Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378988
H. Kliem, G. Zienert
Monte Carlo simulation is used to study electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction and its influence on dielectric polarization. In systems of disordered permanent dipoles the dipole-dipole interaction is shown to reduce the polarization. The influence of the interaction is stronger in dipole systems with three allowed axes than in systems with bidirectional dipoles with one axis only. Due to interaction in systems with bidirectional dipoles a hysteresis loop of P(E) is found. When dipoles are placed on cubic lattice sites, the interaction results in an increase of the polarization similar to the prediction according to the Lorentz field.<>
{"title":"Monte-Carlo simulation of dielectric polarization","authors":"H. Kliem, G. Zienert","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378988","url":null,"abstract":"Monte Carlo simulation is used to study electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction and its influence on dielectric polarization. In systems of disordered permanent dipoles the dipole-dipole interaction is shown to reduce the polarization. The influence of the interaction is stronger in dipole systems with three allowed axes than in systems with bidirectional dipoles with one axis only. Due to interaction in systems with bidirectional dipoles a hysteresis loop of P(E) is found. When dipoles are placed on cubic lattice sites, the interaction results in an increase of the polarization similar to the prediction according to the Lorentz field.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126686322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378987
R. Gerhard-Multhaupt, S. Bauer, Ş. Yilmaz, W. Ren, W. Wirges
The poling process for nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers was studied as a function of time and temperature using a corona setup with a control grid and a heatable sample holder, continuous poling-current, and intermediate surface-potential measurements. Thermally stimulated depolarization of poled samples was also investigated. In addition, pyroelectrical and electro-optical thermal analyses were carried out. The results allow an optimization of poling with respect to the magnitude and stability of the electrooptical and nonlinear optical coefficients.<>
{"title":"Poling behavior of electro-optical polymers","authors":"R. Gerhard-Multhaupt, S. Bauer, Ş. Yilmaz, W. Ren, W. Wirges","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378987","url":null,"abstract":"The poling process for nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers was studied as a function of time and temperature using a corona setup with a control grid and a heatable sample holder, continuous poling-current, and intermediate surface-potential measurements. Thermally stimulated depolarization of poled samples was also investigated. In addition, pyroelectrical and electro-optical thermal analyses were carried out. The results allow an optimization of poling with respect to the magnitude and stability of the electrooptical and nonlinear optical coefficients.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114715024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378885
R. Clavreul, F. Wynant
Contaminant measurement methods for polyethylene insulation cables have been studied. Water measurement based on the Karl-Fischer method is applicable to aged polyethylene cables insulation in order to detect water obtained by diffusion. Nothing can be concluded from impurity migration analysis diagnostic methods. PIXE and NAA at ppm concentrations indicated no impurity diffusion in aged polyethylene cable insulation. Improvements in the potential measurement method, particularly in preparing a waterproof measurement electrode, do not allow one to observe any ionic diffusion in aged polyethylene cable insulation.<>
{"title":"Development of diagnostic methods for characterization of physical-chemical evolution of on-site and laboratory high voltage cable insulations","authors":"R. Clavreul, F. Wynant","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378885","url":null,"abstract":"Contaminant measurement methods for polyethylene insulation cables have been studied. Water measurement based on the Karl-Fischer method is applicable to aged polyethylene cables insulation in order to detect water obtained by diffusion. Nothing can be concluded from impurity migration analysis diagnostic methods. PIXE and NAA at ppm concentrations indicated no impurity diffusion in aged polyethylene cable insulation. Improvements in the potential measurement method, particularly in preparing a waterproof measurement electrode, do not allow one to observe any ionic diffusion in aged polyethylene cable insulation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129973115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378882
M. Ishida, T. Okamoto
The direct observation of the microscopic morphology of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulations, performed by a field-emission transmission scanning electron microscope (FE-STEM), which combines a new field emission-type electron source and electron beam scanning. It has been found that the spherulite structures (subtle density difference) in unstained XLPE insulations can be observed in terms of the difference in contrast by means of the FE-STEM method. The density of spherulite structures in the XLPE insulation is higher than that of the regions between spherulites. These spherulite structures are dispersed and do not have clear borders.<>
{"title":"Direct observation technique of XLPE morphology through the FE-STEM method","authors":"M. Ishida, T. Okamoto","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378882","url":null,"abstract":"The direct observation of the microscopic morphology of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulations, performed by a field-emission transmission scanning electron microscope (FE-STEM), which combines a new field emission-type electron source and electron beam scanning. It has been found that the spherulite structures (subtle density difference) in unstained XLPE insulations can be observed in terms of the difference in contrast by means of the FE-STEM method. The density of spherulite structures in the XLPE insulation is higher than that of the regions between spherulites. These spherulite structures are dispersed and do not have clear borders.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128917509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378921
