Problems of old age people provides an indication of how the government and non-governmental organization can focus on preparedness, response, and recovery side for disaster management. This gives alert to responsible bodies in managing the disaster. This study has been conducted to understand how better nation can be prepared for disaster for old age people in days to come. The study is limited to examine the problems and difficulties that old age people are currently facing in Nepal with references to natural disasters and find out possible remedies to assist them in this difficulties.
{"title":"Problems Older People Face in Natural Disaster: A Case Study from Nepal","authors":"Jyoti Koirala, Suman Acharya, Madhu Neupane","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3783195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3783195","url":null,"abstract":"Problems of old age people provides an indication of how the government and non-governmental organization can focus on preparedness, response, and recovery side for disaster management. This gives alert to responsible bodies in managing the disaster. This study has been conducted to understand how better nation can be prepared for disaster for old age people in days to come. The study is limited to examine the problems and difficulties that old age people are currently facing in Nepal with references to natural disasters and find out possible remedies to assist them in this difficulties.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128411612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the effects of attending a single-sex high school on future labor market outcomes through use of a randomized natural experiment. South Korean students are randomly assigned, by lottery, to single-sex or co-educational schools within their school districts. Using a large set of individual-level panel data, we find that entering single-sex schools significantly decreases female labor market outcomes after graduation. In contrast, we do not find evidence that single-sex education affects male outcomes. We explore possible mechanisms for these asymmetric treatment effects, including career choice and post-graduation network effects.
{"title":"Does Single-Sex Schooling Help or Hurt Labor Market Outcomes? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in South Korea","authors":"Young-ja Lee, Nobuhiko Nakazawa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3776875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3776875","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the effects of attending a single-sex high school on future labor market outcomes through use of a randomized natural experiment. South Korean students are randomly assigned, by lottery, to single-sex or co-educational schools within their school districts. Using a large set of individual-level panel data, we find that entering single-sex schools significantly decreases female labor market outcomes after graduation. In contrast, we do not find evidence that single-sex education affects male outcomes. We explore possible mechanisms for these asymmetric treatment effects, including career choice and post-graduation network effects.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121416053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The net wealth accumulation of (grand)parents appears to be strongly determinative of the net wealth holdings of their adult (grand)children. While these general features are understood, few details are known about the persistence of wealth components that determine overall portfolio outcomes and their variance. Using longitudinal data, I show that grandparents and parents figure prominently, not only in net wealth, but also in a range of household portfolio allocations (risky assets, safe assets, non-financial assets) of the current generation. Meanwhile, I find that there is persistence in intergroup disparities in wealth components. I find consistent results whether I examine intergenerational wealth correlation before or after the Great Recession of 2007-2009. These findings shed light on the connection between intergenerational networks, asset building, and intergroup disparities in wealth.
{"title":"Is There Wealth Stability Across Generations in the U.S.? Evidence from Panel Study, 1984-2017","authors":"J. Toney","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3373778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3373778","url":null,"abstract":"The net wealth accumulation of (grand)parents appears to be strongly determinative of the net wealth holdings of their adult (grand)children. While these general features are understood, few details are known about the persistence of wealth components that determine overall portfolio outcomes and their variance. Using longitudinal data, I show that grandparents and parents figure prominently, not only in net wealth, but also in a range of household portfolio allocations (risky assets, safe assets, non-financial assets) of the current generation. Meanwhile, I find that there is persistence in intergroup disparities in wealth components. I find consistent results whether I examine intergenerational wealth correlation before or after the Great Recession of 2007-2009. These findings shed light on the connection between intergenerational networks, asset building, and intergroup disparities in wealth.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127980746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research has shown that giving disadvantaged families financial incentives to invest in their children could decrease socioeconomic inequality by enhancing human capital formation. Yet, within the household how are such gains achieved? We use a field experiment to investigate how parents allocate time when they receive financial incentives. We find that incentives increase investment in the target child. But, parents achieve these gains by substituting away from time spent with the child's sibling(s). An unintended consequence is that intrahousehold inequality increases and aggregate gains from the program are overstated when focusing only on target children.
{"title":"Do Financial Incentives Aimed at Decreasing Interhousehold Inequality Increase Intrahousehold Inequality?","authors":"Amanda Chuan, J. List, A. Samek","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3789280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3789280","url":null,"abstract":"Research has shown that giving disadvantaged families financial incentives to invest in their children could decrease socioeconomic inequality by enhancing human capital formation. Yet, within the household how are such gains achieved? We use a field experiment to investigate how parents allocate time when they receive financial incentives. We find that incentives increase investment in the target child. But, parents achieve these gains by substituting away from time spent with the child's sibling(s). An unintended consequence is that intrahousehold inequality increases and aggregate gains from the program are overstated when focusing only on target children.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123776379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to show how a 'traditional' society may produce a household system in which the structural tensions are no less intense than in the Western world. Muslim Hausa society (in northern Nigeria) has one of the highest rates of divorce (and remarriage) in the world. An explanation is sought here in terms of the economic and organisational requirements of a subsistence farming system that is always potentially short of labour. Divorce is a solution to otherwise unacceptable pressures, particularly on young women, in a society that requires them to be subordinate and marginal within the extended family. The data presented here were collected between 1979 and 1989 in the Niger valley of Sokoto State in northern Nigeria.
