Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.22358/jafs/146396/2022
P. Mazza, S. Jaeger, F. D. L. Silva, A. Lima, D. Horå, A. Barbosa, E. Andrade, J. S. Silva Júnior, L. Bezerra, R. Oliveira
. The aim the present to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of dry umbu pulp fruit residue (DUFR) into lamb diet. DUFR ground corn at 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32% of the total diet. To evaluate intake, digestion, nitrogen (N) balance and ingestive behaviour, twenty-five uncastrated male lambs (40.8 ± 4.17 kg) were randomly distributed among treatments for 21 days. To evaluate ruminal pH, ammonia N in the rumen fluid and total protozoa abundance, five days. The of dry protein (CP) total digestible nutrients (TDN), CP digestibilities, ruminal ammonia N, N-intake and not linearly affected by the inclusion of DUFR. However, a linear increase in neutral detergent fibre (NDF ap ) intake, time spent eating and ruminating, the number of boluses chewed/day, and ruminal pH in sheep with the increase of DUFR inclusion were The intake of EE and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digestibility of DM, NDF and TDN, time spent idling, amount (g) of DM/ bolus chewed, and protozoa count decreased linearly dietary inclusion of DUFR. The inclusion of up to 32% DUFR instead of ground corn eating and rumination time, however, it is not recommended as a concentrate feed because it reduces nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance impairing performance.
{"title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of dry umbu fruit pulp residue\u0000(Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam) on intake, ingestive behaviour,\u0000digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal pH in sheep","authors":"P. Mazza, S. Jaeger, F. D. L. Silva, A. Lima, D. Horå, A. Barbosa, E. Andrade, J. S. Silva Júnior, L. Bezerra, R. Oliveira","doi":"10.22358/jafs/146396/2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/146396/2022","url":null,"abstract":". The aim the present to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of dry umbu pulp fruit residue (DUFR) into lamb diet. DUFR ground corn at 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32% of the total diet. To evaluate intake, digestion, nitrogen (N) balance and ingestive behaviour, twenty-five uncastrated male lambs (40.8 ± 4.17 kg) were randomly distributed among treatments for 21 days. To evaluate ruminal pH, ammonia N in the rumen fluid and total protozoa abundance, five days. The of dry protein (CP) total digestible nutrients (TDN), CP digestibilities, ruminal ammonia N, N-intake and not linearly affected by the inclusion of DUFR. However, a linear increase in neutral detergent fibre (NDF ap ) intake, time spent eating and ruminating, the number of boluses chewed/day, and ruminal pH in sheep with the increase of DUFR inclusion were The intake of EE and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digestibility of DM, NDF and TDN, time spent idling, amount (g) of DM/ bolus chewed, and protozoa count decreased linearly dietary inclusion of DUFR. The inclusion of up to 32% DUFR instead of ground corn eating and rumination time, however, it is not recommended as a concentrate feed because it reduces nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance impairing performance.","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44142682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.22358/jafs/146921/2022
A. M. Saied, A. Attia, M. El-Kholy, F. Reda, A. E. El Nagar
Subtherapeutic antibiotics have been used extensively as growth promoters in poultry production to enhance growth performance, treating and improving the immunity of sick and sensitive birds. However, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterium strains that may be transmitted from animals to humans (Anthony et al., 2010). The use of antibiotics as growth promoters was thus completely banned by the European Union in 2006 due to its adverse effects on human health. So, it is important to search for alternative growth promoters to avoid the negative effects and consequences of using such antibiotics. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the use of plants, plant extracts and oils as effective substitutes for antibiotics. In poultry diets, herbs and herbal products are used to replace synthetic and chemical products (Alagawany et al., 2020). Because of their antimiABSTRACT. This study aims to investigate the effect of supplementing dietary cinnamon oil (CO) into broiler chicken diets on growth performance, carcass traits, haemato-biochemical parameters, immune function, antioxidant status, and caecal microbial count. Three hundred one-day old broilers were distributed randomly, with 5 replications, into 5 groups (12 birds per replicate). Dietary treatments comprised the basal diet (control group), and the basal diet supplemented by either 10 mg/kg avilamycin or 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg of CO. Results indicated that birds from CO-treated groups had higher body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio than the control group. Also, birds from CO supplemented groups had lower total cholesterol, triglycerides, lowdensity lipoproteins than those from the control group; the lowest values were recorded in the group treated with 500 mg/kg CO. Treatment with CO increased the relative weight of spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and plasma content of IgM when compared to the control and the antibiotic-treated groups. In chickens fed CO a significant decrease in caecal total microbial count, total yeast and mold count, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella was noted in comparison with the control group but was similar to animals from antibiotic-treated group. The count of lactic acid bacteria increased in the caecum of chickens fed CO in comparison with those from the control group; the lowest level was observed in the antibiotic group. So, CO can be used in broiler chicken diets as a natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters to improve gut health and consequently growth performance. Received: 26 September 2021 Revised: 15 November 2021 Accepted: 24 February 2022
