Networking behaviors are a potentially important factor driving gender differences in social networks and contributing to the gender gap in career achievement, yet we know little about how and why ...
{"title":"Scouting and Schmoozing: A Gender Difference in Networking During Job Search","authors":"E. Obukhova, Adam M. Kleinbaum","doi":"10.5465/amd.2020.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2020.0075","url":null,"abstract":"Networking behaviors are a potentially important factor driving gender differences in social networks and contributing to the gender gap in career achievement, yet we know little about how and why ...","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126225965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper exploits a well accepted inefficiency that arises out of Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG) pensions itself to phase it out in a Pareto way. The positive externality of having children in a PAYG pension system is carefully utilized to phase the pensions out. In a model with endogenous fertility the paper first confirms the sub-optimality of parent’s choices and recommends an intergenerationally balanced childcare subsidy to correct for the externalities in a PAYG system. However, if PAYG pension program needs to be dismantled for various reasons, it can be phased out from there infinite time and, more importantly, just by exploiting the above mentioned externalities keeping the Pareto conditions intact. This phase out plan under Pareto satisfies all the standard efficiency criteria suggested in the literature when fertility is endogenous.
{"title":"Endogenous Fertility, Externality and Phase Out of Pensions","authors":"Amol, M. Bishnu, H. Kumar, T. Ray","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3727685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3727685","url":null,"abstract":"This paper exploits a well accepted inefficiency that arises out of Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG) pensions itself to phase it out in a Pareto way. The positive externality of having children in a PAYG pension system is carefully utilized to phase the pensions out. In a model with endogenous fertility the paper first confirms the sub-optimality of parent’s choices and recommends an intergenerationally balanced childcare subsidy to correct for the externalities in a PAYG system. However, if PAYG pension program needs to be dismantled for various reasons, it can be phased out from there infinite time and, more importantly, just by exploiting the above mentioned externalities keeping the Pareto conditions intact. This phase out plan under Pareto satisfies all the standard efficiency criteria suggested in the literature when fertility is endogenous.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126440005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The very few studies on the empirical relationship between time preference and migration have been developed in small samples or without controlling for individuals’ cognitive skills. This study uses data from a large, nationally representative survey with information on time preferences and cognitive skills to investigate whether lifetime cross-region migrants in Spain are less impatient than individuals who choose to remain in their birth region. The empirical model incorporates predicted probabilities of misclassifying the migrant status. Results suggest that the effect of impatience on the likelihood of ever migrating is negative though diminishing, and that it is smaller than the effect estimated for international migrants.
{"title":"Is There a Patience Migration Premium?","authors":"Jorge González Chapela","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3727272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3727272","url":null,"abstract":"The very few studies on the empirical relationship between time preference and migration have been developed in small samples or without controlling for individuals’ cognitive skills. This study uses data from a large, nationally representative survey with information on time preferences and cognitive skills to investigate whether lifetime cross-region migrants in Spain are less impatient than individuals who choose to remain in their birth region. The empirical model incorporates predicted probabilities of misclassifying the migrant status. Results suggest that the effect of impatience on the likelihood of ever migrating is negative though diminishing, and that it is smaller than the effect estimated for international migrants.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116602424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The psychology literature has shown that the big five personality traits develop over a person’s lifetime. There is some suggestive evidence that major life events such as buying a house, getting married, being fired from a job, and having children affect personality. However, these associations cannot be interpreted as causal. This is the first paper that studies the causal effect of a life event - the gender of parents' first-born child - on the big five personality trait scores of parents. Using yearly longitudinal data (2008 – 2017) I find that having a first-born daughter (instead of son) causally increases fathers' extraversion and neuroticism. I find strongly heterogeneous effects based on fathers' education level and age of the child. Interestingly, while the increased neuroticism disappears after the child is 6 years old, the increase in extraversion remains. The data suggest that the behaviors of children, such as obediency and dependency on others, likely affect fathers' personality. In line with the expectations, I find no effects on any of the personality traits of mothers.
