Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.212
N. Penta, Gaurav K Gupta, R. Glueck
Classical viral vectors have been successfully used to deliver Malaria, HPV antigens. Emerging viral vector technologies such as Measles virus (MV) are useful for vaccine development. Studies in animal models suggest that each viral vector is unique in its ability to induce humoral and cellular responses. Measles virus is a member of Mononegavirales thus the genomic RNA is not translated either in vivo or in vitro. MV replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm, ruling out the possibility of integration into host DNA. Live attenuated Measles (MeV) are thus inducing long lived immunity after a single immunization dose. MeV vector allows insertion and stable expression over multiple replications round of various genes from different genome positions, allowing comparable immunity against MeV proteins and vectored antigens. Hence in the present study we identified the novel target for Malaria vaccine development, N-terminal region of Merozite surface protein 1 (MSP-1). The present invention relates to a combined Measles Malaria vaccine containing different attenuated recombinant measles malaria vectors comprising a heterologus nucleic acid encoding several Plasmodium falciparum antigens. Preferably it relates to a viral vector that comprise nucleic acids encoding the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of P. falciparum, the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) of P. falciparum and its derivatives (P-42) in its glycosylated and secreted forms.
{"title":"Measles as a Vector for the Malaria Vaccine Development","authors":"N. Penta, Gaurav K Gupta, R. Glueck","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.212","url":null,"abstract":"Classical viral vectors have been successfully used to deliver Malaria, HPV antigens. Emerging viral vector technologies such as Measles virus (MV) are useful for vaccine development. Studies in animal models suggest that each viral vector is unique in its ability to induce humoral and cellular responses. Measles virus is a member of Mononegavirales thus the genomic RNA is not translated either in vivo or in vitro. MV replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm, ruling out the possibility of integration into host DNA. Live attenuated Measles (MeV) are thus inducing long lived immunity after a single immunization dose. MeV vector allows insertion and stable expression over multiple replications round of various genes from different genome positions, allowing comparable immunity against MeV proteins and vectored antigens. Hence in the present study we identified the novel target for Malaria vaccine development, N-terminal region of Merozite surface protein 1 (MSP-1). The present invention relates to a combined Measles Malaria vaccine containing different attenuated recombinant measles malaria vectors comprising a heterologus nucleic acid encoding several Plasmodium falciparum antigens. Preferably it relates to a viral vector that comprise nucleic acids encoding the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of P. falciparum, the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) of P. falciparum and its derivatives (P-42) in its glycosylated and secreted forms.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"80 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79355361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.S21.001
Fassikaw Kebede, B. Kebede, Tsehay Kebede, Mastewal Giza
The magnitudes of Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) failure for adult people living with HIV (PLWH) were exhaustively studied; however, time to treatment failure among seropositive children was overlooked, and this study aimed to assess time to first-Line Antiretroviral treatment Failure for seropositive children. Methods: Facility-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted since 1 January 2016-30 December 2020. EPI- DATA version 3.2 and STATA/14 software were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Proportional hazard assumption was checked for each variable and no variable was found with Schoenfeld residual test <0.05. Categorical variables at bi-variables Cox regression were assessed for candidates transferred at P-value <0.25 for multivariable Cox regression to claiming predictors associated for TB incidence rate at 95% CI at P<0.005. Results: A total of 710 recorded of ART files were reviewed with 96 children (13.5%) (95% CI: 11.2, 16.3) had developed treatment failures. The overall incidence rate of treatment failure was found 4.098 (95% CI: 3.35 to 5.02) per 1000 Person Month. Children being orphaned (AHR: 4.3, 95% CI: 2.17, 7.7), WHO stage III and IV (AHR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.8, 7.4), Poor ART adherence 3.27 (AHR:3.27, 95% CI:1.54, 4.8), ART follow-up duration ≥ 72 months (AHR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.2, 5.2), Missed CPT 6.7 (AHR-6.7; 95% CI: 3.6, 8.4), AZT-3TC-NVP 6.5 (AHR=6.5; 95% CI: 3.2, 18.2), AZT-3TC-EFV 2.9 (AHR=2.89, 95% CI: 2.89, 10.1) were associated with treatment failures. Conclusion: Sixty-two percent of treatment failures were occurred after 72 months of ART follow up with a higher incidence of treatment failures, which is unacceptable as compared with slandered reference <10%. Being a seropositive child ≥ 70 month on ART, WHO stage III and IV, ART regiment (AZT-3TC-NVP and AZT-3TC-EFV), Poor ART adherence, missing CPT, and orphanages were associated with treatment failure.
