We examine the evolution of preferences under different arrangements of the marriage market, when preferences are influenced by own choices and parents’ preferences. Multiple stable equilibria arise under random matching, but a unique equilibrium exists under assortative matching. Differences in evolutionary trajectories after transitory and permanent shocks by marriage markets allow us to discuss in a unified way the evolution of (i) female labor force participation in developed countries, (ii) gender norms in developing countries, (iii) the capitalistic spirit in preindustrial England, and (iv) cultural norms in the long run.
{"title":"Preference Evolution in Different Matching Markets","authors":"Jiabin Wu, Hanzhe Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3399326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3399326","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the evolution of preferences under different arrangements of the marriage market, when preferences are influenced by own choices and parents’ preferences. Multiple stable equilibria arise under random matching, but a unique equilibrium exists under assortative matching. Differences in evolutionary trajectories after transitory and permanent shocks by marriage markets allow us to discuss in a unified way the evolution of (i) female labor force participation in developed countries, (ii) gender norms in developing countries, (iii) the capitalistic spirit in preindustrial England, and (iv) cultural norms in the long run.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121124067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English Abstract: Over the past few decades, different reforms have come into force, which aim at keeping older workers in the labor market longer. Broad literature to date has investigated reform effects for the average worker. Evidence on the heterogeneous reform effects on different groups is to date however relatively sparse. We therefore evaluate the 1992 pension reform in Germany, which gradually introduced actuarial deductions for early retirement between 1997 and 2004. We investigate whether individuals with physically demanding jobs at the end of their working career responded differently to the introduction of actuarial deductions in comparison to individuals with physically non-demanding jobs later in life. The gradual introduction of actuarial adjustments offers exogenous cohort-specific variation for the identification of the causal effect of financial incentives on the retirement decision. We estimate Cox proportional hazard models using SHARE-RV data, which offer a direct linkage of administrative data from the German public insurance with the survey data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Results show that the introduction of actuarial deductions in Germany led to a postponed pension benefit claiming date. Individuals working in physically demanding jobs at the end of their working career postponed benefit claiming less than workers in non-physically demanding jobs did. German Abstract: In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden verschiedene Reformen umgesetzt, die auf eine Verlangerung der Erwerbsleben alterer Arbeitnehmer abzielten. In der Literatur wurden bislang uberwiegend die durchschnittlichen Effekte dieser Reformen untersucht. Evidenz zu den Auswirkungen auf heterogene Personengruppen ist bislang jedoch relativ begrenzt. Wir untersuchen daher die Auswirkungen der Einfuhrung versicherungsmathematischer Abschlage fur den vorzeitigen Renteneintritt, die in der deutschen Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (GRV) mit der Rentenreform 1992 eingefuhrt wurden. Im Speziellen analysieren wir, ob Personen in korperlich anstrengenden Berufen am Ende ihrer beruflichen Laufbahn anders auf die Einfuhrung der Abschlage reagierten als Personen in nicht-anstrengenden Jobs. Die kohortenspezifische Einfuhrung der Abschlage bietet exogene Variation zur Ermittlung des kausalen Reformeffekts auf die Renteneintrittsentscheidung. Wir schatzen Cox-Proportional-Hazard-Modelle unter Verwendung von SHARE-RV-Daten, der direkten Verknupfung aus administrativen Daten der GRV und Umfragedaten des Surveys of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Individuen durch die Einfuhrung der Abschlage ihren Renteneintritt aufgeschoben haben, Personen in korperlich anstrengenden Berufen ihren Renteneintritt allerdings weniger stark aufschoben als die Gruppe der Personen in nicht-anstrengenden Berufen.
