Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.3.06
Erika Weidemann Bravo
{"title":"Threat of Dissent: A History of Ideological Exclusion and Deportation in the United States","authors":"Erika Weidemann Bravo","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.3.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42303840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.3.07
Dann J. Broyld
{"title":"Beyond Slavery's Shadow: Free People of Color in the South","authors":"Dann J. Broyld","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.3.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.3.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43278002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.3.03
Gianncarlo Muschi
This article demonstrates how Peruvians in Paterson, New Jersey, have utilized entrepreneurship and informality to establish the first and most visible enclave of Peruvians in the United States since the 1960s. Central to this story is the concept of recurseo, a slang word used to describe the informal and creative means in which Peruvians utilize their labor experiences and kinship ties for self-employment. By using informality and recurseo, they were able to leave their factory jobs and establish their own businesses. These entrepreneurs opened restaurants, insurance offices, and small corporations that created an emergent market for products and services that contributed to the development of a thriving ethnic enclave. The informal economic practices introduced by Peruvians altered the social and economic landscape of Paterson and helped to revitalize the local economy. Through the use of oral histories from Peruvian entrepreneurs, archival material from local newspapers, and memoirs declassified by the Peruvian consulate of Paterson, this article challenges the oversimplified portrayal of Peruvians and other Latino immigrants as factory or farm workers with few opportunities for socio-economic advancement. It demonstrates that Latinos use informality and other alternative avenues to achieve wealth and ethnic empowerment in the process of adjustment and community building.
{"title":"Informality, Recurseo, and Entrepreneurship among Peruvians in Paterson, New Jersey, 1960–2001","authors":"Gianncarlo Muschi","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.3.03","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article demonstrates how Peruvians in Paterson, New Jersey, have utilized entrepreneurship and informality to establish the first and most visible enclave of Peruvians in the United States since the 1960s. Central to this story is the concept of recurseo, a slang word used to describe the informal and creative means in which Peruvians utilize their labor experiences and kinship ties for self-employment. By using informality and recurseo, they were able to leave their factory jobs and establish their own businesses. These entrepreneurs opened restaurants, insurance offices, and small corporations that created an emergent market for products and services that contributed to the development of a thriving ethnic enclave. The informal economic practices introduced by Peruvians altered the social and economic landscape of Paterson and helped to revitalize the local economy. Through the use of oral histories from Peruvian entrepreneurs, archival material from local newspapers, and memoirs declassified by the Peruvian consulate of Paterson, this article challenges the oversimplified portrayal of Peruvians and other Latino immigrants as factory or farm workers with few opportunities for socio-economic advancement. It demonstrates that Latinos use informality and other alternative avenues to achieve wealth and ethnic empowerment in the process of adjustment and community building.","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49105824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.3.01
Lisong Liu
The so-called rise of the Chinese American right, particularly suburban migrants from mainland China who have become vocal in local and national politics, has gained both public and scholarly attention in recent years. This article focuses on a suburban Chinese community in Greater Boston and examines its 2017 and 2018 debates on WeChat (the most popular social media platform among ethnic Chinese) concerning the controversial Asian American data disaggregation bill H.3361. Along with in-depth interviews with community members and activists, these WeChat discussions show four different and subtle positions on the bill, revealing that suburban Chinese migrants are not a monolithic group and those opposing the bill are not always conservatives. Although some observers describe WeChat as the “virtual Chinatown,” this article argues that it has been a “virtual ethnic town hall” where migrants can debate community issues, understand American society, and practice democracy. This article also provides a much-needed analysis of the sending country's impacts on migrants’ views of race, class, mobility, and sovereignty. It ends with migrants’ responses to more recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing China-bashing and anti-Asian hate (including the proposed WeChat ban), highlighting the community's vociferousness and resilience in defending its rights and redefining its identity at a historical crossroads.