{"title":"Fathering Daughters and Personality","authors":"Max van Lent","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3742024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3742024","url":null,"abstract":"The psychology literature has shown that the big five personality traits develop over a person’s lifetime. There is some suggestive evidence that major life events such as buying a house, getting married, being fired from a job, and having children affect personality. However, these associations cannot be interpreted as causal. This is the first paper that studies the causal effect of a life event - the gender of parents' first-born child - on the big five personality trait scores of parents. Using yearly longitudinal data (2008 – 2017) I find that having a first-born daughter (instead of son) causally increases fathers' extraversion and neuroticism. I find strongly heterogeneous effects based on fathers' education level and age of the child. Interestingly, while the increased neuroticism disappears after the child is 6 years old, the increase in extraversion remains. The data suggest that the behaviors of children, such as obediency and dependency on others, likely affect fathers' personality. In line with the expectations, I find no effects on any of the personality traits of mothers.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128599065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the role of demand-side incentives to mothers and supply-side incentives to community health workers (ASHAs) in improving maternal and child health. These conditional cash benefits were part of a nationwide health intervention Janani Suraksha Yojana, introduced in India in 2005. By its unique dual focus on demand and supply, the programme entitled socio-economically backward mothers with cash assistance if they chose to give birth at public health institutions, and simultaneously employed ASHAs to act as a direct link between a pregnant woman and the public health delivery system. By using variations across eligibility of mothers, and the differential implementation of ASHAs across low-focus and high-focus states in a difference-in-difference framework, the maternal and neonatal health outcomes are evaluated. Results show causal evidence that eligible mothers who received both cash benefits and ASHA’s guidance outperformed the eligible mothers receiving only cash benefits, in outcomes such as institutional births and breastfeeding practices. To elucidate, a mother with both cash benefits and ASHA’s counsel experienced a 7.1 percentage points increase in institutional birth rate than her ineligible counterpart; whereas, the corresponding increase for a mother only eligible for cash benefits was 2.9 percentage points. A similar impact is found in the case of antenatal care check-ups of the expecting mother and BCG vaccination of the newborn.
{"title":"Cash Incentives to Mothers or to Community Health Workers - What Contributes Better to the Health of the Mother and the Newborn? Evidence From India","authors":"Susmita Baulia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3769889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3769889","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the role of demand-side incentives to mothers and supply-side incentives to community health workers (ASHAs) in improving maternal and child health. These conditional cash benefits were part of a nationwide health intervention <i>Janani Suraksha Yojana</i>, introduced in India in 2005. By its unique dual focus on demand and supply, the programme entitled socio-economically backward mothers with cash assistance if they chose to give birth at public health institutions, and simultaneously employed ASHAs to act as a direct link between a pregnant woman and the public health delivery system. By using variations across eligibility of mothers, and the differential implementation of ASHAs across low-focus and high-focus states in a difference-in-difference framework, the maternal and neonatal health outcomes are evaluated. Results show causal evidence that eligible mothers who received both cash benefits and ASHA’s guidance outperformed the eligible mothers receiving only cash benefits, in outcomes such as institutional births and breastfeeding practices. To elucidate, a mother with both cash benefits and ASHA’s counsel experienced a 7.1 percentage points increase in institutional birth rate than her ineligible counterpart; whereas, the corresponding increase for a mother only eligible for cash benefits was 2.9 percentage points. A similar impact is found in the case of antenatal care check-ups of the expecting mother and BCG vaccination of the newborn.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130625847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I look at the effects of making the exit costs of cohabitation as high as divorce on new and existing partnerships. I exploit the Family Law Amendment Act, introduced in Australia in 2008, as an exogenous shock to the cost of exiting cohabitation. This law defines cohabiting partnerships as de facto relationships and makes the termination of a de facto relationship equivalent to a divorce. I hence exploit the time discontinuity produced by the reform to identify its effects on the stability of new and existing couples.
I find that when terminating a cohabitation becomes as costly as getting divorced, (i) new unions are more stable (ii) existing cohabitants affected by the reform in their third year are more likely to split, while (iii) the probability of starting a cohabitation and the duration of premarital cohabitation do not change. This paper is the first to look at changes in the exit cost of cohabitation and it does it while disentangling the effect on new and existing partnerships.
