Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.E196
Shan Jheng
The Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals (JAA) paves the way to discovery and development of antiviral drugs, compounds, and clinical methods to prevent viral infections. Importantly, JAA provides the opportunity to inform researchers, clinicians, and others working in the field of antiviral drugs and therapies.
{"title":"Note on Antivirals and Antiretrovirals","authors":"Shan Jheng","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.E196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.E196","url":null,"abstract":"The Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals (JAA) paves the way to discovery and development of antiviral drugs, compounds, and clinical methods to prevent viral infections. Importantly, JAA provides the opportunity to inform researchers, clinicians, and others working in the field of antiviral drugs and therapies.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79627028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.197
East Ethiopia
Introduction: the current burden of the spreading coronavirus (Covid-19) implied an action to review our basic strategies in hand hygiene practice. This calls for effective infection control measures in health care settings, in particular hand hygiene. Hence, hand hygiene practice will continue to be a concern and are essential to explore to bridge the theory practice gap. Methodology: Cross sectional observational study was conducted from February to March 2020 at Jugal hospital, Harar, Ethiopia, which is found 525 km to East of Addis Ababa. Ethical clearance was obtained from Harar Health Science College institutional review board (IRB) (Ref.no.HHSC-27/2020). Consent was obtained from both administrative body and respondent. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Result: Majority 99 (59.64%) said that they use Soap bar followed by 57(34.34%) only water and 10(6.02%) alcohol base sanitizer, whereas there is no any one answered Chlorhexidine solution and Liquid hand wash use for hand washing. Only 7 (4.22%) washed their hands when switching from one patient to the second patient. Only twenty seven (16.27%) followed correct sequence in hand washing. Shared ward towels drying was the preferred method of hand drying after washing which was seen in 111 (66.87%) of the participants. Lack of water and soap were the major constraints against washing hands which was seen among 122 (73.49%) Conclusion: Very poor practice with Hand washing practices among studied Health Care Workers is calling for urgent intervention. Implementing five movements of hand hygiene are the best method for preventing healthcare associated infections. Therefore, the health care provider should be followed this principle to fight healthcare associated infections.
导言:当前冠状病毒(Covid-19)传播的负担意味着需要采取行动审查我们在手部卫生实践方面的基本策略。这就要求卫生保健机构采取有效的感染控制措施，特别是手卫生措施。因此，手卫生实践将继续是一个关注和必要的探索，以弥合理论和实践的差距。方法:于2020年2月至3月在埃塞俄比亚哈拉尔Jugal医院进行了横断面观察研究，该医院位于亚的斯亚贝巴以东525公里处。获得了Harar Health Science College机构审查委员会(IRB)的伦理许可(Ref.no.HHSC-27/2020)。得到了行政机关和答辩人的同意。使用SPSS version 20进行数据分析。结果:使用香皂的99人(59.64%)最多，仅用水的57人(34.34%)最多，使用醇基洗手液的10人(6.02%)最多，使用洗必泰液和洗手液洗手的人数最少。只有7人(4.22%)在从一名患者切换到另一名患者时洗手。只有27人(16.27%)按正确顺序洗手。共用病房毛巾是洗完手后烘干的首选方法，有111名(66.87%)的参与者使用了这种方法。缺乏水和肥皂是122名(73.49%)卫生工作者洗手的主要制约因素。结论:被调查卫生工作者的洗手习惯非常差，需要紧急干预。实施五种手部卫生运动是预防卫生保健相关感染的最佳方法。因此，医疗保健提供者应遵循这一原则来对抗与医疗保健相关的感染。
{"title":"Hand Washing Practices among Health Care Workers in Jugal Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia, 2020: In the Era of Corona Virus: Observational Study","authors":"East Ethiopia","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.197","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: the current burden of the spreading coronavirus (Covid-19) implied an action to review our basic strategies in hand hygiene practice. This calls for effective infection control measures in health care settings, in particular hand hygiene. Hence, hand hygiene practice will continue to be a concern and are essential to explore to bridge the theory practice gap. Methodology: Cross sectional observational study was conducted from February to March 2020 at Jugal hospital, Harar, Ethiopia, which is found 525 km to East of Addis Ababa. Ethical clearance was obtained from Harar Health Science College institutional review board (IRB) (Ref.no.HHSC-27/2020). Consent was obtained from both administrative body and respondent. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Result: Majority 99 (59.64%) said that they use Soap bar followed by 57(34.34%) only water and 10(6.02%) alcohol base sanitizer, whereas there is no any one answered Chlorhexidine solution and Liquid hand wash use for hand washing. Only 7 (4.22%) washed their hands when switching from one patient to the second patient. Only twenty seven (16.27%) followed correct sequence in hand washing. Shared ward towels drying was the preferred method of hand drying after washing which was seen in 111 (66.87%) of the participants. Lack of water and soap were the major constraints against washing hands which was seen among 122 (73.49%) Conclusion: Very poor practice with Hand washing practices among studied Health Care Workers is calling for urgent intervention. Implementing five movements of hand hygiene are the best method for preventing healthcare associated infections. Therefore, the health care provider should be followed this principle to fight healthcare associated infections.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"93 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73232079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is a global public health concern. The immune response in HBV represents a key factor in patient outcome. However, the relationship between viral replication and host immune reactivity remains a matter of investigation. Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate whether the cellular immune response of recently diagnosed and treatment naive chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients may be influenced by the replicative status of HBV. Towards this aim, the correlation between HBV viral load, HBsAg quantification and peripheral T-cell subpopulations CD8+CD38+. Methods: Proportions and absolute counts of CD8 CD38 T cells were determined using three-color flow cytometry in chronic hepatitis B patients (n=50) and healthy controls (n=35). Chronic hepatitis B patients were regularly followed for 48 weeks, during which period the T cell subsets, serum viral load and HBsAg quantitation were measured every 24 months. Results: There was a high level of CD8+CD38+% during the pretreatment stage (Mean 32.4514, standard deviation (SD) 16.8007) compared to the control group (Mean 19.4628, SD 9.75555), p=0.000. Significant decreases in CD8 count were detected 12 months after treatment initiation of HBV therapy (Mean 1359.44, SD 724.362) compared to the control group (Mean 1944.13, SD 948.931), p=0.001. There is a significant correlation between CD8+CD38+ count and serum HBV DNA. A Positive correlation was found between CD8+CD38+ count and HBsAg quantitation. Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between CD8+CD38+ T cells and HBsAg quantitation. The combined use of CD8+CD38+ T cells, HBsAg quantitation and HBV DNA assessment in patients with CHB may guide the clinicians as they guage the likelihood of treatment response.
{"title":"Cellular Immune Response (CD8+CD38+) in Relation to Hepatitis B Virus DNA Level and HBsAg Quantification in Hepatitis B Patients","authors":"G. Shiha, E. Toson, A. Elbeeh, H. Abdellatif","doi":"10.35248/1948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is a global public health concern. The immune response in HBV represents a key factor in patient outcome. However, the relationship between viral replication and host immune reactivity remains a matter of investigation. Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate whether the cellular immune response of recently diagnosed and treatment naive chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients may be influenced by the replicative status of HBV. Towards this aim, the correlation between HBV viral load, HBsAg quantification and peripheral T-cell subpopulations CD8+CD38+. Methods: Proportions and absolute counts of CD8 CD38 T cells were determined using three-color flow cytometry in chronic hepatitis B patients (n=50) and healthy controls (n=35). Chronic hepatitis B patients were regularly followed for 48 weeks, during which period the T cell subsets, serum viral load and HBsAg quantitation were measured every 24 months. Results: There was a high level of CD8+CD38+% during the pretreatment stage (Mean 32.4514, standard deviation (SD) 16.8007) compared to the control group (Mean 19.4628, SD 9.75555), p=0.000. Significant decreases in CD8 count were detected 12 months after treatment initiation of HBV therapy (Mean 1359.44, SD 724.362) compared to the control group (Mean 1944.13, SD 948.931), p=0.001. There is a significant correlation between CD8+CD38+ count and serum HBV DNA. A Positive correlation was found between CD8+CD38+ count and HBsAg quantitation. Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between CD8+CD38+ T cells and HBsAg quantitation. The combined use of CD8+CD38+ T cells, HBsAg quantitation and HBV DNA assessment in patients with CHB may guide the clinicians as they guage the likelihood of treatment response.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"118 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89448179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.20.S6.001
Dimitris Labrou
This article refers to the treatment devised by the author in order to treat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. There is talk of the properties of the virus, its genome and the proteins it encodes, as well as various articles, in order to highlight possible treatment aspects to be excluded, namely a treatment that targets endogenous adherents rather than the virus itself, due to high toxicity, as well as an RNAi treatment. Finally, the very treatment with references to the technique of liposomes as a means of transporting drugs and the technique of annihilating genes as a technique of oligonucleotides is introduced.
{"title":"Antivirus Therapy: Using Annihilating Inside Liposomes as a Bait for SARS-CoV2","authors":"Dimitris Labrou","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.20.S6.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.20.S6.001","url":null,"abstract":"This article refers to the treatment devised by the author in order to treat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. There is talk of the properties of the virus, its genome and the proteins it encodes, as well as various articles, in order to highlight possible treatment aspects to be excluded, namely a treatment that targets endogenous adherents rather than the virus itself, due to high toxicity, as well as an RNAi treatment. Finally, the very treatment with references to the technique of liposomes as a means of transporting drugs and the technique of annihilating genes as a technique of oligonucleotides is introduced.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75502011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.20.S6.E003
R. Sane
Coronaviruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing and shortness of breath. Some people, including older adults, are at risk of severe illness from these viruses. Coronaviruses are present in many species of animals, such as camels and bats. Mutations of the virus can infect humans. Previous outbreaks of diseases that coronaviruses have caused in humans have been severe. They typically spread rapidly and can cause death in some people. One example is severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which caused a pandemic in 2002. There were around 8,439 cases and 812 deaths as a result of the virus. The outbreak of the disease known as COVID-19 is the result of the novel coronavirus, now renamed SARS-CoV-2 that has spread rapidly across many parts of the world [1-3].
