使用更大的数据集、使用每日记录以及纳入跨牧群和泌乳期的数据，预测结果可能会得到改善。优化 ANN 的参数也能提高预测效果。要全面评估 RT 作为奶牛 ME 预测指标的潜力，还需要进一步的研究。
{"title":"457 Prediction of methane emissions using rumination time and milk mid-infrared spectral data via artificial neural networks","authors":"Lucas S F Lopes, Saeed Shadpour, Filippo Miglior, Dan Tulpan, Flávio S Schenkel, Christine F Baes","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.364","url":null,"abstract":"Cattle methane emissions (ME) account for approximately 6% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Given the challenges in measuring ME directly from individual animals, there is a need for the development of novel indirect methods. Rumination time (RT) and milk mid-infrared spectral data (MIR) show promise for the indirect assessment of ME in dairy cows. Both traits have been used as indicators of reproduction, production, and gas emission traits. Methodologies combining the use of MIR and machine learning algorithms such as artificial neural networks (ANN) for the prediction of ME have been successful; however, the inclusion of RT has not been assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of RT on milk MIR-based models using ANN for the prediction of ME. One-week averages for RT, ME, and MIR from first-lactation Canadian Holstein cows (n = 412) were calculated. Six data sets were evaluated using a multilayer perceptron ANN. All sets included age at calving, season of calving and days in milk as model factors, but varied in using milk MIR data points (1,060 or 235) and including or not including RT. The ANN architecture consisted of one input layer, one hidden layer with one or more neurons, and one output layer. Results showed that sets using both RT and milk MIR data achieved correlations from 0.5 to 0.6 between predicted and observed ME. Notably, the inclusion of RT did not improve the performance of the models. Predictions may be improved through the use of larger data sets, the use of daily records, and inclusion of data across herds and lactations. Optimizing parameters of the ANN could also improve predictions. Further research is needed to fully assess the potential of RT as a predictor of ME in dairy cows.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Insects like the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens; BSFL) have been proposed as protein-rich feed ingredients to support the growing demand for meat. The BSFL hold also promise for use as a protein source in pet foods and, as such, it has been studied for palatability, nutritional quality and health effects in dogs and cats. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including BSFL meal in a dry, extruded food on nutritional quality and health in healthy adult cats. Two similar compositions of dry, extruded foods were formulated to meet the FEDIAF nutrition guidelines for adult cats of which one was chicken meal-based (control, with 34.3% chicken meal) and the other BSFL meal-based (inclusion of 37.5% BSFL meal). BSFL meal contained 95.0% dry matter, 53.1% crude protein, 14.3% crude fat, 6.0% ash (Protix, Dongen, The Netherlands). Two groups of four cats were each fed one of the two foods for two 28-d periods in a crossover design, with sample collection during the last 7 d of each period. Cats were housed in groups of the same sex during the first 21 d of each period. Both foods were well-accepted by the cats. No health problems (including coat and skin condition) were noted throughout the study. Food type did not impact body weight (P = 0.850). Food intake was greater when cats were fed the BSFL-based food (P < 0.001). Consistency scores of fresh feces were optimal and did not differ between the foods. Compared with the control food, the food with BSFL meal had decreased apparent fecal digestibility values for dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, and gross energy (P < 0.05) although all values were high. Digestibility values for acid-hydrolyzed fat were similar for both foods (P = 0.628). Diets resulted in changes in fermentation product concentrations, like fecal ammonia was less when cats fed this food compared with the control food (P < 0.001), but the fecal concentrations of the short-chain fatty acids and biogenic amines were generally increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, reduced fecal bacterial diversity and affected bacterial relative abundance suggested that inclusion of BSFL meal steered the microbial composition in the distal gut of cats. It was observed increased relative abundance of bacteria genus considered beneficial for host health like Bifidobacterium (P < 0.001) and Megasphaera (P < 0.036); and inhibition of genus Negativibacillus and Lachnoclostridium (P < 0.001), previously associated to digestive issues and negative for gut health. Overall, the data gathered in this study suggests that BSFL meal is an adequate alternative ingredient for extruded dry cat foods and may exert a prebiotic effect on intestinal microbiota.