{"title":"Effect of cinnamon oil supplementation into broiler chicken diets on growth, carcass traits, haemato-biochemical parameters, immune function, antioxidant status and caecal microbial count","authors":"A. M. Saied, A. Attia, M. El-Kholy, F. Reda, A. E. El Nagar","doi":"10.22358/jafs/146921/2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/146921/2022","url":null,"abstract":"Subtherapeutic antibiotics have been used extensively as growth promoters in poultry production to enhance growth performance, treating and improving the immunity of sick and sensitive birds. However, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterium strains that may be transmitted from animals to humans (Anthony et al., 2010). The use of antibiotics as growth promoters was thus completely banned by the European Union in 2006 due to its adverse effects on human health. So, it is important to search for alternative growth promoters to avoid the negative effects and consequences of using such antibiotics. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the use of plants, plant extracts and oils as effective substitutes for antibiotics. In poultry diets, herbs and herbal products are used to replace synthetic and chemical products (Alagawany et al., 2020). Because of their antimiABSTRACT. This study aims to investigate the effect of supplementing dietary cinnamon oil (CO) into broiler chicken diets on growth performance, carcass traits, haemato-biochemical parameters, immune function, antioxidant status, and caecal microbial count. Three hundred one-day old broilers were distributed randomly, with 5 replications, into 5 groups (12 birds per replicate). Dietary treatments comprised the basal diet (control group), and the basal diet supplemented by either 10 mg/kg avilamycin or 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg of CO. Results indicated that birds from CO-treated groups had higher body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio than the control group. Also, birds from CO supplemented groups had lower total cholesterol, triglycerides, lowdensity lipoproteins than those from the control group; the lowest values were recorded in the group treated with 500 mg/kg CO. Treatment with CO increased the relative weight of spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and plasma content of IgM when compared to the control and the antibiotic-treated groups. In chickens fed CO a significant decrease in caecal total microbial count, total yeast and mold count, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella was noted in comparison with the control group but was similar to animals from antibiotic-treated group. The count of lactic acid bacteria increased in the caecum of chickens fed CO in comparison with those from the control group; the lowest level was observed in the antibiotic group. So, CO can be used in broiler chicken diets as a natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters to improve gut health and consequently growth performance. Received: 26 September 2021 Revised: 15 November 2021 Accepted: 24 February 2022","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41952514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-27DOI: 10.22358/jafs/146610/2022
I. Gangnat, M. Kreuzer
The number of piglets weaned per sow per year is a main determinant of the performance of breeding sows. Consequently, the genetic progress in pigs is connected with the success in breeding larger litter sizes. With increasing average litter size in the sow population, the economic weight of litter size diminishes and that of piglet survival at farrowing and during nursing increases (Quinton et al., 2006). At the same time, farrowing duration and expulsion interval between piglets may increase, which has been related to a greater occurrence of stillborn piglets (Udomchanya et al., 2019). However, means to shorten the duration of parturition do not always support piglet survival. For instance, the injection of oxytocin may, indeed, shorten the farrowing duration but this does not guarantee a concomitant reduction in the occurrence of stillborn piglets (Udomchanya et al., 2019). In order to increase survival rates of piglets before and after birth, empirical managerial improvements like the use of farrowing crates, optimal sow fitness at farrowing and the use of rescue desks are useful. These measures could be supported by supplementing the diet of the sows with ingredients that facilitate the farrowing process and support piglet vitality and growth. ABSTRACT. Survival of piglets until weaning is a major contributor to the rentability of pig production systems. Large litters are often associated with complications and prolongation of the farrowing duration causing piglet mortality. The vitamin D status of the pregnant female is known to play a role in parturition problems. The present experiment investigated the effect of Solanum glaucophyllum in the diet of sows on farrowing duration and progeny survival and growth. Solanum glaucophyllum was distributed in a feed supplement to gestating sows from one week before farrowing until weaning of the piglets. Control sows received the same feed supplement but without S. glaucophyllum. Sows at an earlier gestation stage and piglets did not receive S. glaucophyllum. From 108 farrowing events and litters, on average 14.3 total born and 12.7 liveborn piglets were observed. Solanum glaucophyllum had no positive effect on the farrowing duration (222 vs. 219 min for experimental vs. control sows, respectively), average piglet expulsion interval (17.2 vs. 17.3 min), piglet vitality at birth, piglets death during nursing (2.03 vs. 1.74 piglets/litter) and piglets average daily gains (both 274 g). The proportion of stillborn piglets was even higher in sows receiving S. glaucophyllum than in control ones. Nevertheless, further studies on hyperprolific sows having no access to direct sunlight and with diets clearly deficient in either vitamin D or calcium are needed to show whether S. glaucophyllum is effective in parturient sows or not. Received: 16 November 2021 Revised: 27 January 2022 Accepted: 10 February 2022