我研究了让同居的退出成本和离婚一样高对新的和现有的伴侣关系的影响。我把2008年在澳大利亚出台的《家庭法修正案》(Family Law Amendment Act)作为对退出同居成本的外生冲击。该法将同居关系定义为事实上的关系，并将事实上的关系的终止等同于离婚。因此，我利用改革所产生的时间不连续性来确定其对新夫妇和现有夫妇的稳定性的影响。我发现，当终止同居变得和离婚一样昂贵时，(I)新的结合更稳定(ii)受改革影响的现有同居者在第三年更有可能分裂，而(iii)开始同居的概率和婚前同居的持续时间没有变化。这篇论文是第一个研究同居退出成本变化的论文，它在分析对新的和现有的伙伴关系的影响的同时进行了研究。
{"title":"De Facto Marriage: When Ending a Cohabitation Costs as Much as a Divorce","authors":"F. Martinenghi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3712736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3712736","url":null,"abstract":"I look at the effects of making the exit costs of cohabitation as high as divorce on new and existing partnerships. I exploit the Family Law Amendment Act, introduced in Australia in 2008, as an exogenous shock to the cost of exiting cohabitation. This law defines cohabiting partnerships as de facto relationships and makes the termination of a de facto relationship equivalent to a divorce. I hence exploit the time discontinuity produced by the reform to identify its effects on the stability of new and existing couples.<br><br>I find that when terminating a cohabitation becomes as costly as getting divorced, (i) new unions are more stable (ii) existing cohabitants affected by the reform in their third year are more likely to split, while (iii) the probability of starting a cohabitation and the duration of premarital cohabitation do not change. This paper is the first to look at changes in the exit cost of cohabitation and it does it while disentangling the effect on new and existing partnerships.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134372433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The long-term economic impact of children’s age at primary school entry on educational attainment and labor market outcomes is one of the primary concerns to families, educators, and policymakers. Using a nationally representative survey of families and individuals, China Family Panel Studies, this paper is the first to explore these effects in a causal sense in the Chinese context. We utilize a regression discontinuity design that employs the threshold date for primary school entry set by the 1986 Compulsory Education Law of China as a source of exogenous variation in the timing of school entry. We first document a salient and robust compliance rate of school entry requirement. RD estimates indicate that a one-year delay in primary school enrollment significantly increases years of schooling completed by roughly two years. Even though school entry age does not exhibit statistically significant effects on labor market performance for the full sample, we find that delaying primary school entry increases the probability of being in the labor force for men, but decreases that for women. Further evidence suggests that the decline in the female labor force participation due to school entry requirement is driven by both demand-side factors such as insufficient job opportunities in urban areas and discrimination in employment against female job seekers, and supply-side factors including fertility decision, childcare provision, and assortative mating.
{"title":"Does the Early Bird Catch the Worm? Evidence and Interpretation on the Long-Term Impact of School Entry Age in China","authors":"Chuanyin Guo, Xuening Wang, Chen Meng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3713890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3713890","url":null,"abstract":"The long-term economic impact of children’s age at primary school entry on educational attainment and labor market outcomes is one of the primary concerns to families, educators, and policymakers. Using a nationally representative survey of families and individuals, China Family Panel Studies, this paper is the first to explore these effects in a causal sense in the Chinese context. We utilize a regression discontinuity design that employs the threshold date for primary school entry set by the 1986 Compulsory Education Law of China as a source of exogenous variation in the timing of school entry. We first document a salient and robust compliance rate of school entry requirement. RD estimates indicate that a one-year delay in primary school enrollment significantly increases years of schooling completed by roughly two years. Even though school entry age does not exhibit statistically significant effects on labor market performance for the full sample, we find that delaying primary school entry increases the probability of being in the labor force for men, but decreases that for women. Further evidence suggests that the decline in the female labor force participation due to school entry requirement is driven by both demand-side factors such as insufficient job opportunities in urban areas and discrimination in employment against female job seekers, and supply-side factors including fertility decision, childcare provision, and assortative mating.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123681219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Rietz, T. Blumenschein, S. Crough, Albert Cohen, John J. Coleman
Retirees worry about depleting their portfolio, but a greater concern could be how long they might live without income from that portfolio. A retiree may accept a 4% probability of portfolio depletion, but object to the possibility of living five or six years afterwards without that income. Thus, a retirement portfolio’s exhaustion is not a terminal event, but rather is only the beginning of a retiree’s living in poverty. This analysis simulates not only the event of financial ruin, but also its duration during the retiree’s remaining lifetime. This paper analyzes withdrawing a constant percentage of the portfolio, gender, initial asset allocation, asset allocation rebalancing methods, and low investment return environments to determine their relative impact on withdrawal strategies.