{"title":"Time to First-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Failure and its Predictors for Seropositive Children Treated in Public Hospitals, North West Ethiopia 2021","authors":"Fassikaw Kebede, B. Kebede, Tsehay Kebede, Mastewal Giza","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.S21.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.S21.001","url":null,"abstract":"The magnitudes of Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) failure for adult people living with HIV (PLWH) were exhaustively studied; however, time to treatment failure among seropositive children was overlooked, and this study aimed to assess time to first-Line Antiretroviral treatment Failure for seropositive children. Methods: Facility-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted since 1 January 2016-30 December 2020. EPI- DATA version 3.2 and STATA/14 software were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Proportional hazard assumption was checked for each variable and no variable was found with Schoenfeld residual test <0.05. Categorical variables at bi-variables Cox regression were assessed for candidates transferred at P-value <0.25 for multivariable Cox regression to claiming predictors associated for TB incidence rate at 95% CI at P<0.005. Results: A total of 710 recorded of ART files were reviewed with 96 children (13.5%) (95% CI: 11.2, 16.3) had developed treatment failures. The overall incidence rate of treatment failure was found 4.098 (95% CI: 3.35 to 5.02) per 1000 Person Month. Children being orphaned (AHR: 4.3, 95% CI: 2.17, 7.7), WHO stage III and IV (AHR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.8, 7.4), Poor ART adherence 3.27 (AHR:3.27, 95% CI:1.54, 4.8), ART follow-up duration ≥ 72 months (AHR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.2, 5.2), Missed CPT 6.7 (AHR-6.7; 95% CI: 3.6, 8.4), AZT-3TC-NVP 6.5 (AHR=6.5; 95% CI: 3.2, 18.2), AZT-3TC-EFV 2.9 (AHR=2.89, 95% CI: 2.89, 10.1) were associated with treatment failures. Conclusion: Sixty-two percent of treatment failures were occurred after 72 months of ART follow up with a higher incidence of treatment failures, which is unacceptable as compared with slandered reference <10%. Being a seropositive child ≥ 70 month on ART, WHO stage III and IV, ART regiment (AZT-3TC-NVP and AZT-3TC-EFV), Poor ART adherence, missing CPT, and orphanages were associated with treatment failure.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"111 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85226157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.224
Satyendra Prakash, Ramendra K. Singh
Although the HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) a triple form of drugs has exponentially enhanced the CD4+ T immune cell count in HIV-1 infected patients and has improved the expectancy of many HIV-1 infected patients’ life. The drug results have also contributed to bringing the plasma virus load up to a clinically undetectable level in HIV-1 infected patients for several years. However, with these drug interventions, complete eradication or treatment of the virus is hard to achieve. The primary obstacle that has been raised is the persistence of ongoing viral replication inside the host CD4+ T immune cells. These infected immune cells can be transformed into the latent stage (transcriptionally silent) for many years and hardly be targeted by the current HAART-based interventions. Besides this incredible specialty of the HIV-1 virus, it can also simply hide in diverse anatomical reservoirs having immune cells at separated locations. The presence of these locations easily facilitates the virus to escape from the host immune surveillance and also contributes to low viral production in patients on antiretroviral therapy. As a result, we review our current knowledge to provide a better understanding of multifactorial mechanisms during the establishment of HIV-1 latency with numerous experimental studies that strongly uphold the ongoing viral replication and persistence at the distinct anatomical reservoirs.