{"title":"“Virtual Ethnic Town Hall”: WeChat and Suburban Chinese Migrants’ Multidirectional Activism","authors":"Lisong Liu","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.3.01","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The so-called rise of the Chinese American right, particularly suburban migrants from mainland China who have become vocal in local and national politics, has gained both public and scholarly attention in recent years. This article focuses on a suburban Chinese community in Greater Boston and examines its 2017 and 2018 debates on WeChat (the most popular social media platform among ethnic Chinese) concerning the controversial Asian American data disaggregation bill H.3361. Along with in-depth interviews with community members and activists, these WeChat discussions show four different and subtle positions on the bill, revealing that suburban Chinese migrants are not a monolithic group and those opposing the bill are not always conservatives. Although some observers describe WeChat as the “virtual Chinatown,” this article argues that it has been a “virtual ethnic town hall” where migrants can debate community issues, understand American society, and practice democracy. This article also provides a much-needed analysis of the sending country's impacts on migrants’ views of race, class, mobility, and sovereignty. It ends with migrants’ responses to more recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing China-bashing and anti-Asian hate (including the proposed WeChat ban), highlighting the community's vociferousness and resilience in defending its rights and redefining its identity at a historical crossroads.","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44333368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.3.10
Sarah R. Meiners
{"title":"Suffer the Little Children: Child Migration and the Geopolitics of Compassion in the United States","authors":"Sarah R. Meiners","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46611358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.2.03
Robert O'Sullivan
The Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) and the abortive November Uprising in Poland (1830–1831) were two major developments in nineteenth-century European history, and both became central to foundational narratives of European modernity. These events have, however, received scant attention by American immigration historians. Despite this neglect, both were integral to how the New York Truth Teller, the leading Irish Catholic newspaper in New York in the years before the Famine, attempted to consolidate an Irish Catholic ethnic identity in the United States. The Truth Teller's contributors interpreted the Greek and Polish conflicts through reference to a specific narrative of Irish history as one of unparalleled suffering. In doing so, the paper kept American Irish Catholics informed about contemporary events in Europe. In comparing Irish Catholic history to the contemporary struggles of Greece and Poland, the Truth Teller insisted that neither Greece nor Poland had experienced suffering comparable to the persecution of Protestant Ascendency Ireland. This article is a corrective to scholarship that has underemphasized the importance of the Truth Teller to Irish Catholic identity in the United States before the Famine and undervalued the relevance of European events for the construction of American Irish Catholic identity.
希腊独立战争(1821-1832)和波兰流产的十一月起义(1830-1831)是19世纪欧洲历史上的两个主要发展，都成为欧洲现代性基础叙事的核心。然而，这些事件很少受到美国移民历史学家的关注。尽管被忽视了，但在饥荒前的几年里，《纽约实话实说人》(the New York Truth Teller)是纽约主要的爱尔兰天主教报纸，它试图在美国巩固爱尔兰天主教的种族认同，二者都是不可或缺的。《实话实说》的撰稿人通过对爱尔兰历史的具体叙述来解释希腊和波兰的冲突，认为这是一场无与伦比的苦难。通过这样做，该报让美国爱尔兰天主教徒了解到欧洲的当代事件。在将爱尔兰天主教的历史与当代希腊和波兰的斗争进行比较时，“诚实人”坚持认为，希腊和波兰都没有经历过与新教统治爱尔兰的迫害相比的苦难。这篇文章是对学术研究的纠正，这些研究低估了饥荒前《实话实说者》对美国爱尔兰天主教徒身份认同的重要性，低估了欧洲事件对美国爱尔兰天主教徒身份认同建构的相关性。
{"title":"Greece, Poland, and the Construction of American Irish Catholic Identity in the New York Truth Teller, 1820–1845","authors":"Robert O'Sullivan","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) and the abortive November Uprising in Poland (1830–1831) were two major developments in nineteenth-century European history, and both became central to foundational narratives of European modernity. These events have, however, received scant attention by American immigration historians. Despite this neglect, both were integral to how the New York Truth Teller, the leading Irish Catholic newspaper in New York in the years before the Famine, attempted to consolidate an Irish Catholic ethnic identity in the United States. The Truth Teller's contributors interpreted the Greek and Polish conflicts through reference to a specific narrative of Irish history as one of unparalleled suffering. In doing so, the paper kept American Irish Catholics informed about contemporary events in Europe. In comparing Irish Catholic history to the contemporary struggles of Greece and Poland, the Truth Teller insisted that neither Greece nor Poland had experienced suffering comparable to the persecution of Protestant Ascendency Ireland. This article is a corrective to scholarship that has underemphasized the importance of the Truth Teller to Irish Catholic identity in the United States before the Famine and undervalued the relevance of European events for the construction of American Irish Catholic identity.","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48974148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.2.02
C. Givens
During World War I, white Americans heard and retold numerous stories that the nation's racial minorities—above all African and Mexican Americans—would make easy, or even eager, targets of German subversion. Although these rumors have not been studied as vehicles for the reproduction of race, nor as specific tools for the defense of white supremacy, they both reflected and reinforced notions of racially contingent citizenship through their emphasis on differential capacities for loyalty. Minorities’ allegedly inferior attachment to the nation demonstrated their ineligibility for its full blessings, while whites’ privileges rested on claims of their unquestioned allegiance to the war effort. As such, disloyalty rumors provided a national security justification for new and ongoing attempts to secure racial hierarchy that included violence, organizing and arming white power groups, immobilizing racialized labor, and denouncing nascent civil rights movements as foreign-inspired. The wartime discourse of loyalty was not just exclusionary, however, as African and Mexican Americans both refuted and exploited the rumors as a means to demonstrate and demand an equal place within the national community.