{"title":"A Simulation for Minimizing both the Probability and the Length of Financial Ruin in Retirement","authors":"R. Rietz, T. Blumenschein, S. Crough, Albert Cohen, John J. Coleman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3709552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3709552","url":null,"abstract":"Retirees worry about depleting their portfolio, but a greater concern could be how long they might live without income from that portfolio. A retiree may accept a 4% probability of portfolio depletion, but object to the possibility of living five or six years afterwards without that income. Thus, a retirement portfolio’s exhaustion is not a terminal event, but rather is only the beginning of a retiree’s living in poverty. This analysis simulates not only the event of financial ruin, but also its duration during the retiree’s remaining lifetime. \u0000 \u0000This paper analyzes withdrawing a constant percentage of the portfolio, gender, initial asset allocation, asset allocation rebalancing methods, and low investment return environments to determine their relative impact on withdrawal strategies.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125173963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Atella, Edoardo Di Porto, Joanna Kopinska, M. Lindeboom
This paper examines the effects of in-utero exposure to stress on lifelong labor market outcomes. We exploit a unique natural experiment that involved randomly placed Nazi raids on municipalities in Italy during WWII. We use administrative data on the universe of private sector workers in Italy and link this data to unique historical data with detailed information about war casualties and Nazi raids across space (Municipality) and time. We find that prenatal stress exposure leads to lower wage earnings when workers start their career, and that this effect persists until retirement. The earnings penalty is in large part due to the type of job that people hold and interruptions in their working career due to unemployment. We further show that workers exposed to in-utero stress face larger earnings reductions after job loss due to mass layoffs. This earnings loss deepens their relative disadvantage over time.
{"title":"Maternal Stress and Offspring Lifelong Labor Market Outcomes","authors":"V. Atella, Edoardo Di Porto, Joanna Kopinska, M. Lindeboom","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3701898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3701898","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effects of in-utero exposure to stress on lifelong labor market outcomes. We exploit a unique natural experiment that involved randomly placed Nazi raids on municipalities in Italy during WWII. We use administrative data on the universe of private sector workers in Italy and link this data to unique historical data with detailed information about war casualties and Nazi raids across space (Municipality) and time. We find that prenatal stress exposure leads to lower wage earnings when workers start their career, and that this effect persists until retirement. The earnings penalty is in large part due to the type of job that people hold and interruptions in their working career due to unemployment. We further show that workers exposed to in-utero stress face larger earnings reductions after job loss due to mass layoffs. This earnings loss deepens their relative disadvantage over time.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129124966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Happiness is a major issue faced by today’s workforce. The Big Challenge is to find what job-related factors caused happiness, even bigger challenge is to know how they cause it. We proposed a theoretical framework based on Joshanloo and Jarden's (2016) work explaining hedonism as a major cause of happiness moderated by individualism. We further extended the model, including career-related goals that effect hedonism. Hence we theorized that work-life balance, career development, learning affect hedonism, which subsequently affects happiness. Moreover, more individualistic (vs. collectivist) societies hedonism (tend to value pleasure) is more closely linked with happiness. Empirical validity was established by conducting a survey using a close-ended questionnaire. Data was collected from 219 respondents from different organizations of Pakistan and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The results suggested that all three career-related factors negatively and significantly affect hedonism. Subsequently, hedonism negatively affects happiness. Individualism has a positive role in happiness directly, as well as directly, is it negatively complements the inverse effect of Hedonism on Happiness. Finding implies career-related factors decrease hedonism that would, in turn, bring more happiness. Most importantly, seeking pleasure doesn’t bring happiness. This study will benefit organizations working in Pakistan as they can estimate what to value for their employee for their happiness.
{"title":"Does Learning, Development and Work-Life Balance Affect Happiness? A Moderated Mediatory Model","authors":"Muhammad Haris Ullah, D. Siddiqui","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3683186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3683186","url":null,"abstract":"Happiness is a major issue faced by today’s workforce. The Big Challenge is to find what job-related factors caused happiness, even bigger challenge is to know how they cause it. We proposed a theoretical framework based on Joshanloo and Jarden's (2016) work explaining hedonism as a major cause of happiness moderated by individualism. We further extended the model, including career-related goals that effect hedonism. Hence we theorized that work-life balance, career development, learning affect hedonism, which subsequently affects happiness. Moreover, more individualistic (vs. collectivist) societies hedonism (tend to value pleasure) is more closely linked with happiness. Empirical validity was established by conducting a survey using a close-ended questionnaire. Data was collected from 219 respondents from different organizations of Pakistan and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The results suggested that all three career-related factors negatively and significantly affect hedonism. Subsequently, hedonism negatively affects happiness. Individualism has a positive role in happiness directly, as well as directly, is it negatively complements the inverse effect of Hedonism on Happiness. Finding implies career-related factors decrease hedonism that would, in turn, bring more happiness. Most importantly, seeking pleasure doesn’t bring happiness. This study will benefit organizations working in Pakistan as they can estimate what to value for their employee for their happiness.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130057122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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