{"title":"Corona Virus Effects over the Human Body","authors":"R. Sane","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.20.S6.E003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.20.S6.E003","url":null,"abstract":"Coronaviruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing and shortness of breath. Some people, including older adults, are at risk of severe illness from these viruses. Coronaviruses are present in many species of animals, such as camels and bats. Mutations of the virus can infect humans. Previous outbreaks of diseases that coronaviruses have caused in humans have been severe. They typically spread rapidly and can cause death in some people. One example is severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which caused a pandemic in 2002. There were around 8,439 cases and 812 deaths as a result of the virus. The outbreak of the disease known as COVID-19 is the result of the novel coronavirus, now renamed SARS-CoV-2 that has spread rapidly across many parts of the world [1-3].","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84125442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.20.S8.E002
J. Varela
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) could also be a noncytopathic DNA virus that infects approximately 350 million people worldwide and should be a number one explanation for liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. The evolutionary dynamics of HBV are characterized by high mutation rates due to the error-prone polymerase (RT) and rapid replication rates. Thus, an outsized number of viral variants are constantly generated, creating great genetic diversity on which survival operates.
{"title":"Sequencing Analysis of Hepatitis","authors":"J. Varela","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.20.S8.E002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.20.S8.E002","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) could also be a noncytopathic DNA virus that infects approximately 350 million people worldwide and should be a number one explanation for liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. The evolutionary dynamics of HBV are characterized by high mutation rates due to the error-prone polymerase (RT) and rapid replication rates. Thus, an outsized number of viral variants are constantly generated, creating great genetic diversity on which survival operates.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"103 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72934075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.201
Debsopan Roy, S. Ansari, Aroni Chatterjee, A. Luganini, S. Ghosh, N. Chakraborty
Human Cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous opportunist pathogen capable of infecting newborns, immune compromised and immunosuppressed patients. Till date only a limited number of clinically approved drugs are available for treatment. All these drugs prove to be very effective against active HCMV infection but with their respective share of drawbacks. Anti-viral agents derived from natural compounds are the need of the hour. They have potent anti-viral property but lack the cytotoxic effect associated with their synthetic counterparts. In this regard the medicinal mushrooms have proven to be quite an interesting candidate of choice. We collected and isolated extracts from four different edible mushroom species and used them on in vitro cultured MRC5 and 1B4 cell lines. Cytotoxicity and anti-viral response for each mushroom was tested in a dose dependent and time dependent fashion. Among the four mushroom types, only Pleurotus sp. and Lentinus sp. were found to have potent anti-viral response with minimum cytotoxicity against human cytomegalovirus. Their crude extracts showed 100% inhibition of HCMV replication at 180 μg/ml and 160 μg/ml respectively. Our study highlights that extracts from both of these mushrooms can be used as alternative HCMV therapeutic strategy.
{"title":"In Vitro Search for Antiviral Activity against Human Cytomegalovirus from Medicinal Mushrooms Pleurotus sp. and Lentinus sp.","authors":"Debsopan Roy, S. Ansari, Aroni Chatterjee, A. Luganini, S. Ghosh, N. Chakraborty","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.20.12.201","url":null,"abstract":"Human Cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous opportunist pathogen capable of infecting newborns, immune compromised and immunosuppressed patients. Till date only a limited number of clinically approved drugs are available for treatment. All these drugs prove to be very effective against active HCMV infection but with their respective share of drawbacks. Anti-viral agents derived from natural compounds are the need of the hour. They have potent anti-viral property but lack the cytotoxic effect associated with their synthetic counterparts. In this regard the medicinal mushrooms have proven to be quite an interesting candidate of choice. We collected and isolated extracts from four different edible mushroom species and used them on in vitro cultured MRC5 and 1B4 cell lines. Cytotoxicity and anti-viral response for each mushroom was tested in a dose dependent and time dependent fashion. Among the four mushroom types, only Pleurotus sp. and Lentinus sp. were found to have potent anti-viral response with minimum cytotoxicity against human cytomegalovirus. Their crude extracts showed 100% inhibition of HCMV replication at 180 μg/ml and 160 μg/ml respectively. Our study highlights that extracts from both of these mushrooms can be used as alternative HCMV therapeutic strategy.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90496072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.20.S7.E001
Tahseen Asa Azad
{"title":"Insights of Antivirals: A New Drug Delivery Systems","authors":"Tahseen Asa Azad","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.20.S7.E001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.20.S7.E001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73725535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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