每头母猪每年断奶的仔猪数量是能繁母猪性能的主要决定因素。因此，猪的基因进步与繁殖更大窝数的成功有关。随着母猪群体平均产仔数的增加，产仔数带来的经济重量减少，仔猪在产仔和哺乳期间的存活率增加（Quinton等人，2006年）。同时，仔猪的产仔时间和排出间隔可能会增加，这与死产仔猪的发生率增加有关（Udomchanya et al.，2019）。然而，缩短分娩时间的方法并不总是支持仔猪存活。例如，注射催产素确实可以缩短分娩时间，但这并不能保证同时减少死产仔猪的发生（Udomchanya等人，2019）。为了提高仔猪出生前后的存活率，经验管理方面的改进是有用的，如使用产仔箱、产仔时母猪的最佳适应度和使用救援台。这些措施可以通过在母猪的饮食中补充有利于产仔过程和支持仔猪活力和生长的成分来支持。摘要。仔猪断奶前的存活是猪生产系统可出租性的主要因素。产仔量大往往与并发症和分娩时间延长有关，导致仔猪死亡。众所周知，孕妇的维生素D状况在分娩问题中起着一定作用。本试验研究了日粮中茄对母猪产仔期、后代存活和生长的影响。从产仔前一周到仔猪断奶，将蓝茄作为饲料补充剂分发给怀孕母猪。对照母猪接受相同的饲料补充，但不含蓝叶藻。妊娠早期的母猪和仔猪没有接种蓝叶藻。从108个产仔事件和窝仔中，平均观察到14.3头总出生仔猪和12.7头活产仔猪。蓝茄对产仔持续时间（实验母猪和对照母猪分别为222和219分钟）、平均仔猪排出间隔（17.2和17.3分钟）、仔猪出生时的活力、哺乳期间的仔猪死亡（2.03和1.74头仔猪/窝）和仔猪平均日增重（均为274克）没有积极影响。接种绿脓杆菌的母猪的死产仔猪比例甚至高于对照母猪。然而，需要对不能直接接触阳光且饮食中明显缺乏维生素D或钙的高增殖母猪进行进一步研究，以表明蓝叶藻对分娩母猪是否有效。接收日期：2021年11月16日修订日期：2022年1月27日接受日期：2022月10日
{"title":"Effect of supplementing sows with Solanum glaucophyllum,\u0000a natural source of calcitriol, on farrowing performance,\u0000piglet survival and litter performance","authors":"I. Gangnat, M. Kreuzer","doi":"10.22358/jafs/146610/2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/146610/2022","url":null,"abstract":"The number of piglets weaned per sow per year is a main determinant of the performance of breeding sows. Consequently, the genetic progress in pigs is connected with the success in breeding larger litter sizes. With increasing average litter size in the sow population, the economic weight of litter size diminishes and that of piglet survival at farrowing and during nursing increases (Quinton et al., 2006). At the same time, farrowing duration and expulsion interval between piglets may increase, which has been related to a greater occurrence of stillborn piglets (Udomchanya et al., 2019). However, means to shorten the duration of parturition do not always support piglet survival. For instance, the injection of oxytocin may, indeed, shorten the farrowing duration but this does not guarantee a concomitant reduction in the occurrence of stillborn piglets (Udomchanya et al., 2019). In order to increase survival rates of piglets before and after birth, empirical managerial improvements like the use of farrowing crates, optimal sow fitness at farrowing and the use of rescue desks are useful. These measures could be supported by supplementing the diet of the sows with ingredients that facilitate the farrowing process and support piglet vitality and growth. ABSTRACT. Survival of piglets until weaning is a major contributor to the rentability of pig production systems. Large litters are often associated with complications and prolongation of the farrowing duration causing piglet mortality. The vitamin D status of the pregnant female is known to play a role in parturition problems. The present experiment investigated the effect of Solanum glaucophyllum in the diet of sows on farrowing duration and progeny survival and growth. Solanum glaucophyllum was distributed in a feed supplement to gestating sows from one week before farrowing until weaning of the piglets. Control sows received the same feed supplement but without S. glaucophyllum. Sows at an earlier gestation stage and piglets did not receive S. glaucophyllum. From 108 farrowing events and litters, on average 14.3 total born and 12.7 liveborn piglets were observed. Solanum glaucophyllum had no positive effect on the farrowing duration (222 vs. 219 min for experimental vs. control sows, respectively), average piglet expulsion interval (17.2 vs. 17.3 min), piglet vitality at birth, piglets death during nursing (2.03 vs. 1.74 piglets/litter) and piglets average daily gains (both 274 g). The proportion of stillborn piglets was even higher in sows receiving S. glaucophyllum than in control ones. Nevertheless, further studies on hyperprolific sows having no access to direct sunlight and with diets clearly deficient in either vitamin D or calcium are needed to show whether S. glaucophyllum is effective in parturient sows or not. Received: 16 November 2021 Revised: 27 January 2022 Accepted: 10 February 2022","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45043690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-27DOI: 10.22358/jafs/146491/2022
S. Hao, H. Fang, S. Fang, Zhang Tao, L. Zhang, L. Yang
There is an immunological tolerance against foetal antigens, which is induced by hormonal changes during pregnancy (Fuhler, 2020). Progesterone (P4) from corpus luteum (CL), pregnancy recognition signal (interferon tau, IFNT) from the conceptus and prostaglandins secreted by the endometria affect uterine functions, and contribute to conceptus elongation, implantation and establishment of pregnancy in ruminants (Spencer et al., 2016). Conceptus signal (IFNT) and high concentrations of P4 contribute to immunological forbearance through regulating innate immune system in the uterus, peripheral immune cells and other tissues during early pregnancy in ruminants (Ott, 2020). Interferon tau, with its paracrine and endocrine actions, adjusts the maternal innate immune system and avoids conceptus rejection, and other immune regulators, such as the pattern recognition receptors, work in parallel with IFNT during early pregnancy in ruminants (Rocha et al., 2021). Pattern recognition receptors contribute to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) to result in the downstream activation of innate immune responses (Heilmann et al., 2017). Nuclear factor kappa B family consists of NF-κB1 (p50), NF-κB2 (p52), RelA (p65), RelB and c-Rel that are involved in the regulation of development of the immune system, inflammation, and innate and adaptive immune responses in ABSTRACT. Normal pregnancy is characterised by a systemic immunological tolerance against foetal antigens, and the spleen contributes to the adaptive immune tolerance during pregnancy. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signallings participate in splenic immune regulation, but it is unclear whether there are changes in NF-κB components expression in the ovine spleen during early pregnancy. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of early pregnancy on the expression of NF-κB components in the maternal spleen in sheep. The spleens were sampled on day 16 of the oestrous cycle, and on days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation. The expression of NF-κB components, including NF-κB1 (p50), NF-κB2 (p52), RelA (p65), RelB and C-Rel, were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that NF-κB1 and RelB mRNA and proteins decreased at days 13 and 16 of pregnancy, but increased at day 25 of pregnancy in comparison with that on day 16 of the oestrous cycle. Nevertheless, NF-κB2 and RelA mRNA and proteins peaked at days 13 and 16 of pregnancy. In addition, early pregnancy inhibited C-Rel expression at days 16 to 25 of pregnancy in the maternal spleen. In conclusion, the variable expression of individual NF-κB components was found in the ovine spleen during early pregnancy, which may be related with pregnancy recognition, and essential for the embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. Received: 30 September 2021 Revised: 25 January 2022 Accepted: 7 February 2022
{"title":"Changes in nuclear factor kappa B components expression in the ovine spleen during early pregnancy","authors":"S. Hao, H. Fang, S. Fang, Zhang Tao, L. Zhang, L. Yang","doi":"10.22358/jafs/146491/2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/146491/2022","url":null,"abstract":"There is an immunological tolerance against foetal antigens, which is induced by hormonal changes during pregnancy (Fuhler, 2020). Progesterone (P4) from corpus luteum (CL), pregnancy recognition signal (interferon tau, IFNT) from the conceptus and prostaglandins secreted by the endometria affect uterine functions, and contribute to conceptus elongation, implantation and establishment of pregnancy in ruminants (Spencer et al., 2016). Conceptus signal (IFNT) and high concentrations of P4 contribute to immunological forbearance through regulating innate immune system in the uterus, peripheral immune cells and other tissues during early pregnancy in ruminants (Ott, 2020). Interferon tau, with its paracrine and endocrine actions, adjusts the maternal innate immune system and avoids conceptus rejection, and other immune regulators, such as the pattern recognition receptors, work in parallel with IFNT during early pregnancy in ruminants (Rocha et al., 2021). Pattern recognition receptors contribute to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) to result in the downstream activation of innate immune responses (Heilmann et al., 2017). Nuclear factor kappa B family consists of NF-κB1 (p50), NF-κB2 (p52), RelA (p65), RelB and c-Rel that are involved in the regulation of development of the immune system, inflammation, and innate and adaptive immune responses in ABSTRACT. Normal pregnancy is characterised by a systemic immunological tolerance against foetal antigens, and the spleen contributes to the adaptive immune tolerance during pregnancy. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signallings participate in splenic immune regulation, but it is unclear whether there are changes in NF-κB components expression in the ovine spleen during early pregnancy. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of early pregnancy on the expression of NF-κB components in the maternal spleen in sheep. The spleens were sampled on day 16 of the oestrous cycle, and on days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation. The expression of NF-κB components, including NF-κB1 (p50), NF-κB2 (p52), RelA (p65), RelB and C-Rel, were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that NF-κB1 and RelB mRNA and proteins decreased at days 13 and 16 of pregnancy, but increased at day 25 of pregnancy in comparison with that on day 16 of the oestrous cycle. Nevertheless, NF-κB2 and RelA mRNA and proteins peaked at days 13 and 16 of pregnancy. In addition, early pregnancy inhibited C-Rel expression at days 16 to 25 of pregnancy in the maternal spleen. In conclusion, the variable expression of individual NF-κB components was found in the ovine spleen during early pregnancy, which may be related with pregnancy recognition, and essential for the embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. Received: 30 September 2021 Revised: 25 January 2022 Accepted: 7 February 2022","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.22358/jafs/146345/2022
S. Özüretmen, H. Özelçam, H. İpçak
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial legume with a high yield which is also rich in vitamins and minerals. It can be used as animal feed in the form of green herbage, hay, or silage. Because grazing on fresh alfalfa can cause tympani, it is very limited (Jonker and Yu, 2016). Although the dried form is generally preferred as animal feed, the leaves are easily broken and lost during this process when drying to the appropriate storage moisture of 12%, also the botanical fraction balance (leaf:stem ratio) shifts toward the cellulosic structure. This decreases protein content, digestibility, and quality of the forage, reduces the alfalfa nutritional value, and increases the cost of feed. On the other hand, it could be possible to obtain successful silage by using additives that stimulate fermentation, such as water-soluble carbohydrates (Keener, 2019). Whey is a byproduct resulting from the processes of converting milk into cheese. It has high water content (>90%) and its major constituent is lactose (77% of the total solids). Whey powder (WP) is the dried form of it. It contains high content of lactose (69–76%), low content of water (<7%) and is rich in protein (β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin), vitamins (B2, B5 and C) and minerals (EWPA, 2016). Each year, more than 200 mln t of whey is generated globally, and this value is increasing by ~2% each year (Mariotti et al., 2020). ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of whey powder (WP) on the fermentation quality, nutritive value, and digestibility of ensiled alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa treated with different doses of WP (0, 2, and 4% fresh matter silage) was ensiled in plastic drums for 60 days. The results of the study revealed that the physicochemical composition and fermentation quality of the alfalfa silage improved and that mold growth was inhibited in the groups treated with 2 and 4% WP in comparison to that in the control. Production of CO2 (day 7) was much lower in silages treated with 2 and 4% WP (3.77 and 1.85 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively) than in the control group (21.36 g/kg DM). In addition, in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) was much higher in the group treated with 4% WP (76.45%) than in the control one (55.82%). In this treatment group, all apparent digestibility of coefficients in vivo from crude nutrient contents and cell wall fractions significantly increased and hence raised the net lactation energy value from 1.18 to 1.31 Mcal/kg DM. However, although the in vitro DMD was higher in the silages treated with WP than in the control one and the dose was significant, there was no strong correlation between in vivo and in vitro values. According to our results, WP could provide an advantage for the conservation of alfalfa silage. In addition, WP could be evaluated as a sustainable silage additive. Received: 21 September 2021 Revised: 15 December 2021 Accepted: 1 February 2022
{"title":"Effects of whey powder on fermentation quality, nutritive value,\u0000and digestibility of alfalfa silage","authors":"S. Özüretmen, H. Özelçam, H. İpçak","doi":"10.22358/jafs/146345/2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/146345/2022","url":null,"abstract":"Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial legume with a high yield which is also rich in vitamins and minerals. It can be used as animal feed in the form of green herbage, hay, or silage. Because grazing on fresh alfalfa can cause tympani, it is very limited (Jonker and Yu, 2016). Although the dried form is generally preferred as animal feed, the leaves are easily broken and lost during this process when drying to the appropriate storage moisture of 12%, also the botanical fraction balance (leaf:stem ratio) shifts toward the cellulosic structure. This decreases protein content, digestibility, and quality of the forage, reduces the alfalfa nutritional value, and increases the cost of feed. On the other hand, it could be possible to obtain successful silage by using additives that stimulate fermentation, such as water-soluble carbohydrates (Keener, 2019). Whey is a byproduct resulting from the processes of converting milk into cheese. It has high water content (>90%) and its major constituent is lactose (77% of the total solids). Whey powder (WP) is the dried form of it. It contains high content of lactose (69–76%), low content of water (<7%) and is rich in protein (β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin), vitamins (B2, B5 and C) and minerals (EWPA, 2016). Each year, more than 200 mln t of whey is generated globally, and this value is increasing by ~2% each year (Mariotti et al., 2020). ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of whey powder (WP) on the fermentation quality, nutritive value, and digestibility of ensiled alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa treated with different doses of WP (0, 2, and 4% fresh matter silage) was ensiled in plastic drums for 60 days. The results of the study revealed that the physicochemical composition and fermentation quality of the alfalfa silage improved and that mold growth was inhibited in the groups treated with 2 and 4% WP in comparison to that in the control. Production of CO2 (day 7) was much lower in silages treated with 2 and 4% WP (3.77 and 1.85 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively) than in the control group (21.36 g/kg DM). In addition, in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) was much higher in the group treated with 4% WP (76.45%) than in the control one (55.82%). In this treatment group, all apparent digestibility of coefficients in vivo from crude nutrient contents and cell wall fractions significantly increased and hence raised the net lactation energy value from 1.18 to 1.31 Mcal/kg DM. However, although the in vitro DMD was higher in the silages treated with WP than in the control one and the dose was significant, there was no strong correlation between in vivo and in vitro values. According to our results, WP could provide an advantage for the conservation of alfalfa silage. In addition, WP could be evaluated as a sustainable silage additive. Received: 21 September 2021 Revised: 15 December 2021 Accepted: 1 February 2022","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48508221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.22358/jafs/145755/2022
M. Przybyło, S. Ortmann, S. Świerk, M. Clauss
. On the one hand, the greater kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros ) is a strict browser and would therefore be expected to display a ‘moose-type’ digestive physiology with a comparatively low rumen fluid throughput, a low ratio of small particle to fluid mean retention time (MRT) in the reticulorumen (RR), and relatively unstratified RR contents. On the other hand, reports on relatively small salivary glands, susceptibility to negative effects of tannins, and a putative absence of tannin-binding salivary proteins would suggest the greater kudu to be an exceptional browser with a ‘cattle-type’ digestive physiology. We measured MRT in four zoo-kept greater kudu females, which resulted in a MRTparticleRR/MRTfluidRR ratio between 1.07–1.43, well within the range of ‘moose-type’ ruminants and similar to eland ( Taurotragus oryx ). In this regard, consistent morphophysiological studies on greater kudu are required to resolve the seemingly contradictory findings in this species.