{"title":"HIV Latency and Distinct Anatomical Reservoirs: A Systemic Review","authors":"Satyendra Prakash, Ramendra K. Singh","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.224","url":null,"abstract":"Although the HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) a triple form of drugs has exponentially enhanced the CD4+ T immune cell count in HIV-1 infected patients and has improved the expectancy of many HIV-1 infected patients’ life. The drug results have also contributed to bringing the plasma virus load up to a clinically undetectable level in HIV-1 infected patients for several years. However, with these drug interventions, complete eradication or treatment of the virus is hard to achieve. The primary obstacle that has been raised is the persistence of ongoing viral replication inside the host CD4+ T immune cells. These infected immune cells can be transformed into the latent stage (transcriptionally silent) for many years and hardly be targeted by the current HAART-based interventions. Besides this incredible specialty of the HIV-1 virus, it can also simply hide in diverse anatomical reservoirs having immune cells at separated locations. The presence of these locations easily facilitates the virus to escape from the host immune surveillance and also contributes to low viral production in patients on antiretroviral therapy. As a result, we review our current knowledge to provide a better understanding of multifactorial mechanisms during the establishment of HIV-1 latency with numerous experimental studies that strongly uphold the ongoing viral replication and persistence at the distinct anatomical reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83033396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.003
M. A. Mohamed, Alfadil Osman Alawaad, Ghalib Almesedin, S. Assaggaf, Zamel Akeel Alshammary, M. A. Ahmed
Background: The coronavirus pandemic that started in December 2019 is mainly related to respiratory symptoms. Clinical presentations have been reported, but so far, no definitive therapy has been established. Intracranial haemorrhage has been observed in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but the clinical, imaging, and pathophysiological features of intracranial bleeding during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection remain poorly characterized. The occurrence of spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage complicated with aseptic meningitis secondary to COVID-19 is extremely rare. Case presentation: A 19-month-old with fever, and shortness of breath was admitted to our intensive care unit on an emergency basis. Two weeks later, the patient developed a generalized convulsion with deterioration of consciousness. A computed tomography scan of the brain revealed a bifrontal intracerebral haemorrhage compressing the anterior horns of both lateral ventricles of the brain with a massive intraventricular haemorrhage causing hydrocephalus. Emergency ventriculostomy was performed, and a nasal swab for SARSCoV-2 was positive. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and culture were negative for microorganisms, and analysis revealed features of aseptic meningitis. Conclusions: The possible occurrence of spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage and aseptic meningitis should be kept in mind by physicians, especially when treating critically ill young children with COVID-19. Early recognition of central nervous system involvement may be key to providing a better prognosis.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the Central Nervous System: Are Spontaneous Intracranial Haemorrhage and Aseptic Meningitis Extra-pulmonary Manifestations of COVID-19? A Rare Case Report and Literature Review","authors":"M. A. Mohamed, Alfadil Osman Alawaad, Ghalib Almesedin, S. Assaggaf, Zamel Akeel Alshammary, M. A. Ahmed","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.003","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The coronavirus pandemic that started in December 2019 is mainly related to respiratory symptoms. Clinical presentations have been reported, but so far, no definitive therapy has been established. Intracranial haemorrhage has been observed in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but the clinical, imaging, and pathophysiological features of intracranial bleeding during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection remain poorly characterized. The occurrence of spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage complicated with aseptic meningitis secondary to COVID-19 is extremely rare. Case presentation: A 19-month-old with fever, and shortness of breath was admitted to our intensive care unit on an emergency basis. Two weeks later, the patient developed a generalized convulsion with deterioration of consciousness. A computed tomography scan of the brain revealed a bifrontal intracerebral haemorrhage compressing the anterior horns of both lateral ventricles of the brain with a massive intraventricular haemorrhage causing hydrocephalus. Emergency ventriculostomy was performed, and a nasal swab for SARSCoV-2 was positive. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and culture were negative for microorganisms, and analysis revealed features of aseptic meningitis. Conclusions: The possible occurrence of spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage and aseptic meningitis should be kept in mind by physicians, especially when treating critically ill young children with COVID-19. Early recognition of central nervous system involvement may be key to providing a better prognosis.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89464965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.215
M. Wayengera
The global COVID19 outbreak has reached pandemic levels with catastrophic consequences. A key health challenge has been absence of evidenced treatment options and of course an approved vaccine. Late disease manifests with severe pneumonia associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Extracorporeal ventilation support ultimately becomes necessary, even when many countries especially within Africa are under equipped. Here, we argue that basing on the infection biology of the SARS-CoV2, where by target cell attachment and entry is mediated via Angiotensin Converting Enzyme type II (ACE2) Receptors (AAR) on Alveolar Epithelia, Existing ACE2 receptor antagonists presently approved for treating hypertension and left heart failure can be repurposed as a prophylactic treatment for COVID19 associated ARDS among patients with no prior history of longstanding drug-use. Despite earlier warning against the sustainance of ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and ARR, a recent observational cohort study involving 564 patients revealed benefits towards halting progression to ARDS. Management of the issuing hypotension might be a more amenable ‘sideeffect’ relative to the requirement for ventilation.