R. Hund, W. Pfeiffer
The characteristics of selected insulation arrangements of low-voltage equipment at high-frequency voltage stress are examined. Increased dielectric losses as well as accelerated degradation by partial discharges (POs) at high frequencies were investigated. Tests were performed with voltages up to 6 kVp and frequencies up to 6.45 MHz. To generate these voltages the test equipment contains an electron tube amplifier and a resonance step-up transformer. Test specimen were insulating films with thicknesses between 5 /spl mu/m and 12 /spl mu/m. Both air and transformer oil were used to embed the electrodes. With the latter the insulating strength of the arrangement could be considerably increased. The experiments also show the limits of this improvement due to the decreasing partial-discharge (PO) inception voltage at high frequencies. In addition, printed-circuit boards with a test-electrode pattern were embedded with cast resin and tested at high frequencies. These experiments show increased dielectric losses at high frequencies both in the cast resin and in the base material.<>
{"title":"Insulations of low-voltage equipment at high frequencies","authors":"R. Hund, W. Pfeiffer","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378921","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of selected insulation arrangements of low-voltage equipment at high-frequency voltage stress are examined. Increased dielectric losses as well as accelerated degradation by partial discharges (POs) at high frequencies were investigated. Tests were performed with voltages up to 6 kVp and frequencies up to 6.45 MHz. To generate these voltages the test equipment contains an electron tube amplifier and a resonance step-up transformer. Test specimen were insulating films with thicknesses between 5 /spl mu/m and 12 /spl mu/m. Both air and transformer oil were used to embed the electrodes. With the latter the insulating strength of the arrangement could be considerably increased. The experiments also show the limits of this improvement due to the decreasing partial-discharge (PO) inception voltage at high frequencies. In addition, printed-circuit boards with a test-electrode pattern were embedded with cast resin and tested at high frequencies. These experiments show increased dielectric losses at high frequencies both in the cast resin and in the base material.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124076109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378980
M. A. Sussi, G. G. Govinda Raju
Typical conduction currents have been determined for a composite polyamide sample at a constant poling temperature of 2000/spl deg/C and various poling fields ranging from 1.31 to 9.84 MVm/sup -1/. The conduction current is observed to decay with time, and does not reach steady-state even after five hours from the time the electric field is applied. Isochronal currents are plotted as a function of applied electric field at various constant temperatures for 152.4 /spl mu/m thick paper of composite polyamide. The electrode material is A1. Two distinct regions are observed, one at electric fields below 4 kVcm/sup -1/ where conduction currents are Ohmic; and the other at electric fields greater than 4kVcm/sup -1/, where the conduction currents deviate from Ohmic behaviors.<>
{"title":"Conduction currents in composite aromatic polyamide insulation","authors":"M. A. Sussi, G. G. Govinda Raju","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378980","url":null,"abstract":"Typical conduction currents have been determined for a composite polyamide sample at a constant poling temperature of 2000/spl deg/C and various poling fields ranging from 1.31 to 9.84 MVm/sup -1/. The conduction current is observed to decay with time, and does not reach steady-state even after five hours from the time the electric field is applied. Isochronal currents are plotted as a function of applied electric field at various constant temperatures for 152.4 /spl mu/m thick paper of composite polyamide. The electrode material is A1. Two distinct regions are observed, one at electric fields below 4 kVcm/sup -1/ where conduction currents are Ohmic; and the other at electric fields greater than 4kVcm/sup -1/, where the conduction currents deviate from Ohmic behaviors.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123046126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378962
G. Eberle, Helmut Schmidt, W. Eisenmenger
The influence of the poling time and the polarity of the applied voltage on the time dependence of the gas emission of PVDF is investigated. If PVDF films are poled in electric fields of about 100MV/m, charges are injected and ions are formed by electrochemical reactions. By recombination and by other reactions of these ions, HF gas is evolved, diffusing out of the sample through the porous electrode. This gas emission increases with increasing field strength. At constant field it decreases to a steady state value comparable to the space-charge-limited poling current of PVDF. Free ions are trapped in the polarization zone. Under short-circuit conditions shallow trapped ions are freed and the gas emission increases strongly. The longer the poling time, the broader the polarization distribution. If the polarization zone is located near the nonporous electrode, the recombined gas molecules need longer time to reach the porous electrode. Therefore, the gas emission under short-circuit conditions is delayed by poling with negative polarity compared to positive polarity.<>