{"title":"Fluid and particle retention in the greater kudu\u0000(Tragelaphus strepsiceros)","authors":"M. Przybyło, S. Ortmann, S. Świerk, M. Clauss","doi":"10.22358/jafs/145755/2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/145755/2022","url":null,"abstract":". On the one hand, the greater kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros ) is a strict browser and would therefore be expected to display a ‘moose-type’ digestive physiology with a comparatively low rumen fluid throughput, a low ratio of small particle to fluid mean retention time (MRT) in the reticulorumen (RR), and relatively unstratified RR contents. On the other hand, reports on relatively small salivary glands, susceptibility to negative effects of tannins, and a putative absence of tannin-binding salivary proteins would suggest the greater kudu to be an exceptional browser with a ‘cattle-type’ digestive physiology. We measured MRT in four zoo-kept greater kudu females, which resulted in a MRTparticleRR/MRTfluidRR ratio between 1.07–1.43, well within the range of ‘moose-type’ ruminants and similar to eland ( Taurotragus oryx ). In this regard, consistent morphophysiological studies on greater kudu are required to resolve the seemingly contradictory findings in this species.","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41544457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-23DOI: 10.22358/jafs/144848/2021
C. Lim, J. Poaty Ditengou, K. Ryu, J. Ku, M. Park, I. Whiting, V. Pirgozliev
Maize is recognised as one of the most efficient energy sources for livestock, particularly within the poultry industry. However, its constantly increasing price due to its demand for feeding both humans and livestock (Bakhtiyary Moez et al., 2020) has led a number of researchers to investigate the use of alternative ingredients with lower production costs and assuring good bird performance. Triticale, a human-made crop resulting from the crossing between wheat and rye, distinguished itself with a low price and a resistance to dry weather compared to maize or wheat. This grain contains also a good protein level that might allow it to fairly replace maize in poultry nutrition. Cornejo et al. (1973) concluded that the triticale sample containing 15.3% crude protein was equivalent to wheat and maize and superior to barley. If locally produced, triticale may be less expensive and more environmentally friendly cereal to use in animal diets compared to imported cereals. Also, previous experiments indicate that triticale is a good substitute for maize in the diets of broilers (Rao et al., 1976; Reddy et al., 1979) and laying hens (Shafey et al., 1992; Franco et al., 2020). ABSTRACT. The study aims to investigate the effect of replacing dietary maize with 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg of triticale on production performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acids, and blood variables when fed to laying hens. Five experimental diets were mixed to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and were fed to the layers for six weeks, from 22 to 28 week of age. Three hundred and sixty 22-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were individually weighed and randomly allocated to 60 enriched cages giving six birds per cage, in an environmentally controlled experimental house. The cages were equipped with a laying nest, scratching area, metal feeders in front and two nipple drinkers inside. Each diet was fed to 12 cages following randomisation. Feed and water were available ad libitum throughout the experiment. Production variables remained unaffected by the diets containing triticale at various levels. Among the egg quality traits, egg yolk colour linearly decreased (P < 0.001) by dietary triticale inclusion. Dietary triticale did not have an impact on egg yolk fatty acid composition (P > 0.05). Apart from the glucose level, increasing in a linear fashion (P < 0.001) with triticale in diets, the rest of the studied blood variables did not respond (P > 0.05) to changes in dietary triticale. It has been concluded that 20% replacement of maize with triticale in laying hen diets did not have any detrimental impact on egg production variables and or the efficiency of production. Received: 3 September 2021 Revised: 30 November 2021 Accepted: 14 December 2021
玉米被认为是畜牧业最有效的能源之一，尤其是在家禽业。然而，由于其对人类和牲畜的喂养需求，其价格不断上涨（Bakhtiyary Moez et al.，2020），导致许多研究人员研究了使用生产成本较低并确保良好鸟类性能的替代成分。小黑麦是一种由小麦和黑麦杂交而成的人造作物，与玉米或小麦相比，其价格低廉，耐干旱。这种谷物还含有良好的蛋白质水平，这可能使它在家禽营养中完全取代玉米。Cornejo等人（1973）得出结论，含有15.3%粗蛋白的小黑麦样品相当于小麦和玉米，优于大麦。如果在当地生产，与进口谷物相比，小黑麦在动物饮食中可能更便宜、更环保。此外，先前的实验表明，在肉鸡（Rao等人，1976；Reddy等人，1979）和蛋鸡（Shafey等人，1992；Franco等人，2020）的日粮中，小黑麦是玉米的良好替代品。摘要。本研究旨在研究用0、50、100、150和200 g/kg小黑麦代替日粮玉米对蛋鸡生产性能、鸡蛋品质、蛋黄脂肪酸和血液变量的影响。将五种实验日粮混合为等能和等氮日粮，并在22至28周龄的蛋鸡中饲养六周。在一个环境控制的实验室中，360只22周大的Hy-Line Brown蛋鸡被单独称重，并被随机分配到60个富集的笼子里，每个笼子里有6只鸡。笼子里有一个产卵窝、抓挠区、前面的金属喂食器和里面的两个乳头饮水器。随机分组后，将每种饲料喂入12个笼子。在整个实验过程中，饲料和水可以随意获得。生产变量不受含有不同水平小黑麦的日粮的影响。在鸡蛋品质性状中，添加小黑麦后，蛋黄颜色呈线性下降（P＜0.001）。日粮小黑麦对蛋黄脂肪酸组成没有影响（P>0.05）。除了葡萄糖水平在日粮中随小黑麦呈线性增加（P<0.001）外，其余研究的血液变量对日粮小小麦的变化没有反应（P>0.05）。已经得出的结论是，在蛋鸡日粮中用小黑麦代替玉米20%对鸡蛋生产变量和/或生产效率没有任何不利影响。接收日期：2021年9月3日修订日期：2021 2021年11月30日接受时间：2021年12月14日
{"title":"Effect of maize replacement with different triticale levels on layers production performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid profile and blood parameters","authors":"C. Lim, J. Poaty Ditengou, K. Ryu, J. Ku, M. Park, I. Whiting, V. Pirgozliev","doi":"10.22358/jafs/144848/2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/144848/2021","url":null,"abstract":"Maize is recognised as one of the most efficient energy sources for livestock, particularly within the poultry industry. However, its constantly increasing price due to its demand for feeding both humans and livestock (Bakhtiyary Moez et al., 2020) has led a number of researchers to investigate the use of alternative ingredients with lower production costs and assuring good bird performance. Triticale, a human-made crop resulting from the crossing between wheat and rye, distinguished itself with a low price and a resistance to dry weather compared to maize or wheat. This grain contains also a good protein level that might allow it to fairly replace maize in poultry nutrition. Cornejo et al. (1973) concluded that the triticale sample containing 15.3% crude protein was equivalent to wheat and maize and superior to barley. If locally produced, triticale may be less expensive and more environmentally friendly cereal to use in animal diets compared to imported cereals. Also, previous experiments indicate that triticale is a good substitute for maize in the diets