{"title":"The Color of Loyalty: Rumors and Race-Making in First World War America","authors":"C. Givens","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During World War I, white Americans heard and retold numerous stories that the nation's racial minorities—above all African and Mexican Americans—would make easy, or even eager, targets of German subversion. Although these rumors have not been studied as vehicles for the reproduction of race, nor as specific tools for the defense of white supremacy, they both reflected and reinforced notions of racially contingent citizenship through their emphasis on differential capacities for loyalty. Minorities’ allegedly inferior attachment to the nation demonstrated their ineligibility for its full blessings, while whites’ privileges rested on claims of their unquestioned allegiance to the war effort. As such, disloyalty rumors provided a national security justification for new and ongoing attempts to secure racial hierarchy that included violence, organizing and arming white power groups, immobilizing racialized labor, and denouncing nascent civil rights movements as foreign-inspired. The wartime discourse of loyalty was not just exclusionary, however, as African and Mexican Americans both refuted and exploited the rumors as a means to demonstrate and demand an equal place within the national community.","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42299888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.2.05
K. Shefveland
{"title":"Pocahontas and the English Boys: Caught between Cultures in Early Virginia","authors":"K. Shefveland","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43626203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.2.04
Gerson Rosales
{"title":"Divided by the Wall: Progressive and Conservative Immigration Politics at the US–Mexico Border","authors":"Gerson Rosales","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48503201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5406/19364695.42.2.01
Eiichiro Azuma
This essay examines a wartime experience of Japanese Americans (Nisei) in Japan, proposing to view them as US–originated immigrants abroad. Several thousand Nisei resided in their ancestral land at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and many struggled with negative public perceptions associated with their enemy birthland as well as pressures to be assimilated into their racial home. Based on the belief in blood ties, the official demands for these Nisei included not only the prioritizing of racial belonging over birthright citizenship but also their total commitment to Japan's anti-American war. Through an analysis of rarely consulted primary sources, this essay first explains these Nisei's efforts at double ethnicization: safeguarding an identity as a US–reared subgroup of Japan's imperial subjects while distinguishing them from their compatriots stateside. Their wartime history also entailed incorporation into Japan's psychological warfare, but resident Nisei managed to exploit their cultural attributes rooted in American upbringing—“special talents” that were deemed invaluable for anti–US propaganda. While working as radio announcers and scriptwriters, many Nisei authored numerous materials about racist America based on their pre-migration experience as a persecuted US minority. Only by serving as messengers and producers of race propaganda knowledge could they legitimately remain “Nisei,” or Japanese of US background, in the land that abhorred things American. This transnational story of wartime Nisei formed a grossly understudied aspect of American (im)migration and ethnic history—one that seldom views native-born US citizens as immigrants or an ethnic group in a foreign land.
{"title":"Toward a Transnational History of Wartime Japanese Americans: Nisei and Imperial Japan's Race Propaganda","authors":"Eiichiro Azuma","doi":"10.5406/19364695.42.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This essay examines a wartime experience of Japanese Americans (Nisei) in Japan, proposing to view them as US–originated immigrants abroad. Several thousand Nisei resided in their ancestral land at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and many struggled with negative public perceptions associated with their enemy birthland as well as pressures to be assimilated into their racial home. Based on the belief in blood ties, the official demands for these Nisei included not only the prioritizing of racial belonging over birthright citizenship but also their total commitment to Japan's anti-American war. Through an analysis of rarely consulted primary sources, this essay first explains these Nisei's efforts at double ethnicization: safeguarding an identity as a US–reared subgroup of Japan's imperial subjects while distinguishing them from their compatriots stateside. Their wartime history also entailed incorporation into Japan's psychological warfare, but resident Nisei managed to exploit their cultural attributes rooted in American upbringing—“special talents” that were deemed invaluable for anti–US propaganda. While working as radio announcers and scriptwriters, many Nisei authored numerous materials about racist America based on their pre-migration experience as a persecuted US minority. Only by serving as messengers and producers of race propaganda knowledge could they legitimately remain “Nisei,” or Japanese of US background, in the land that abhorred things American. This transnational story of wartime Nisei formed a grossly understudied aspect of American (im)migration and ethnic history—one that seldom views native-born US citizens as immigrants or an ethnic group in a foreign land.","PeriodicalId":14973,"journal":{"name":"Journal of American Ethnic History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48759687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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