{"title":"Family, Marriage and Divorce: Difficult Balances and Tensions Behind the Integration of a Traditional Society","authors":"L. Solivetti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3769937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3769937","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to show how a 'traditional' society may produce a household system in which the structural tensions are no less intense than in the Western world. Muslim Hausa society (in northern Nigeria) has one of the highest rates of divorce (and remarriage) in the world. An explanation is sought here in terms of the economic and organisational requirements of a subsistence farming system that is always potentially short of labour. Divorce is a solution to otherwise unacceptable pressures, particularly on young women, in a society that requires them to be subordinate and marginal within the extended family. The data presented here were collected between 1979 and 1989 in the Niger valley of Sokoto State in northern Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124389608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most Latin American countries have increased the legal age of marriage to 16 or 18 years during the last years. However, the numbers of child marriages in Latin America do not reflect those reforms so far. Some reforms might be too recent. But furthermore, the legal age of marriage is only one factor out of many. The legislative reforms regulate civil marriage leaving informal unions and religious or indigenous marriages unaffected. Thus, the reforms might prevent early civil marriages, but they have not eliminated early informal unions and early religious or indigenous marriages and the socio-economic factors that can promote them.
{"title":"Legal Progress and Socio-Economic Reflections on Child Marriage in Latin America","authors":"Denise Wiedemann","doi":"10.1093/LAWFAM/EBAB008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LAWFAM/EBAB008","url":null,"abstract":"Most Latin American countries have increased the legal age of marriage to 16 or 18 years during the last years. However, the numbers of child marriages in Latin America do not reflect those reforms so far. Some reforms might be too recent. But furthermore, the legal age of marriage is only one factor out of many. The legislative reforms regulate civil marriage leaving informal unions and religious or indigenous marriages unaffected. Thus, the reforms might prevent early civil marriages, but they have not eliminated early informal unions and early religious or indigenous marriages and the socio-economic factors that can promote them.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127238006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jariya Sriwijan, A. Tuicomepee, Suchitra Sukonthasab
This qualitative research aimed to examine life skills regarding coping with the emotions and self-management skills of adolescent students from economically disadvantaged families. Participants were 13 adolescent students (seven males, six females) living in economically disadvantaged families. All had a GPA of at least the average level. Participants were interviewed for 40-60 minutes. After each interview, verbatim transcriptions from the recordings were made. The data analyses were done concurrently with the data collections. Five main themes were identified from the interview transcriptions as following: 1) Self-knowledge and Self-understanding, 2) Recognizing Self-worth, 3) Sense of Life Purpose, 4) Coping with Emotion, and 5) Stress Management. Most students identified only with their negative aspects of self, with only a few of them mentioning the positive aspects of oneself. The students recognized their sense of self-worth or self-esteem that came from either sports activities or competitive events and reported helping others. Most students had no life purpose or life. In addition, the students mentioned their coping strategies to overcome their negative emotions and stresses, such as talking with friends and family members, letting go, and playing sports. Some identified quite limited stress-management strategies, such as punching and separating. This identified the experiences and life skills of adolescent students from families in poverty. This knowledge may be used as a conceptual framework for the development of the appropriate instrument that has limited in Thailand for evaluating life skills for this group of students and life skills programs for students from low-income families.
{"title":"Life Skills of Adolescent Students from Economically Disadvantaged Families in Thailand: A Qualitative Study","authors":"Jariya Sriwijan, A. Tuicomepee, Suchitra Sukonthasab","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3898608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3898608","url":null,"abstract":"This qualitative research aimed to examine life skills regarding coping with the emotions and self-management skills of adolescent students from economically disadvantaged families. Participants were 13 adolescent students (seven males, six females) living in economically disadvantaged families. All had a GPA of at least the average level. Participants were interviewed for 40-60 minutes. After each interview, verbatim transcriptions from the recordings were made. The data analyses were done concurrently with the data collections. Five main themes were identified from the interview transcriptions as following: 1) Self-knowledge and Self-understanding, 2) Recognizing Self-worth, 3) Sense of Life Purpose, 4) Coping with Emotion, and 5) Stress Management. Most students identified only with their negative aspects of self, with only a few of them mentioning the positive aspects of oneself. The students recognized their sense of self-worth or self-esteem that came from either sports activities or competitive events and reported helping others. Most students had no life purpose or life. In addition, the students mentioned their coping strategies to overcome their negative emotions and stresses, such as talking with friends and family members, letting go, and playing sports. Some identified quite limited stress-management strategies, such as punching and separating. This identified the experiences and life skills of adolescent students from families in poverty. This knowledge may be used as a conceptual framework for the development of the appropriate instrument that has limited in Thailand for evaluating life skills for this group of students and life skills programs for students from low-income families.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115083733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.36019/9780813549767-006
R. Rumbaut
This framing chapter focuses on young men of Latin American descent in the United States and on their transitions to adulthood in a context of major demographic and structural change. Following a discussion of societal contexts and transformations shaping adult transitions today, key characteristics of young Hispanic men and women age 18 to 34 are first contrasted against those of major non-Hispanic demographic groups (whites, blacks, Asians); the major Hispanic groups are then compared to each other (Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Central and South Americans and others); finally, differences among different generational cohorts of Latino men are examined, from the first to the second to the third-and-higher generations. Given their central significance to the population as a whole, Latino males can be considered a "strategic research site."