{"title":"Halting Progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID19 using Angiotensin Converting Enzyme II Receptor Antagonists","authors":"M. Wayengera","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.215","url":null,"abstract":"The global COVID19 outbreak has reached pandemic levels with catastrophic consequences. A key health challenge has been absence of evidenced treatment options and of course an approved vaccine. Late disease manifests with severe pneumonia associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Extracorporeal ventilation support ultimately becomes necessary, even when many countries especially within Africa are under equipped. Here, we argue that basing on the infection biology of the SARS-CoV2, where by target cell attachment and entry is mediated via Angiotensin Converting Enzyme type II (ACE2) Receptors (AAR) on Alveolar Epithelia, Existing ACE2 receptor antagonists presently approved for treating hypertension and left heart failure can be repurposed as a prophylactic treatment for COVID19 associated ARDS among patients with no prior history of longstanding drug-use. Despite earlier warning against the sustainance of ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and ARR, a recent observational cohort study involving 564 patients revealed benefits towards halting progression to ARDS. Management of the issuing hypotension might be a more amenable ‘sideeffect’ relative to the requirement for ventilation.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"9 17 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78492420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.225
Saro Abdella, Alemayehu Hussen, A. Defar, Altaye Feleke, Maha I Ahmad, Hailu Rafera, Sisay Adane, A. Kebede, D. Melese, Enatenesh Dillnesa, Munir Kassa, T. Kifle, Y. Seman, Natnael Bekuretsion, Getachew Demoz, Mikias Gosa, Biruktawit Kidane, Hana Zenamarkos, S. Seid, Frehiwot Nigatu, Albab Seifu, G. Tollera, M. Tessema
Background: The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 disease includes asymptomatic infection, mild upper respiratory tract illness, and severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure. The level of illness is associated with various individual factors. Therefore, this study aimed to assess factors that are associated with the development of symptoms among COVID-19 positive cases in a selected isolation and treatment center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: The study was conducted at Eka Kotebe General Hospital, COVID-19 Isolation and Treatment Center, Addis Ababa from May 11-24, 2020. All participants admitted to the center during the study period, 347 confirmed COVID-19 positive cases, were enrolled in the study. The dependent variable was having sign or symptom for COVID-19. Association of age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), blood type, comorbidities and history of travel with the presence of sign or symptoms was assessed. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the associations after adjusting for selected covariates. Significant level for all variables was reported at 95% Confidence Interval. Results: A total of 347 laboratory confirmed positive COVID-19 cases (mean age 33.9 ± 13.5) were included in the analysis. The large proportion (66%) of the study participants were males. Overall, 24% of the participants admitted to the hospital had at least one sign or symptom for COVID-19. Cough, headache, fever, sore throat and muscle ache were the most reported signs and symptoms. Cancer and HIV/AIDS were the leading comorbidities that the study participants reported. After adjusting for important covariates, gender, blood type, comorbidity and travel history were found to be significantly associated with having sign or symptom while being COVID-19 positive. However, age, BMI and income had no association with being symptomatic following the contraction of the COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: Gender, blood group, comorbidities, travel history were found to be significantly associated with being symptomatic while having COVID-19 disease in Ethiopia. Age and BMI had no associations with developing COVID-19 sign or symptom. Closer monitoring and intensified prevention strategies to protect those who are highly likely to develop symptoms may help efficient use of scarce resources in the control of the pandemic. We recommend further study to elaborate on the cause of association and to advance the knowledge base available.