{"title":"Influence of poling conditions on the gas emission of PVDF","authors":"G. Eberle, Helmut Schmidt, W. Eisenmenger","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378962","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of the poling time and the polarity of the applied voltage on the time dependence of the gas emission of PVDF is investigated. If PVDF films are poled in electric fields of about 100MV/m, charges are injected and ions are formed by electrochemical reactions. By recombination and by other reactions of these ions, HF gas is evolved, diffusing out of the sample through the porous electrode. This gas emission increases with increasing field strength. At constant field it decreases to a steady state value comparable to the space-charge-limited poling current of PVDF. Free ions are trapped in the polarization zone. Under short-circuit conditions shallow trapped ions are freed and the gas emission increases strongly. The longer the poling time, the broader the polarization distribution. If the polarization zone is located near the nonporous electrode, the recombined gas molecules need longer time to reach the porous electrode. Therefore, the gas emission under short-circuit conditions is delayed by poling with negative polarity compared to positive polarity.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"341 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117342089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378969
C. Jardin, P. Durupt, D. Robert, C. Le Gressus
The light emitted from polycrystalline yttria, sapphire, and ruby crystals under electron-beam excitation has been investigated in the 300-900 nm wavelength range. These experiments were performed in order to detect electroluminescence effects, whose occurrence might be indicative of the further breakdown of the dielectric. A typical behavior has been detected for UV-blue emissions, which are highly dependent on the excitation parameters and, therefore, on the space charge configuration inside the insulator. The origin of this cathodoluminescence is attributed to the relaxation of the polarization defects formed by the local strained sites attached to oxygen vacancies.<>
{"title":"The luminescence of insulating materials excited by an electron beam","authors":"C. Jardin, P. Durupt, D. Robert, C. Le Gressus","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378969","url":null,"abstract":"The light emitted from polycrystalline yttria, sapphire, and ruby crystals under electron-beam excitation has been investigated in the 300-900 nm wavelength range. These experiments were performed in order to detect electroluminescence effects, whose occurrence might be indicative of the further breakdown of the dielectric. A typical behavior has been detected for UV-blue emissions, which are highly dependent on the excitation parameters and, therefore, on the space charge configuration inside the insulator. The origin of this cathodoluminescence is attributed to the relaxation of the polarization defects formed by the local strained sites attached to oxygen vacancies.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133707084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378903
D. Kasten, S. Sebo, T. Zhao, L. Zaffanella, B. Clairmont
Tests were conducted to determine the effect of various parameters on DC fields due to the interaction between energized AC and DC conductors. A summary of observations and conclusions drawn from over 25,000 readings taken in the course of more than 40 series of tests is given. Quantities measured were the ground level DC electric field strength and ion current density, and conductor corona currents. Parameters were the hybrid line geometry, the conductor conditions, the magnitude of the applied AC and DC voltages, and the polarity of the applied DC voltage.<>
{"title":"Corona tests on reduced-scale two-conductor hybrid lines","authors":"D. Kasten, S. Sebo, T. Zhao, L. Zaffanella, B. Clairmont","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378903","url":null,"abstract":"Tests were conducted to determine the effect of various parameters on DC fields due to the interaction between energized AC and DC conductors. A summary of observations and conclusions drawn from over 25,000 readings taken in the course of more than 40 series of tests is given. Quantities measured were the ground level DC electric field strength and ion current density, and conductor corona currents. Parameters were the hybrid line geometry, the conductor conditions, the magnitude of the applied AC and DC voltages, and the polarity of the applied DC voltage.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123617673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-17DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378961
Y. Murata, K. Tsunashima, N. Koizumi
Polyamides of m-xylylenediane and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with the number of carbon atoms n=6-11,13 (abbreviated to MXD n) exhibited D-E (electric displacement-electric field) hysteresis for quenched samples irrespective as to whether n was odd or even. The remanent polarization ranged from 23 to 67 mCm/sup -2/, vanishing rapidly at high temperature near the glass transition. The ferroelectric behavior in nylon MXD n is likely related to the alignment of amide groups at high electric field in amorphous regions.<>
{"title":"Ferroelectric behavior in nylons of metaxylylenediamine and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids","authors":"Y. Murata, K. Tsunashima, N. Koizumi","doi":"10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1993.378961","url":null,"abstract":"Polyamides of m-xylylenediane and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with the number of carbon atoms n=6-11,13 (abbreviated to MXD n) exhibited D-E (electric displacement-electric field) hysteresis for quenched samples irrespective as to whether n was odd or even. The remanent polarization ranged from 23 to 67 mCm/sup -2/, vanishing rapidly at high temperature near the glass transition. The ferroelectric behavior in nylon MXD n is likely related to the alignment of amide groups at high electric field in amorphous regions.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":149803,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP '93)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121668397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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