{"title":"293 Impact of black soldier fly larvae meal in a dry extruded food on nutritional quality and health in adult cats","authors":"Guido Bosch, Bruna Loureiro, Dirkjan Schokker, Soumya Kar, Nicky Sluczanowski","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.128","url":null,"abstract":"Insects like the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens; BSFL) have been proposed as protein-rich feed ingredients to support the growing demand for meat. The BSFL hold also promise for use as a protein source in pet foods and, as such, it has been studied for palatability, nutritional quality and health effects in dogs and cats. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including BSFL meal in a dry, extruded food on nutritional quality and health in healthy adult cats. Two similar compositions of dry, extruded foods were formulated to meet the FEDIAF nutrition guidelines for adult cats of which one was chicken meal-based (control, with 34.3% chicken meal) and the other BSFL meal-based (inclusion of 37.5% BSFL meal). BSFL meal contained 95.0% dry matter, 53.1% crude protein, 14.3% crude fat, 6.0% ash (Protix, Dongen, The Netherlands). Two groups of four cats were each fed one of the two foods for two 28-d periods in a crossover design, with sample collection during the last 7 d of each period. Cats were housed in groups of the same sex during the first 21 d of each period. Both foods were well-accepted by the cats. No health problems (including coat and skin condition) were noted throughout the study. Food type did not impact body weight (P = 0.850). Food intake was greater when cats were fed the BSFL-based food (P &lt; 0.001). Consistency scores of fresh feces were optimal and did not differ between the foods. Compared with the control food, the food with BSFL meal had decreased apparent fecal digestibility values for dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, and gross energy (P &lt; 0.05) although all values were high. Digestibility values for acid-hydrolyzed fat were similar for both foods (P = 0.628). Diets resulted in changes in fermentation product concentrations, like fecal ammonia was less when cats fed this food compared with the control food (P &lt; 0.001), but the fecal concentrations of the short-chain fatty acids and biogenic amines were generally increased (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, reduced fecal bacterial diversity and affected bacterial relative abundance suggested that inclusion of BSFL meal steered the microbial composition in the distal gut of cats. It was observed increased relative abundance of bacteria genus considered beneficial for host health like Bifidobacterium (P &lt; 0.001) and Megasphaera (P &lt; 0.036); and inhibition of genus Negativibacillus and Lachnoclostridium (P &lt; 0.001), previously associated to digestive issues and negative for gut health. Overall, the data gathered in this study suggests that BSFL meal is an adequate alternative ingredient for extruded dry cat foods and may exert a prebiotic effect on intestinal microbiota.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mateus P Gionbelli, Thais C Costa, Diana C Cediel-Devia, Karolina B Nascimento, Tathyane R S Gionbelli, Marcio S Duarte
The current study aimed to determine the enriched biological processes, through proteomic and transcriptomic data, associated with maternal slow-release nitrogen diets received during late gestation and their effects on the skeletal muscle of offspring. From d 180 to d 268 of gestation, a total of 16 pregnant Brahman cows were divided into two groups: a control (CON, n = 12) low crude protein (CP) basal diet (6% of CP, ad libitum) plus mineral mixture (130 gּ cow-1ּ d-1), or the CON treatment supplemented with a slow-released N (SRN, n = 9) based protein concentrate supplement [40% CP, fed 2 g/kg of body weight (BW)/d in the morning) composed by corn, soybean meal, urea and a SRN source (Timafeed Boost, Roullier Group, Saint-Malo, France). Muscle biopsies were performed on d 45 of age in calves for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and proteomic (HPLC-MS/MS) analyses. The quality control of RNAseq raw data was assessed using FASTQc software, with low-quality reads trimmed by Trimmomatic. Reads were mapped against the Bos taurus reference genome using STAR. Differentially expressed (DE) genes and isoforms, significant at an adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05, were identified using the limma package and Cuffdiff tool, respectively, in the R environment. Proteomic data was processed in MaxQuant against the Bos taurus reference proteome, with statistical analysis performed using the MSqRob package in R. Network analyses identified significant biological processes (adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05) among differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Notably, while the experimental treatment did not affect transcript abundance, protein-level differences were observed. Enriched biological processes in SRN group skeletal muscle of calves included acetyl-CoA biosynthesis from pyruvate, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly, regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport, and several others related to energy and nitrogen metabolism. Protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed key processes such as ATP and glucose metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and sarcomere organization. Overall, our findings underscore the beneficial impact of slow-release nitrogen-enriched diets during late gestation on energy metabolism in calf skeletal muscle.