摘要:在过去的几十年里，中国实施了一系列旨在延长老年工人在劳动力市场上停留时间的改革。迄今为止，广泛的文献研究了改革对普通工人的影响。然而，迄今为止，关于不同群体的异质改革效果的证据相对较少。因此，我们评估了1992年德国的养老金改革，该改革在1997年至2004年期间逐步引入了提前退休的精算扣除。我们调查了在职业生涯末期从事体力要求高的工作的个体与在晚年从事体力要求不高的工作的个体相比，对引入精算扣除的反应是否不同。逐步引入精算调整为确定财务激励对退休决定的因果影响提供了外生队列特定变化。我们使用SHARE- rv数据估计Cox比例风险模型，该数据提供了德国公共保险的行政数据与欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查(SHARE)的调查数据的直接联系。结果表明，在德国实行精算扣除额导致养恤金领取日期推迟。在职业生涯末期从事体力要求高的工作的人比从事非体力要求高的工作的人推迟领取福利的次数要少。摘要:In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden verschiedene Reformen umgesetzt, die auf ine Verlangerung der Erwerbsleben alterer Arbeitnehmer abzielten。在文学史上，文学是一种伟大的艺术，文学是一种伟大的艺术。证据表明，异质人格群是一种相对的遗传变异。2 .在德国的数学研究中，德国的数学研究在德国的数学研究中得到了发展，在德国的数学研究中得到了发展。我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人，我是施佩尔人。外源基因变异的研究进展:外源基因变异的研究进展;外源基因变异的研究进展。在欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查(SHARE)的总体数据和管理数据的指导下，建立了比例风险模型(SHARE - rv -Daten)。德国人在德国学习，德国人在德国学习，德国人在德国学习，德国人在德国学习，德国人在德国学习，德国人在德国学习，德国人在德国学习。
{"title":"Financial Incentives and Heterogeneity in Retirement Behavior An Empirical Analysis Based on SHARE-RV Data","authors":"Nicolas Goll, F. Hanemann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3752643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3752643","url":null,"abstract":"English Abstract: Over the past few decades, different reforms have come into force, which aim at keeping older workers in the labor market longer. Broad literature to date has investigated reform effects for the average worker. Evidence on the heterogeneous reform effects on different groups is to date however relatively sparse. We therefore evaluate the 1992 pension reform in Germany, which gradually introduced actuarial deductions for early retirement between 1997 and 2004. We investigate whether individuals with physically demanding jobs at the end of their working career responded differently to the introduction of actuarial deductions in comparison to individuals with physically non-demanding jobs later in life. The gradual introduction of actuarial adjustments offers exogenous cohort-specific variation for the identification of the causal effect of financial incentives on the retirement decision. We estimate Cox proportional hazard models using SHARE-RV data, which offer a direct linkage of administrative data from the German public insurance with the survey data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Results show that the introduction of actuarial deductions in Germany led to a postponed pension benefit claiming date. Individuals working in physically demanding jobs at the end of their working career postponed benefit claiming less than workers in non-physically demanding jobs did. \u0000 \u0000German Abstract: In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden verschiedene Reformen umgesetzt, die auf eine Verlangerung der Erwerbsleben alterer Arbeitnehmer abzielten. In der Literatur wurden bislang uberwiegend die durchschnittlichen Effekte dieser Reformen untersucht. Evidenz zu den Auswirkungen auf heterogene Personengruppen ist bislang jedoch relativ begrenzt. Wir untersuchen daher die Auswirkungen der Einfuhrung versicherungsmathematischer Abschlage fur den vorzeitigen Renteneintritt, die in der deutschen Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (GRV) mit der Rentenreform 1992 eingefuhrt wurden. Im Speziellen analysieren wir, ob Personen in korperlich anstrengenden Berufen am Ende ihrer beruflichen Laufbahn anders auf die Einfuhrung der Abschlage reagierten als Personen in nicht-anstrengenden Jobs. Die kohortenspezifische Einfuhrung der Abschlage bietet exogene Variation zur Ermittlung des kausalen Reformeffekts auf die Renteneintrittsentscheidung. Wir schatzen Cox-Proportional-Hazard-Modelle unter Verwendung von SHARE-RV-Daten, der direkten Verknupfung aus administrativen Daten der GRV und Umfragedaten des Surveys of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Individuen durch die Einfuhrung der Abschlage ihren Renteneintritt aufgeschoben haben, Personen in korperlich anstrengenden Berufen ihren Renteneintritt allerdings weniger stark aufschoben als die Gruppe der Personen in nicht-anstrengenden Berufen.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131023371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act that affects retirees is the waiver of required minimum distributions (RMDs) for 2020. The waiver, which applies to all 401(k) and individual retirement account (IRA) owners, provides flexibility so that retirees can avoid liquidating assets at low prices and preserve their assets. In this Issue Brief, we explore historical IRA withdrawal patterns of older Americans, including those taking only RMDs and those taking distributions that exceed the RMD level. We look at prior crises, such as the Great Recession of 2008–2009, to see how withdrawal patterns were affected by both financial hardships and RMD waivers during that time. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) examines the IRA withdrawal behavior of older Americans in the 50–70 and 71-and-older age groups, before and after the age of RMDs, from 2002–2016, biennially. We find that: • Both the share of households reporting IRA withdrawals and the average percentage of their account balances withdrawn went up between 2008 and 2010 for IRA owners ages 50–70, suggesting that during market downturns, households are more likely to withdraw too much, too fast from their IRAs. • For households ages 71 and older who were subject to RMDs, the 2008 market downturn did not appear to have increased the share withdrawing from their IRAs. However, it did result in increased average withdrawals relative to account balances for those taking withdrawals in excess of the RMD. The 2009 RMD waiver had a modest impact in lowering the share of households who made RMD-only withdrawals. • IRA withdrawals of households ages 50–70 and those ages 71 and older who withdrew more than the RMD were associated with a decline in the households’ other financial assets. • On average, households ages 71 and older who withdrew only RMDs increased their other financial savings and non-housing wealth. • Both the share of households taking withdrawals that exceeded RMDs and the average percentage of the IRA balance withdrawn increased as income decreased.
{"title":"IRA Withdrawal Patterns in Times of Crisis","authors":"Z. Ebrahimi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3673539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3673539","url":null,"abstract":"One of the provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act that affects retirees is the waiver of required minimum distributions (RMDs) for 2020. The waiver, which applies to all 401(k) and individual retirement account (IRA) owners, provides flexibility so that retirees can avoid liquidating assets at low prices and preserve their assets. In this Issue Brief, we explore historical IRA withdrawal patterns of older Americans, including those taking only RMDs and those taking distributions that exceed the RMD level. We look at prior crises, such as the Great Recession of 2008–2009, to see how withdrawal patterns were affected by both financial hardships and RMD waivers during that time. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) examines the IRA withdrawal behavior of older Americans in the 50–70 and 71-and-older age groups, before and after the age of RMDs, from 2002–2016, biennially. We find that: • Both the share of households reporting IRA withdrawals and the average percentage of their account balances withdrawn went up between 2008 and 2010 for IRA owners ages 50–70, suggesting that during market downturns, households are more likely to withdraw too much, too fast from their IRAs. • For households ages 71 and older who were subject to RMDs, the 2008 market downturn did not appear to have increased the share withdrawing from their IRAs. However, it did result in increased average withdrawals relative to account balances for those taking withdrawals in excess of the RMD. The 2009 RMD waiver had a modest impact in lowering the share of households who made RMD-only withdrawals. • IRA withdrawals of households ages 50–70 and those ages 71 and older who withdrew more than the RMD were associated with a decline in the households’ other financial assets. • On average, households ages 71 and older who withdrew only RMDs increased their other financial savings and non-housing wealth. • Both the share of households taking withdrawals that exceeded RMDs and the average percentage of the IRA balance withdrawn increased as income decreased.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114233522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ageing population and economic crisis have placed pay-as-you-go pension systems in need of mechanisms to ensure its financial stability. In this paper, we consider optimal indexing of pensions as an instrument to cope with the financial imbalances typically found in these systems. Using dynamic programming techniques in a stochastic continuous-time framework, we compute the optimal pension index and portfolio strategy that best target indexing and liquidity objectives determined by the government. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the results.