of broilers (Rao et al., 1976; Reddy et al., 1979) and laying hens (Shafey et al., 1992; Franco et al., 2020). ABSTRACT. The study aims to investigate the effect of replacing dietary maize with 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg of triticale on production performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acids, and blood variables when fed to laying hens. Five experimental diets were mixed to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and were fed to the layers for six weeks, from 22 to 28 week of age. Three hundred and sixty 22-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were individually weighed and randomly allocated to 60 enriched cages giving six birds per cage, in an environmentally controlled experimental house. The cages were equipped with a laying nest, scratching area, metal feeders in front and two nipple drinkers inside. Each diet was fed to 12 cages following randomisation. Feed and water were available ad libitum throughout the experiment. Production variables remained unaffected by the diets containing triticale at various levels. Among the egg quality traits, egg yolk colour linearly decreased (P < 0.001) by dietary triticale inclusion. Dietary triticale did not have an impact on egg yolk fatty acid composition (P > 0.05). Apart from the glucose level, increasing in a linear fashion (P < 0.001) with triticale in diets, the rest of the studied blood variables did not respond (P > 0.05) to changes in dietary triticale. It has been concluded that 20% replacement of maize with triticale in laying hen diets did not have any detrimental impact on egg production variables and or the efficiency of production. Received: 3 September 2021 Revised: 30 November 2021 Accepted: 14 December 2021","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49195709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.22358/jafs/144847/2021
S. Syeed Momen, M. S. Sharifi Hosseini, R. Tahmasbi, O. Dayani, M. Asadi Fouzi
{"title":"Effect of energy and protein levels in supplemental diets\u0000on performance of Rayeni cashmere does and goat kids under\u0000natural grazing conditions","authors":"S. Syeed Momen, M. S. Sharifi Hosseini, R. Tahmasbi, O. Dayani, M. Asadi Fouzi","doi":"10.22358/jafs/144847/2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/144847/2021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48914086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.22358/jafs/144843/2021
Á. Bodnár, I. Egerszegi, J. Kuchtík, K. Penksza, P. Póti, F. Pajor
The global goat milk production was approximately 19.9 mln t in 2019 and relatively continuously has been increasing during the last decades (FAO, 2021). Goat milk production has been growing, but the quantity of different types of goat milk products (typically cheese and yoghurt) has been also increasing year by year. In recent years, goat cheeses have gained increased popularity among consumers due to their nutritional value and health advantages. Small-scale farmers generally produce goat cheeses. This way, cheeses and other goat milk-based products have played an important role in the economic viability of farmers in the world. It is also necessary to add that goat cheeses are traditionally one of the crucial goat milk products produced, traded and consumed in large amounts in the world. Goat breeding and milk production are generally based on natural pastures in rural areas. After forests, grasslands and natural pastures are the most important ecosystems in the world because approximately 37% of the Earth’s terrestrial land surface (more than 50 mln km2, excluding Greenland and Antarctica) is covered by grasslands and natural pastures (O’Mara, 2012). Natural pastures are an essential resource for grazing-based animal production worldwide. In addition, sustainable small ruminant species (such as goat) breeding and keeping play an important role in the economy of marginal ABSTRACT. Twenty lactating Hungarian native goats were randomly divided into two groups to evaluate the effect of extensive grazing on the somatic cell counts (SCC), composition and fatty acid profile of milk and semi-hard cheese. The following important nutritional indices of goat milk and cheese fat were calculated: atherogenic index (AI), health-promoting index (HPI), hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acids (HFA), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (H/H), linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratio (LA/ALA) and thrombogenicity index (TI). The experimental period lasted for 38 days, encompassing the first four weeks as the period of adaptation to the natural pasture and the last ten days as the experimental period. The extensive grazing resulted in significantly higher concentrations of rumenic acid and lower n-6/n-3 ratio in milk (0.49 vs 0.67%, P < 0.01; 3.97 vs 1.49, P < 0.001) and in cheese (0.44 vs 0.63%, P < 0.001; 3.96 vs 1.54, P < 0.001). The extensive grazing significantly decreased the AI, HFA and LA/ALA, but on the other hand, increased the HPI and H/H indices in goat milk and cheese, respectively. The study results suggest that consumers have greater nutraceutical benefits from consuming milk and cheese from goats kept on natural pasture. Received: 20 August 2021 Revised: 11 November 2021 Accepted: 13 December 2021
2019年，全球羊奶产量约为1990万吨，在过去几十年中相对持续增长（粮农组织，2021）。羊奶产量一直在增长，但不同类型的羊奶产品（通常是奶酪和酸奶）的数量也在逐年增加。近年来，山羊奶酪由于其营养价值和健康优势，在消费者中越来越受欢迎。小规模农民通常生产山羊奶酪。通过这种方式，奶酪和其他以羊奶为基础的产品在世界农民的经济生存能力中发挥了重要作用。还需要补充的是，山羊奶酪传统上是世界上大量生产、交易和消费的重要羊奶产品之一。山羊养殖和牛奶生产通常以农村地区的天然牧场为基础。继森林之后，草原和天然牧场是世界上最重要的生态系统，因为地球陆地表面约37%（超过5000万平方公里，不包括格陵兰岛和南极洲）被草原和天然草原覆盖（O’Mara，2012）。天然牧场是世界范围内以放牧为基础的动物生产的重要资源。此外，可持续的小反刍动物物种（如山羊）繁殖和饲养在边际摘要的经济中发挥着重要作用。将20只泌乳的匈牙利本地山羊随机分为两组，以评估广泛放牧对牛奶和半硬奶酪体细胞计数（SCC）、成分和脂肪酸组成的影响。计算了羊奶和干酪脂肪的以下重要营养指标：动脉粥样硬化指数（AI）、健康促进指数（HPI）、高胆固醇饱和脂肪酸（HFA）、低胆固醇/高胆固醇比值（H/H）、亚油酸/α-亚麻酸比值（LA/ALA）和血栓形成指数（TI）。试验期为38天，前四周为适应自然牧场的时期，后10天为试验期。广泛放牧导致乳中鲁梅尼酸浓度显著升高，n-6/n-3比例显著降低（0.49 vs 0.67%，P<0.01；3.97 vs 1.49，P<0.001）和奶酪中鲁梅酸浓度显著降低（0.4 vs 0.63%，P<0.001；3.96 vs 1.54，P<0.001，分别地研究结果表明，消费者食用饲养在天然牧场上的山羊的牛奶和奶酪有更大的营养益处。接收日期：2021年8月20日修订日期：2021 11月11日接受日期：2021 12月13日