本研究旨在通过蛋白质组和转录组数据，确定妊娠晚期母体缓释氮日粮相关的丰富生物过程及其对后代骨骼肌的影响。从妊娠 180 天到 268 天，16 头妊娠婆罗门奶牛被分为两组：对照组（CON，n = 12）为低粗蛋白质（CP）基础日粮（6% CP，自由采食）加矿物质混合物（130 gּ牛-1ּd-1），CON 处理组为添加缓释 N（SRN，n = 9）的蛋白质精料、n = 9）为基础的蛋白质精料补充剂[40% CP，每公斤体重（BW）/日早晨饲喂 2 克]，由玉米、豆粕、尿素和 SRN 源（Timafeed Boost，Roullier 集团，法国圣马洛）组成。在小牛45日龄时进行肌肉活检，以进行RNA测序（RNA-seq）和蛋白质组（HPLC-MS/MS）分析。使用 FASTQc 软件评估 RNAseq 原始数据的质量控制，并使用 Trimmomatic 对低质量读数进行修剪。使用 STAR 将读数与金牛参考基因组进行映射。使用 R 环境中的 limma 软件包和 Cuffdiff 工具分别鉴定了调整后 P 值≤ 0.05 的差异表达基因和同工酶。蛋白质组数据在 MaxQuant 中根据金牛参考蛋白质组进行处理，并使用 R 环境中的 MSqRob 软件包进行统计分析。值得注意的是，虽然实验处理并不影响转录本丰度，但却观察到了蛋白质水平的差异。SRN组小牛骨骼肌中丰富的生物过程包括丙酮酸乙酰-CoA的生物合成、线粒体呼吸链复合物的组装、钙离子跨膜转运的调控以及与能量和氮代谢有关的其他一些过程。蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络分析揭示了 ATP 和葡萄糖代谢、三羧酸循环和肌节组织等关键过程。总之，我们的研究结果强调了妊娠晚期缓释富氮饮食对小牛骨骼肌能量代谢的有益影响。
{"title":"427 Impact of late gestation slow-release nitrogen-enriched diets on energy metabolism in calf skeletal muscle: A proteomic and transcriptomic approach","authors":"Mateus P Gionbelli, Thais C Costa, Diana C Cediel-Devia, Karolina B Nascimento, Tathyane R S Gionbelli, Marcio S Duarte","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.237","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aimed to determine the enriched biological processes, through proteomic and transcriptomic data, associated with maternal slow-release nitrogen diets received during late gestation and their effects on the skeletal muscle of offspring. From d 180 to d 268 of gestation, a total of 16 pregnant Brahman cows were divided into two groups: a control (CON, n = 12) low crude protein (CP) basal diet (6% of CP, ad libitum) plus mineral mixture (130 gּ cow-1ּ d-1), or the CON treatment supplemented with a slow-released N (SRN, n = 9) based protein concentrate supplement [40% CP, fed 2 g/kg of body weight (BW)/d in the morning) composed by corn, soybean meal, urea and a SRN source (Timafeed Boost, Roullier Group, Saint-Malo, France). Muscle biopsies were performed on d 45 of age in calves for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and proteomic (HPLC-MS/MS) analyses. The quality control of RNAseq raw data was assessed using FASTQc software, with low-quality reads trimmed by Trimmomatic. Reads were mapped against the Bos taurus reference genome using STAR. Differentially expressed (DE) genes and isoforms, significant at an adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05, were identified using the limma package and Cuffdiff tool, respectively, in the R environment. Proteomic data was processed in MaxQuant against the Bos taurus reference proteome, with statistical analysis performed using the MSqRob package in R. Network analyses identified significant biological processes (adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05) among differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Notably, while the experimental treatment did not affect transcript abundance, protein-level differences were observed. Enriched biological processes in SRN group skeletal muscle of calves included acetyl-CoA biosynthesis from pyruvate, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly, regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport, and several others related to energy and nitrogen metabolism. Protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed key processes such as ATP and glucose metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and sarcomere organization. Overall, our findings underscore the beneficial impact of slow-release nitrogen-enriched diets during late gestation on energy metabolism in calf skeletal muscle.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Larissa L Becker, Jordan T Gebhardt, Mike D Tokach, Robert D Goodband, Joel M DeRouchey, Jason C Woodworth, Jon R Bergstrom