{"title":"Continuous-time Optimal Pension Indexing in Pay-as-You-Go Systems","authors":"Oriol Roch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3703585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3703585","url":null,"abstract":"Ageing population and economic crisis have placed pay-as-you-go pension systems in need of mechanisms to ensure its financial stability. In this paper, we consider optimal indexing of pensions as an instrument to cope with the financial imbalances typically found in these systems. Using dynamic programming techniques in a stochastic continuous-time framework, we compute the optimal pension index and portfolio strategy that best target indexing and liquidity objectives determined by the government. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the results.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131789051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Household Enterprises (HEs) have not received much consideration in the enterprise literature even though they are crucial for the development of an economy. These enterprises have been the main source of livelihood for most families in the informal sector and their contribution to reduction in unemployment is pivotal to growth of developing economies. This paper explores the nature of HE sector in Ghana and the challenges they face in their daily operations. The study employed an informal enterprise survey of 729 household enterprises conducted in 2013 by the World Bank in Ghana. With the use of systematic review and descriptive analysis, the study outlined financial constraint as the main challenge faced by HEs and discussed the linkage between HEs and the financial sector in Ghana. Based on these findings recommendations were made to the major stakeholders in the sector (entrepreneurs, financial institutions and government).
{"title":"The Household Enterprise Sector in Ghana: Overview and Challenges","authors":"D. Turkson, E. Codjoe","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n8p140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n8p140","url":null,"abstract":"Household Enterprises (HEs) have not received much consideration in the enterprise literature even though they are crucial for the development of an economy. These enterprises have been the main source of livelihood for most families in the informal sector and their contribution to reduction in unemployment is pivotal to growth of developing economies. This paper explores the nature of HE sector in Ghana and the challenges they face in their daily operations. The study employed an informal enterprise survey of 729 household enterprises conducted in 2013 by the World Bank in Ghana. With the use of systematic review and descriptive analysis, the study outlined financial constraint as the main challenge faced by HEs and discussed the linkage between HEs and the financial sector in Ghana. Based on these findings recommendations were made to the major stakeholders in the sector (entrepreneurs, financial institutions and government).","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132044834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using Google Trends data to identify hostile sexism, we find that sexism explains about 8 cents (or 41 percent) of the residual gender wage gap, the wage gap after controlling for education, occupation, industry, and age. We find evidence for a direct effect of sexism consistent with labor market discrimination and an indirect effect that works through social outcomes that reduce hours worked which itself directly affects wages. Consistent with theories of discrimination, the direct impact of sexism is greater for women who are less educated, work in less competitive industries, and work in industries with fewer female workers.
{"title":"Sexism, Social Outcomes, and the Gender Wage Gap","authors":"Ann L. Owen, Andrew Wei","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3644365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3644365","url":null,"abstract":"Using Google Trends data to identify hostile sexism, we find that sexism explains about 8 cents (or 41 percent) of the residual gender wage gap, the wage gap after controlling for education, occupation, industry, and age. We find evidence for a direct effect of sexism consistent with labor market discrimination and an indirect effect that works through social outcomes that reduce hours worked which itself directly affects wages. Consistent with theories of discrimination, the direct impact of sexism is greater for women who are less educated, work in less competitive industries, and work in industries with fewer female workers.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116586275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jale Minibas Poussard, H. Bingol, C. Roland-Lévy, Erkin Diyarbakırlıoğlu, Tutku Seckin-Celik
The way and context-specific scope of how money and banks are mirrored in citizens’ minds is an expanding area of research in relation to economic psychology. Through the analysis of data collected from salaried employees, self-employed professionals, and small/medium enterprise [SME] owners, lay people’s social representations for money, saving and banks in Turkey are comparatively investigated and analysed over time. Grounded in a previous study by authors (undisclosed), with respective samples from the years of 1999, 2001, 2007, 2015, a new fifth dataset for 2017 is introduced here. Changing priorities, understanding and cognitive constructs related to money, banks and savings were particularly analysed to be substantially interconnected with the evolving socioeconomic dynamics and conditions of the crisis periods. Negative evocations and lack of trust became prominent as to the findings such that banks are seen as contemporary pawnshops; money is mirrored as a symbol of power, prestige and reputation, and cannot be achieved through hard work.