{"title":"Effect of grazing on composition, fatty acid profile and nutritional\u0000indices of the goat milk and cheese","authors":"Á. Bodnár, I. Egerszegi, J. Kuchtík, K. Penksza, P. Póti, F. Pajor","doi":"10.22358/jafs/144843/2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/144843/2021","url":null,"abstract":"The global goat milk production was approximately 19.9 mln t in 2019 and relatively continuously has been increasing during the last decades (FAO, 2021). Goat milk production has been growing, but the quantity of different types of goat milk products (typically cheese and yoghurt) has been also increasing year by year. In recent years, goat cheeses have gained increased popularity among consumers due to their nutritional value and health advantages. Small-scale farmers generally produce goat cheeses. This way, cheeses and other goat milk-based products have played an important role in the economic viability of farmers in the world. It is also necessary to add that goat cheeses are traditionally one of the crucial goat milk products produced, traded and consumed in large amounts in the world. Goat breeding and milk production are generally based on natural pastures in rural areas. After forests, grasslands and natural pastures are the most important ecosystems in the world because approximately 37% of the Earth’s terrestrial land surface (more than 50 mln km2, excluding Greenland and Antarctica) is covered by grasslands and natural pastures (O’Mara, 2012). Natural pastures are an essential resource for grazing-based animal production worldwide. In addition, sustainable small ruminant species (such as goat) breeding and keeping play an important role in the economy of marginal ABSTRACT. Twenty lactating Hungarian native goats were randomly divided into two groups to evaluate the effect of extensive grazing on the somatic cell counts (SCC), composition and fatty acid profile of milk and semi-hard cheese. The following important nutritional indices of goat milk and cheese fat were calculated: atherogenic index (AI), health-promoting index (HPI), hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acids (HFA), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (H/H), linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratio (LA/ALA) and thrombogenicity index (TI). The experimental period lasted for 38 days, encompassing the first four weeks as the period of adaptation to the natural pasture and the last ten days as the experimental period. The extensive grazing resulted in significantly higher concentrations of rumenic acid and lower n-6/n-3 ratio in milk (0.49 vs 0.67%, P < 0.01; 3.97 vs 1.49, P < 0.001) and in cheese (0.44 vs 0.63%, P < 0.001; 3.96 vs 1.54, P < 0.001). The extensive grazing significantly decreased the AI, HFA and LA/ALA, but on the other hand, increased the HPI and H/H indices in goat milk and cheese, respectively. The study results suggest that consumers have greater nutraceutical benefits from consuming milk and cheese from goats kept on natural pasture. Received: 20 August 2021 Revised: 11 November 2021 Accepted: 13 December 2021","PeriodicalId":14919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44147357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.22358/jafs/143353/2021
B. Przybył, A. Wójcik-Gładysz, A. Gajewska, M. Szlis
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a growth protein factor belonging to the neurotrophin peptide family, participates in mechanisms that promote differentiation and survival of developing neurons. Moreover, BDNF is involved in processes related to neuronal neuroplasticity and neuroprotective mechanisms, such as the stimulation of nerve growth and the formation of synaptic connections between nerve cells (Peiris et al., 2004). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is located in several areas of the brain; for example, in the neocortex, hippocampus, medulla oblongata and hypothalamus. In the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), BDNF immunoreactive material has been identified in the paraventricular (PVN), arcuate (ARC), ventromedial (VMN) or dorsomedial (DMN) nuclei, as well as in the median eminence (ME) (Unger et al., 2007; Cordeira et al., 2010). The presence of tyrosine kinase receptor isoform B (TrkB), which is a specific receptor for BDNF, ABSTRACT. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a growth protein factor belonging to the neurotrophin peptide family that is involved in the regulation of several activities of the central nervous system. However, its effects on the activity of the somatotrophic axis in ruminants have not yet been determined. The present study aimed to verify the research hypothesis, which assumed that BDNF can modulate key hormones of the somatotrophic axis in sheep. The experiment involved sexually mature Polish Merino sheep (n = 24). The animals were divided into three groups, and the following intracerebroventricular infusions were performed: control group received Ringer-Locke solution (480 μl/day), BDNF10 – BDNF at a dose of 10 μg/480 μl/day and BDNF60 – BDNF at a dose of 60 μg/480 μl/day. Blood samples were collected on days 0 and 3 of infusions. After the experiment, the animals were slaughtered and selected structures of the hypothalamus, pituitaries and plasma samples were stored for Real-Time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time RT-PCR) and radioimmunoassay analysis. It was revealed that central BDNF administration induced a dose-dependent increase in growth hormone relasing hormone (GHRH) mRNA expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus of sheep. Moreover, central BDNF administration increased growth hormone (GH) mRNA expression in the pituitary and the GH pulse amplitude, which, consequently, increased the mean GH concentration in the blood plasma. These observations suggest the up-regulation of the somatotrophic axis activity in female sheep after BDNF infusion. So, it can be stated that BDNF is involved in the modulation of key hormones co-creating the somatotrophic axis in mature sheep. Received: 27 July 2021 Revised: 19 October 2021 Accepted: 26 October 2021
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