{"title":"Who Are at Most Risk to Develop Symptoms After SARS-Cov-2 Infection? Early Study in A Controlled Setting","authors":"Saro Abdella, Alemayehu Hussen, A. Defar, Altaye Feleke, Maha I Ahmad, Hailu Rafera, Sisay Adane, A. Kebede, D. Melese, Enatenesh Dillnesa, Munir Kassa, T. Kifle, Y. Seman, Natnael Bekuretsion, Getachew Demoz, Mikias Gosa, Biruktawit Kidane, Hana Zenamarkos, S. Seid, Frehiwot Nigatu, Albab Seifu, G. Tollera, M. Tessema","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.225","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 disease includes asymptomatic infection, mild upper respiratory tract illness, and severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure. The level of illness is associated with various individual factors. Therefore, this study aimed to assess factors that are associated with the development of symptoms among COVID-19 positive cases in a selected isolation and treatment center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: The study was conducted at Eka Kotebe General Hospital, COVID-19 Isolation and Treatment Center, Addis Ababa from May 11-24, 2020. All participants admitted to the center during the study period, 347 confirmed COVID-19 positive cases, were enrolled in the study. The dependent variable was having sign or symptom for COVID-19. Association of age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), blood type, comorbidities and history of travel with the presence of sign or symptoms was assessed. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the associations after adjusting for selected covariates. Significant level for all variables was reported at 95% Confidence Interval. Results: A total of 347 laboratory confirmed positive COVID-19 cases (mean age 33.9 ± 13.5) were included in the analysis. The large proportion (66%) of the study participants were males. Overall, 24% of the participants admitted to the hospital had at least one sign or symptom for COVID-19. Cough, headache, fever, sore throat and muscle ache were the most reported signs and symptoms. Cancer and HIV/AIDS were the leading comorbidities that the study participants reported. After adjusting for important covariates, gender, blood type, comorbidity and travel history were found to be significantly associated with having sign or symptom while being COVID-19 positive. However, age, BMI and income had no association with being symptomatic following the contraction of the COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: Gender, blood group, comorbidities, travel history were found to be significantly associated with being symptomatic while having COVID-19 disease in Ethiopia. Age and BMI had no associations with developing COVID-19 sign or symptom. Closer monitoring and intensified prevention strategies to protect those who are highly likely to develop symptoms may help efficient use of scarce resources in the control of the pandemic. We recommend further study to elaborate on the cause of association and to advance the knowledge base available.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79973152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.001
Anubrata Paul, A. Vibhuti, V. Raj
Objectives: In tropical and subtropical nations dengue is a main public health matter. We try to find to analyze the clinical and hematological factors from a Complete Blood Count (CBC) which differentiate dengue infection. The purpose of the study was to categorize clinical features and hematological parameters and develop predictive model of high fever patients was treated as early marker and possible prognosticator factors of dengue. Methods: Demographic data analysis with variables like gender, place, age and clinical data analysis of clinical parameters with dengue confirmation test have been done develop predictive model factors to differentiate Dengue Infection (DI) from CBC data of Acute Febrile Illness (AFI) patients in Delhi-NCR, Sonepat region from 2015 to 2018. Results: Among 223 patients, 167 were confirmed with 100 primary and 67 secondary DI of maximum number male patients in the age group of 10-30 years from 2015 to 2018 while 56 had negative results. Badhkhalsa, Jakholi, Sewli and Rai were high dengue reported area in Delhi-NCR, Sonepat. There was a statistically significant value (p<0.05) of Total Leukocytes Count (TLC) cells/cmm during AFI phase from 2015 to 2018 using logistic regression and ROC graph. TLC (cells/cmm) had a higher area ± SE value from 2015 to 2018 (0.66 ± 0.07, 0.76 ± 0.10, 0.68 ± 0.07 and 0.79 ± 0.06) respectively which were statistically significant (p<0.05). Dengue diagnosis test of mean value of TLC (<4000 cells/cmm) from 2015 to 2018 were evaluated with a prevalence of dengue disease of 35.09%- 58.06%, sensitivity of 41.03%-100%, specificity of 24.10%-93.10% and accuracy rate of diagnosis evaluation of 62.07%-70.97% were related to danger sign DI in Delhi-NCR, Sonepat area. Conclusion: As per our study we can conclude that due to non-specific clinical features and delayed of confirmation test, among the clinical parameters TLC could be the useful feature for quick finding of DI which is unique, simple, easily available, cost effective approach mainly in rural area.