Pigs [n = 360; DNA 600×241; initial body weight (BW) = 5.8 ± 0.54 kg] were used in a 45-d study to evaluate effects of added 25(OH)D3 with three levels of standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P on nursery pig growth performance, bone and urine characteristics, and serum vitamin D status. Pigs were weaned at approximately 19 d of age and randomly allotted to 6 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 12 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of 25(OH)D3 (0 or 50 µg/kg equivalent to 2,000 IU/kg of vitamin D3; Hy-D, dsm-firmenich, Plainsboro, NJ) and STTD P (70, 100, or 130% of the NRC (2012) requirement on a dietary percentage basis). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in 3 phases. On d 45, 1 pig/pen was euthanized to collect right fibula, metacarpal, and 2nd and 10th ribs. Overall, increasing STTD P increased (quadratic, P < 0.003) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G/F with minimal improvement above 100% of NRC STTD P requirement. Added 25(OH)D3 had no effect on growth performance (P > 0.10). Pigs fed increasing STTD P had decreased urinary Ca concentration (linear, P < 0.001 and quadratic, P = 0.078) and increased urinary P concentration (quadratic, P < 0.001), with all pigs fed 70% of NRC STTD P requirement having non-detectable levels of urinary P. Added 25(OH)D3 had no effect on urinary Ca and P concentration (P > 0.10). A quadratic 25(OH)D3×STTD P interaction (P = 0.032) was observed for serum 25(OH)D3. When pigs were fed 25(OH)D3, serum 25(OH)D3 increased as STTD P increased (quadratic, P = 0.005) but no differences were observed when no 25(OH)D3 was added and STTD P increased. A quadratic 25(OH)D3×STTD P interaction was observed for serum 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations (P = 0.002). When pigs were fed 25(OH)D3, serum 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased (quadratic, P < 0.001) as STTD P increased but the decrease was not significant when no 25(OH)D3 was fed. Added 25(OH)D3 had no effect (P > 0.10) on serum 1,25(OH)2D3, but concentrations decreased (quadratic, P = 0.001) as STTD P increased. No added 25(OH)D3×STTD P interaction was observed for 24,25(OH)2D3. Serum 24,25(OH)2D3 increased (P < 0.001) with added 25(OH)D3. Metacarpal bone density increased (linear, P = 0.001) as STTD P increased, as did fibulas and ribs (quadratic, P ≤ 0.055). Percentage bone ash and bone ash weight increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.065) for all bones as STTD P increased. Added 25(OH)D3 had no effect on bone density or bone ash weight for any bones (P > 0.10); however, the reduction in bone ash observed with reducing STTD P level tended to be less when 25(OH)D3 was provided (linear interaction, P = 0.098). In summary, added 25(OH)D3 had limited effect on growth performance, urine parameters, or bone characteristics; however, added 25(OH)D3 increased serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3. Increasing STTD P to 100% of NRC requirement estimate increased growth and 130% of
猪[n = 360；DNA 600×241；初始体重 (BW) = 5.8 ± 0.54 kg]被用于一项为期 45 天的研究，以评估添加 25(OH)D3 和三种水平的标准化道消化总量 (STTD) P 对保育猪生长性能、骨骼和尿液特征以及血清维生素 D 状态的影响。猪在大约 19 日龄断奶，随机分配到 6 个处理中，每栏 5 头猪，每个处理 12 个重复。日粮处理以 2 × 3 的阶乘排列，主效应为 25（OH）D3（0 或 50 µg/kg，相当于 2,000 IU/kg 的维生素 D3；Hy-D，dsm-firmenich，Plainsboro，NJ）和 STTD P（按日粮百分比计算，为 NRC（2012）要求的 70%、100% 或 130%）。日粮以玉米-豆粕为基础，分 3 个阶段饲喂。第 45 天，每栏 1 头猪被安乐死，以收集右腓骨、掌骨、第 2 和第 10 根肋骨。总体而言，增加 STTD P 可提高（二次方，P < 0.003）体重、ADG、ADFI 和 G/F，而超过 NRC STTD P 需求量 100% 的改善幅度很小。添加 25(OH)D3 对生长性能没有影响（P & gt; 0.10）。饲喂 STTD P 增加的猪的尿 Ca 浓度降低（线性，P < 0.001 和二次方，P = 0.078），尿 P 浓度增加（二次方，P < 0.001），所有饲喂 NRC STTD P 需求量 70% 的猪的尿 P 水平都检测不到。在血清 25(OH)D3 中观察到 25(OH)D3×STTD P 的二次交互作用（P = 0.032）。给猪饲喂 25（OH）D3 时，血清 25（OH）D3 随 STTD P 的增加而增加（二次方，P = 0.005），但不添加 25（OH）D3 且 STTD P 增加时，没有观察到差异。在血清 1,25(OH)2D3浓度方面，观察到 25(OH)D3×STTD P 的二次交互作用（P = 0.002）。当给猪饲喂 25(OH)D3 时，血清中 1,25(OH)2D3随 STTD P 的增加而降低（二次方，P < 0.001），但当不饲喂 25(OH)D3 时，血清中 1,25(OH)2D3的降低并不显著。