{"title":"Money, Bank, and Savings: A Comparative Analysis of Turkish Laypeople's Social Representations over Five Periods (1999-2017)","authors":"Jale Minibas Poussard, H. Bingol, C. Roland-Lévy, Erkin Diyarbakırlıoğlu, Tutku Seckin-Celik","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.3940472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3940472","url":null,"abstract":"The way and context-specific scope of how money and banks are mirrored in citizens’ minds is an expanding area of research in relation to economic psychology. Through the analysis of data collected from salaried employees, self-employed professionals, and small/medium enterprise [SME] owners, lay people’s social representations for money, saving and banks in Turkey are comparatively investigated and analysed over time. Grounded in a previous study by authors (undisclosed), with respective samples from the years of 1999, 2001, 2007, 2015, a new fifth dataset for 2017 is introduced here. Changing priorities, understanding and cognitive constructs related to money, banks and savings were particularly analysed to be substantially interconnected with the evolving socioeconomic dynamics and conditions of the crisis periods. Negative evocations and lack of trust became prominent as to the findings such that banks are seen as contemporary pawnshops; money is mirrored as a symbol of power, prestige and reputation, and cannot be achieved through hard work.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121681855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hod Anyigba, Desmond Bugbilla, Sule Omotosho, M. Asiedu, D. Gomado
Economic Globalization has a twofold impact on working individuals in developing economies – a surge in informal economic activities and fragmentation of work on one hand and expansion of opportunities, on the other. Economic globalization also implies increasing helplessness in the face of developments in anonymous markets with incalculable consequences, erupting in cross-border division of labor and production. This trend is, and will remain, irreversible. We see globalization as a process that induces countries to embrace greater trade and financial integration. While some businesses in the informal sector have succeeded in finding new markets for their commodities and services, others have completely lost their jobs and industries have seen their profits decline and working conditions deteriorate. This paper evaluates cross-border trade spillover, resulting in a shift from secure forms of employment to insecure forms of self-employment, and informal sector employment transformations. We discover that, cross border trade and financial openness have a positive association with economic ‘informality’ growth and a negative association with labor employment in the informal services industry. The paper contributes to export promotion and import substitution industrialization policy in developing economies. Such policy will provide a safety buffer for the otherwise fragile retail industries, strengthen social protection, improve worker rights and create sustainable employment for informal sector workers.