{"title":"Evaluation of Clinical and Hematological Parameters of Acute Febrile Illness Patients: A Dengue Predictive Model","authors":"Anubrata Paul, A. Vibhuti, V. Raj","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.001","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: In tropical and subtropical nations dengue is a main public health matter. We try to find to analyze the clinical and hematological factors from a Complete Blood Count (CBC) which differentiate dengue infection. The purpose of the study was to categorize clinical features and hematological parameters and develop predictive model of high fever patients was treated as early marker and possible prognosticator factors of dengue. Methods: Demographic data analysis with variables like gender, place, age and clinical data analysis of clinical parameters with dengue confirmation test have been done develop predictive model factors to differentiate Dengue Infection (DI) from CBC data of Acute Febrile Illness (AFI) patients in Delhi-NCR, Sonepat region from 2015 to 2018. Results: Among 223 patients, 167 were confirmed with 100 primary and 67 secondary DI of maximum number male patients in the age group of 10-30 years from 2015 to 2018 while 56 had negative results. Badhkhalsa, Jakholi, Sewli and Rai were high dengue reported area in Delhi-NCR, Sonepat. There was a statistically significant value (p<0.05) of Total Leukocytes Count (TLC) cells/cmm during AFI phase from 2015 to 2018 using logistic regression and ROC graph. TLC (cells/cmm) had a higher area ± SE value from 2015 to 2018 (0.66 ± 0.07, 0.76 ± 0.10, 0.68 ± 0.07 and 0.79 ± 0.06) respectively which were statistically significant (p<0.05). Dengue diagnosis test of mean value of TLC (<4000 cells/cmm) from 2015 to 2018 were evaluated with a prevalence of dengue disease of 35.09%- 58.06%, sensitivity of 41.03%-100%, specificity of 24.10%-93.10% and accuracy rate of diagnosis evaluation of 62.07%-70.97% were related to danger sign DI in Delhi-NCR, Sonepat area. Conclusion: As per our study we can conclude that due to non-specific clinical features and delayed of confirmation test, among the clinical parameters TLC could be the useful feature for quick finding of DI which is unique, simple, easily available, cost effective approach mainly in rural area.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81956266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.13.S16.E003
Helen A. Watson
Influenza viruses still constitute a true public ill health today. The influenza an epidemic was isolated for the primary time in 1931, and therefore the first attempts to develop a vaccine against the virus began soon afterwards. Additionally to causing seasonal epidemics, influenza viruses can cause pandemics randomly intervals, which are very hard to predict. Vaccination is that the best way of preventing the spread of influenza infection. However, seasonal vaccination is ineffective against pandemic influenza viruses due to antigenic differences, and it takes approximately six months from isolation of a replacement virus to develop an efficient vaccine. To deal with the emergence of latest circulating strains, but also the emergence of resistant strains to classic antivirals, it's necessary to develop new antiviral approaches. One among the possible ways to fight the emergence of pandemics could also be by employing a new sort of vaccine, with an extended and broad spectrum of action. The extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) of Influenza an epidemic may be a conservative region, and a beautiful target for a universal influenza vaccine.
{"title":"Approaches towards Influenza Vaccine","authors":"Helen A. Watson","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.13.S16.E003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.13.S16.E003","url":null,"abstract":"Influenza viruses still constitute a true public ill health today. The influenza an epidemic was isolated for the primary time in 1931, and therefore the first attempts to develop a vaccine against the virus began soon afterwards. Additionally to causing seasonal epidemics, influenza viruses can cause pandemics randomly intervals, which are very hard to predict. Vaccination is that the best way of preventing the spread of influenza infection. However, seasonal vaccination is ineffective against pandemic influenza viruses due to antigenic differences, and it takes approximately six months from isolation of a replacement virus to develop an efficient vaccine. To deal with the emergence of latest circulating strains, but also the emergence of resistant strains to classic antivirals, it's necessary to develop new antiviral approaches. One among the possible ways to fight the emergence of pandemics could also be by employing a new sort of vaccine, with an extended and broad spectrum of action. The extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) of Influenza an epidemic may be a conservative region, and a beautiful target for a universal influenza vaccine.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"204 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80325619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.227
A. Iqbal, Asif Bilal
In Pakistan, there is no screening for active or latent Tuberculosis in the health care system. This study serves to measure the prevalence of Latent tuberculosis infection in District Sargodha, Pakistan and evaluate possible clinical implications and treatment strategies for latent tuberculosis. This study also finds out the risk factors of Latent tuberculosis infection in District Sargodha. A structured questionnaire, administered in the supervision of research committee, Department of Zoology, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, included information on latent tuberculosis infection, social contact, BCG, skin reaction, drugs, HIV, immune response, kidney, diabetes, food, intestinal, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, fever, breath, drug addiction, appetite, aneroxia, tenderness, spinal problems, use of allopathic and homeopathic medication, rash, partsia, sneezing and isoniozed, Interviews were conducted in private counseling rooms and the questionnaire were filled face to face with no correctional officer present to assure privacy and reduce perceived coercion. Results show that 67% of interviewers agreed that as a result of tuberculosis they face symptoms of TBI. 70% of patients of tuberculosis had experienced different allergies and reactions. 66% respondents agreed that they think that BCG can be the cause of Tuberculosis. Keeping in view the symptoms of contact almost 67% were respondents agreed with it that they think in the present research 64% agreed with it while 34% people thought that drugs cannot be the reason of Tuberculosis. Another important reason of different diseases ‘HIV/AIDS’ was also one of the parameter of the present study. 68% HIV/AIDS is the reason of Tuberculosis. Disturbance in the immune system can also give birth to a number of diseases. In case of tuberculosis 72% disturbance in immune system may be the cause of tuberculosis. 67% disturbance in kidney can be the cause of tuberculosis. The data suggests that people who have more contact with tuberculosis patients are at a high danger of building up this disease.