添加的 25(OH)D3 对血清 1,25(OH)2D3没有影响（P > 0.10），但随着 STTD P 的增加，血清中的 1,25(OH)2D3浓度降低（二次方，P = 0.001）。对于 24,25(OH)2D3，未观察到添加 25(OH)D3×STTD P 的相互作用。血清 24,25（OH）2D3 随添加 25（OH）D3 而增加（P < 0.001）。掌骨骨密度随着 STTD P 的增加而增加（线性，P = 0.001），腓骨和肋骨也是如此（二次方，P ≤ 0.055）。随着 STTD P 的增加，所有骨骼的骨灰百分比和骨灰重量均增加（二次方，P ≤ 0.065）。添加 25（OH）D3 对任何骨骼的骨密度或骨灰重量都没有影响（P > 0.10）；但是，当提供 25（OH）D3 时，随着 STTD P 水平的降低，观察到的骨灰减少量往往较少（线性交互作用，P = 0.098）。总之，添加 25（OH）D3 对生长性能、尿液参数或骨骼特征的影响有限；但添加 25（OH）D3 可提高血清中 25（OH）D3 和 24,25(OH)2D3 的浓度。将 STTD P 提高到 NRC 需求量估计值的 100%，可提高生长速度，而 NRC 需求量的 130% 则可最大限度地提高骨灰含量。5634 Table.pdf
{"title":"442 Effects of added 25(OH)D3 with varying standardized total tract digestible phosphorus levels on nursery pig performance, bone and urine characteristics, and serum vitamin D","authors":"Larissa L Becker, Jordan T Gebhardt, Mike D Tokach, Robert D Goodband, Joel M DeRouchey, Jason C Woodworth, Jon R Bergstrom","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.296","url":null,"abstract":"Pigs [n = 360; DNA 600×241; initial body weight (BW) = 5.8 ± 0.54 kg] were used in a 45-d study to evaluate effects of added 25(OH)D3 with three levels of standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P on nursery pig growth performance, bone and urine characteristics, and serum vitamin D status. Pigs were weaned at approximately 19 d of age and randomly allotted to 6 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 12 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of 25(OH)D3 (0 or 50 µg/kg equivalent to 2,000 IU/kg of vitamin D3; Hy-D, dsm-firmenich, Plainsboro, NJ) and STTD P (70, 100, or 130% of the NRC (2012) requirement on a dietary percentage basis). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in 3 phases. On d 45, 1 pig/pen was euthanized to collect right fibula, metacarpal, and 2nd and 10th ribs. Overall, increasing STTD P increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.003) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G/F with minimal improvement above 100% of NRC STTD P requirement. Added 25(OH)D3 had no effect on growth performance (P &gt; 0.10). Pigs fed increasing STTD P had decreased urinary Ca concentration (linear, P &lt; 0.001 and quadratic, P = 0.078) and increased urinary P concentration (quadratic, P &lt; 0.001), with all pigs fed 70% of NRC STTD P requirement having non-detectable levels of urinary P. Added 25(OH)D3 had no effect on urinary Ca and P concentration (P &gt; 0.10). A quadratic 25(OH)D3×STTD P interaction (P = 0.032) was observed for serum 25(OH)D3. When pigs were fed 25(OH)D3, serum 25(OH)D3 increased as STTD P increased (quadratic, P = 0.005) but no differences were observed when no 25(OH)D3 was added and STTD P increased. A quadratic 25(OH)D3×STTD P interaction was observed for serum 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations (P = 0.002). When pigs were fed 25(OH)D3, serum 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.001) as STTD P increased but the decrease was not significant when no 25(OH)D3 was fed. Added 25(OH)D3 had no effect (P &gt; 0.10) on serum 1,25(OH)2D3, but concentrations decreased (quadratic, P = 0.001) as STTD P increased. No added 25(OH)D3×STTD P interaction was observed for 24,25(OH)2D3. Serum 24,25(OH)2D3 increased (P &lt; 0.001) with added 25(OH)D3. Metacarpal bone density increased (linear, P = 0.001) as STTD P increased, as did fibulas and ribs (quadratic, P ≤ 0.055). Percentage bone ash and bone ash weight increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.065) for all bones as STTD P increased. Added 25(OH)D3 had no effect on bone density or bone ash weight for any bones (P &gt; 0.10); however, the reduction in bone ash observed with reducing STTD P level tended to be less when 25(OH)D3 was provided (linear interaction, P = 0.098). In summary, added 25(OH)D3 had limited effect on growth