{"title":"Demographic Transformations, Structural Contexts, and Transitions to Adulthood","authors":"R. Rumbaut","doi":"10.36019/9780813549767-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813549767-006","url":null,"abstract":"This framing chapter focuses on young men of Latin American descent in the United States and on their transitions to adulthood in a context of major demographic and structural change. Following a discussion of societal contexts and transformations shaping adult transitions today, key characteristics of young Hispanic men and women age 18 to 34 are first contrasted against those of major non-Hispanic demographic groups (whites, blacks, Asians); the major Hispanic groups are then compared to each other (Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Central and South Americans and others); finally, differences among different generational cohorts of Latino men are examined, from the first to the second to the third-and-higher generations. Given their central significance to the population as a whole, Latino males can be considered a \"strategic research site.\"","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129001804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2020, the migration growth of the population of Russia has sharply decreased, amounting to 81.7 thousand people in January-September. By early winter, the number of labor migrants in Russia decreased by 25%, while the share of those legalized in the labor market has not changed. As the epidemiological situation normalizes, the scale and vector of migration should return to their previous values.
{"title":"Migration to Russia: The Lowest Rate in a Decade","authors":"Y. Florinskaya, N. Mkrtchyan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3756383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756383","url":null,"abstract":"In 2020, the migration growth of the population of Russia has sharply decreased, amounting to 81.7 thousand people in January-September. By early winter, the number of labor migrants in Russia decreased by 25%, while the share of those legalized in the labor market has not changed. As the epidemiological situation normalizes, the scale and vector of migration should return to their previous values.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132387193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the gender disparities among top incomes in Brazil during the period 1994-2013 using administrative data on the universe of formal-sector job spells and detailed information on educational attainment, employers, and occupations performed. Over these two decades, differences in pay and participation between genders have narrowed, yet the process has been slow and women are still severely underrepresented, especially within the very top percentiles of the earnings distribution. The following findings highlight the role of firms and occupations in explaining these patterns. At the start of the period, women in the top percentile of the distribution owe a larger fraction of their earnings to working at high-paying firms than do men, while men’s top incomes are in excess of their firms’ average pay. In addition, belonging to the top percentile is initially much more persistent for men than for women. Both of these differences have vanished over time. I also document that the increase in the share in participation of women in top percentiles is primarily a within-firm and within-occupation phenomenon, which suggests that the evolution of cultural and institutional elements deserves further examination. Finally, I study the careers of female and male top earners, finding that the path to the top percentiles of the distribution is quite different across genders: Top-earning women work in larger firms from the start of their careers. Top-earning men earn large earnings premia above what their firm average pays throughout their career, and after their mid-30s switch employers at a higher frequency than women.
{"title":"Firms, Jobs, and Gender Disparities in Top Incomes: Evidence from Brazil","authors":"Felipe Benguria","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3752747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3752747","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the gender disparities among top incomes in Brazil during the period 1994-2013 using administrative data on the universe of formal-sector job spells and detailed information on educational attainment, employers, and occupations performed. Over these two decades, differences in pay and participation between genders have narrowed, yet the process has been slow and women are still severely underrepresented, especially within the very top percentiles of the earnings distribution. The following findings highlight the role of firms and occupations in explaining these patterns. At the start of the period, women in the top percentile of the distribution owe a larger fraction of their earnings to working at high-paying firms than do men, while men’s top incomes are in excess of their firms’ average pay. In addition, belonging to the top percentile is initially much more persistent for men than for women. Both of these differences have vanished over time. I also document that the increase in the share in participation of women in top percentiles is primarily a within-firm and within-occupation phenomenon, which suggests that the evolution of cultural and institutional elements deserves further examination. Finally, I study the careers of female and male top earners, finding that the path to the top percentiles of the distribution is quite different across genders: Top-earning women work in larger firms from the start of their careers. Top-earning men earn large earnings premia above what their firm average pays throughout their career, and after their mid-30s switch employers at a higher frequency than women.","PeriodicalId":149805,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133479951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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