{"title":"Prevalence of Tuberculosis with Clinical Implications in District Sargodha","authors":"A. Iqbal, Asif Bilal","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.227","url":null,"abstract":"In Pakistan, there is no screening for active or latent Tuberculosis in the health care system. This study serves to measure the prevalence of Latent tuberculosis infection in District Sargodha, Pakistan and evaluate possible clinical implications and treatment strategies for latent tuberculosis. This study also finds out the risk factors of Latent tuberculosis infection in District Sargodha. A structured questionnaire, administered in the supervision of research committee, Department of Zoology, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, included information on latent tuberculosis infection, social contact, BCG, skin reaction, drugs, HIV, immune response, kidney, diabetes, food, intestinal, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, fever, breath, drug addiction, appetite, aneroxia, tenderness, spinal problems, use of allopathic and homeopathic medication, rash, partsia, sneezing and isoniozed, Interviews were conducted in private counseling rooms and the questionnaire were filled face to face with no correctional officer present to assure privacy and reduce perceived coercion. Results show that 67% of interviewers agreed that as a result of tuberculosis they face symptoms of TBI. 70% of patients of tuberculosis had experienced different allergies and reactions. 66% respondents agreed that they think that BCG can be the cause of Tuberculosis. Keeping in view the symptoms of contact almost 67% were respondents agreed with it that they think in the present research 64% agreed with it while 34% people thought that drugs cannot be the reason of Tuberculosis. Another important reason of different diseases ‘HIV/AIDS’ was also one of the parameter of the present study. 68% HIV/AIDS is the reason of Tuberculosis. Disturbance in the immune system can also give birth to a number of diseases. In case of tuberculosis 72% disturbance in immune system may be the cause of tuberculosis. 67% disturbance in kidney can be the cause of tuberculosis. The data suggests that people who have more contact with tuberculosis patients are at a high danger of building up this disease.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85999325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.E004
M. Wayengera
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID19) on 30 January 2020. To date, infections with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type II (SARS-CoV2) have reached pandemic levels. Despite several clinical trials, there is no specific effective treatment for COVID19. Among the many trialed drugs with demonstrated in-vitro anti-SARS-CoV2 effects, include: HydroxylChloroquine (HCQ), Azithromycin (AZ), Antivirals (remdesivir-RDV and lopinavir–ritonavirLPV/r), and Ivermectin-IVM. Many of these have only been trialed as monotherapies. Considering the low antiviral efficacy of each monotherapy and promiscuous vulnerability of the Replication Transcription Complex (RTC) of SARS-CoV2, it becomes necessary consider combinational therapies. We propose a new combinatorial regimen comprising of HCQ/RDV/LPVr/IVM for clinical testing in the treatment of COVID-19. Other combinational therapy regimens need to be considered to optimize the desired combined in-vivo virocidal and virostatic.
{"title":"The Need for Combination Antiviral Therapy for Effective Treatment of COVID-19","authors":"M. Wayengera","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.E004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.E004","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID19) on 30 January 2020. To date, infections with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type II (SARS-CoV2) have reached pandemic levels. Despite several clinical trials, there is no specific effective treatment for COVID19. Among the many trialed drugs with demonstrated in-vitro anti-SARS-CoV2 effects, include: HydroxylChloroquine (HCQ), Azithromycin (AZ), Antivirals (remdesivir-RDV and lopinavir–ritonavirLPV/r), and Ivermectin-IVM. Many of these have only been trialed as monotherapies. Considering the low antiviral efficacy of each monotherapy and promiscuous vulnerability of the Replication Transcription Complex (RTC) of SARS-CoV2, it becomes necessary consider combinational therapies. We propose a new combinatorial regimen comprising of HCQ/RDV/LPVr/IVM for clinical testing in the treatment of COVID-19. Other combinational therapy regimens need to be considered to optimize the desired combined in-vivo virocidal and virostatic.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88677302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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