performance, urine parameters, or bone characteristics; however, added 25(OH)D3 increased serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3. Increasing STTD P to 100% of NRC requirement estimate increased growth and 130% of ","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soybean meal (SBM) is a high-protein plant product commonly used as a primary protein source in pig diets. However, its price has been steadily increasing. Concurrently researchers were prompted to search for cost-effective, high-yield protein sources. In the earlier studies palm kernel meal (PKM), distillers dried grains solubles (DDGS), and rapeseed meal (RSM) were potentially used as substitutes for SBM. Still, no study exists on conducting a comparative analysis of replacing soybean meal with various plant extracts. Therefore, we aimed to analyze whether replacing SBM with various plant extracts could reveal comparable effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs. For 10 wk, n = 200 [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] finishing pigs [body weight (BW) = 57.07 ± 3.18 kg] were assigned to one of five dietary treatments. The test treatments were control (CON) corn-SBM-based diet, and the CON diet replaced with 10% of PKM, lupin Kernel (LK), RSM, and DDGS, respectively. Each treatment has 10 replicates with 4 (2 barrows and 2 gilts) pigs/pen. The dietary treatments were as follows control (CON), a corn-SBM-based diet; and the SBM diet replaced with 10% of each PKM, Lupin Kernel (LK), RSM, and DDGS. The partial replacement of SBM with various plants reveals neither significant nor adverse effects on the overall performance in finishing pigs. In summary, we concluded that partially replacing SBM with various plant sources would serve as a better option for small farm owners to save their feed costs.
{"title":"PSVI-30 Comparative analysis on partial replacement of soybean meal with various plant sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs","authors":"Weihan Zhao, Kye Jin Lee, In Ho Kim","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae234.799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.799","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean meal (SBM) is a high-protein plant product commonly used as a primary protein source in pig diets. However, its price has been steadily increasing. Concurrently researchers were prompted to search for cost-effective, high-yield protein sources. In the earlier studies palm kernel meal (PKM), distillers dried grains solubles (DDGS), and rapeseed meal (RSM) were potentially used as substitutes for SBM. Still, no study exists on conducting a comparative analysis of replacing soybean meal with various plant extracts. Therefore, we aimed to analyze whether replacing SBM with various plant extracts could reveal comparable effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs. For 10 wk, n = 200 [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] finishing pigs [body weight (BW) = 57.07 ± 3.18 kg] were assigned to one of five dietary treatments. The test treatments were control (CON) corn-SBM-based diet, and the CON diet replaced with 10% of PKM, lupin Kernel (LK), RSM, and DDGS, respectively. Each treatment has 10 replicates with 4 (2 barrows and 2 gilts) pigs/pen. The dietary treatments were as follows control (CON), a corn-SBM-based diet; and the SBM diet replaced with 10% of each PKM, Lupin Kernel (LK), RSM, and DDGS. The partial replacement of SBM with various plants reveals neither significant nor adverse effects on the overall performance in finishing pigs. In summary, we concluded that partially replacing SBM with various plant sources would serve as a better option for small farm owners to save their feed costs.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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