{"title":"Economic Globalization, Informality and Informal Employment: The African Perspective","authors":"Hod Anyigba, Desmond Bugbilla, Sule Omotosho, M. Asiedu, D. Gomado","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3638708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3638708","url":null,"abstract":"Economic Globalization has a twofold impact on working individuals in developing economies – a surge in informal economic activities and fragmentation of work on one hand and expansion of opportunities, on the other. Economic globalization also implies increasing helplessness in the face of developments in anonymous markets with incalculable consequences, erupting in cross-border division of labor and production. This trend is, and will remain, irreversible. We see globalization as a process that induces countries to embrace greater trade and financial integration. While some businesses in the informal sector have succeeded in finding new markets for their commodities and services, others have completely lost their jobs and industries have seen their profits decline and working conditions deteriorate. This paper evaluates cross-border trade spillover, resulting in a shift from secure forms of employment to insecure forms of self-employment, and informal sector employment transformations. We discover that, cross border trade and financial openness have a positive association with economic ‘informality’ growth and a negative association with labor employment in the informal services industry. The paper contributes to export promotion and import substitution industrialization policy in developing economies. Such policy will provide a safety buffer for the otherwise fragile retail industries, strengthen social protection, improve worker rights and create sustainable employment for informal sector workers.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130950145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we explore different channels to explain the disparities in COVID-19 incidence across New York City neighborhoods. To do so, we estimate several regression models to assess the statistical relevance of different variables such as neighborhood characteristics and occupations. Our results suggest occupations are crucial for explaining the observed patterns, with those with a high degree of human interaction being more likely to be exposed to the virus. Moreover, after controlling for occupations, commuting patterns no longer play a significant role. The relevance of occupations is robust to the inclusion of demographics, with some of them, such as income or the share of Asians, having no statistical significance. On the other hand, racial disparities still persist for Blacks and Hispanics compared to Whites, although their magnitudes are economically small. Additionally, we perform the same analysis over a time window to evaluate how different channels interact with the progression of the pandemic, as well as with the health policies that have been set in place. While the coefficient magnitudes of many occupations and demographics decrease over time, we find evidence consistent with higher intra-household contagion as days go by. Moreover, our findings also suggest a selection on testing, whereby those residents in worse conditions are more likely to get tested, with such selection decreasing over time as tests become more widely available.
{"title":"The Determinants of the Differential Exposure to COVID-19 in New York City and Their Evolution Over Time","authors":"Milena Almagro, Angelo Orane-Hutchinson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3573619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3573619","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we explore different channels to explain the disparities in COVID-19 incidence across New York City neighborhoods. To do so, we estimate several regression models to assess the statistical relevance of different variables such as neighborhood characteristics and occupations. Our results suggest occupations are crucial for explaining the observed patterns, with those with a high degree of human interaction being more likely to be exposed to the virus. Moreover, after controlling for occupations, commuting patterns no longer play a significant role. The relevance of occupations is robust to the inclusion of demographics, with some of them, such as income or the share of Asians, having no statistical significance. On the other hand, racial disparities still persist for Blacks and Hispanics compared to Whites, although their magnitudes are economically small. Additionally, we perform the same analysis over a time window to evaluate how different channels interact with the progression of the pandemic, as well as with the health policies that have been set in place. While the coefficient magnitudes of many occupations and demographics decrease over time, we find evidence consistent with higher intra-household contagion as days go by. Moreover, our findings also suggest a selection on testing, whereby those residents in worse conditions are more likely to get tested, with such selection decreasing over time as tests become more widely available.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124522288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study how employment prospects are related to the employment status of parents using monthly job histories from the UK. We find that individuals whose father is employed have a 8 percentage points higher probability of being employed, driven by a 50 percent higher job-finding probability. These differences are robust to the inclusion of individual fixed effects, and are larger at young ages and when the offspring finds a job in the father’s occupation. Instead, we do not find significant differences by the employment status of mothers. By using a simple model of labor market transitions and on-the-job human capital accumulation, we show that the estimated job-finding probability differentials can account for up to 7 percent of the intergenerational persistence of earnings.
{"title":"Employment Prospects Across Generations and the Intergenerational Persistence of Earnings","authors":"Salvatore Lo Bello, Iacopo Morchio","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3631750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3631750","url":null,"abstract":"We study how employment prospects are related to the employment status of parents using monthly job histories from the UK. We find that individuals whose father is employed have a 8 percentage points higher probability of being employed, driven by a 50 percent higher job-finding probability. These differences are robust to the inclusion of individual fixed effects, and are larger at young ages and when the offspring finds a job in the father’s occupation. Instead, we do not find significant differences by the employment status of mothers. By using a simple model of labor market transitions and on-the-job human capital accumulation, we show that the estimated job-finding probability differentials can account for up to 7 percent of the intergenerational persistence of earnings.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131443082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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