Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.E231
Suriya Chekkal
{"title":"Role of Protease Inhibitors to Treat HIV","authors":"Suriya Chekkal","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.E231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.E231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"2008 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78581234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.207
Madhu Rai, Yuvraj Kc, R. Gaur
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Due to the lack of complete understanding of SARS-CoV-2, the disease continues to accelerate at a fast pace affecting millions around the globe. But inspiringly, unanimous efforts by researchers globally, have led to repurposing of several antiviral drugs that have proven successful in saving millions of lives. This review sheds light upon SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogenesis and describes clinically favorable drugs currently being used in the treatment of infected patients. In addition, it gives a comprehensive insight of the current status of different types of vaccines under trial worldwide that might help us to tide over the pandemic.
{"title":"Current Therapeutics and Prophylactics against COVID-19","authors":"Madhu Rai, Yuvraj Kc, R. Gaur","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.207","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Due to the lack of complete understanding of SARS-CoV-2, the disease continues to accelerate at a fast pace affecting millions around the globe. But inspiringly, unanimous efforts by researchers globally, have led to repurposing of several antiviral drugs that have proven successful in saving millions of lives. This review sheds light upon SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogenesis and describes clinically favorable drugs currently being used in the treatment of infected patients. In addition, it gives a comprehensive insight of the current status of different types of vaccines under trial worldwide that might help us to tide over the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77003887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.S21.E004
S. Asher
{"title":"Advantages and Limitations of Bacteriophages","authors":"S. Asher","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.S21.E004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.S21.E004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81168276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.002
S. A. Bhat, B. Bhat, G. Gora
Avian influenza or bird flu, a highly contagious, transboundary, viral respiratory disease of birds and sporadically infecting humans. The disease is caused by Avian Influenza type A Virus (AIV), belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. These are enveloped, single-stranded, negative sense RNA viruses with segmented genome (8 segments), coding for 12 major proteins. The virus sub-typing is done based on the two important viral surface glycoproteins such as Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). The HA is involved in virus entry into the cell and NA in its release from the cell, thus playing an important role in influenza virus replication cycle. Till date, 16 HA and 9NA subtypes have been detected in birds, thus AIV can reemerge into 144 possible combinations [1]. Wild Aquatic birds act as natural reservoirs of influenza virus worldwide and the main source of infection to domestic poultry.
{"title":"Avian Influenza (H5N1) and its Pandemic Potential","authors":"S. A. Bhat, B. Bhat, G. Gora","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.S17.002","url":null,"abstract":"Avian influenza or bird flu, a highly contagious, transboundary, viral respiratory disease of birds and sporadically infecting humans. The disease is caused by Avian Influenza type A Virus (AIV), belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. These are enveloped, single-stranded, negative sense RNA viruses with segmented genome (8 segments), coding for 12 major proteins. The virus sub-typing is done based on the two important viral surface glycoproteins such as Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). The HA is involved in virus entry into the cell and NA in its release from the cell, thus playing an important role in influenza virus replication cycle. Till date, 16 HA and 9NA subtypes have been detected in birds, thus AIV can reemerge into 144 possible combinations [1]. Wild Aquatic birds act as natural reservoirs of influenza virus worldwide and the main source of infection to domestic poultry.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"119 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79376753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.S20.001
Tanay Chakrovarty, Ali Ahsan Setu, Sourav Dutta Dip, Md Shazid Hasan, Md. Tanvir Islam
The ongoing ravaging pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to emerge by acquiring new mutations. Several recent mutations under different clades render the virus to bind more efficiently to the human ACE-2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2) with its spike protein. Detection inefficiency due to mutation in the spike protein (deletion of Δ69-Δ70 amino acid residues) misleads the flawless result of the COVID-19 test is also a significant concern. Several vaccine candidates have been designed to diminish this pandemic, from which four have been authorized due to exigency and more candidates are in the pipeline. The prime revealing mutations from different lineages (lineage B.1.177, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28 by PANGOLIN) has up risen several questions, including the vaccine efficacy against the mutated strains, alternate detection methods, evading potential of SARS-CoV-2 and clade lineage as well. The new variants recent incarnation has proved to have high transmissibility rather than the previous D614G variant and also indicates the latest outbreak of the mutated strain in an uncontrollable state. This review study aims to reveal these mutations along with discussing several vaccine strategies. The study also aims to describe several alternate detection methods to identify their clade and lineages and try to answer the arising questions from the current situation.
{"title":"The Emerging Strains of SARS-CoV-2 and Current Vaccine Strategies: A Systemic Review","authors":"Tanay Chakrovarty, Ali Ahsan Setu, Sourav Dutta Dip, Md Shazid Hasan, Md. Tanvir Islam","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.S20.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.S20.001","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing ravaging pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to emerge by acquiring new mutations. Several recent mutations under different clades render the virus to bind more efficiently to the human ACE-2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2) with its spike protein. Detection inefficiency due to mutation in the spike protein (deletion of Δ69-Δ70 amino acid residues) misleads the flawless result of the COVID-19 test is also a significant concern. Several vaccine candidates have been designed to diminish this pandemic, from which four have been authorized due to exigency and more candidates are in the pipeline. The prime revealing mutations from different lineages (lineage B.1.177, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28 by PANGOLIN) has up risen several questions, including the vaccine efficacy against the mutated strains, alternate detection methods, evading potential of SARS-CoV-2 and clade lineage as well. The new variants recent incarnation has proved to have high transmissibility rather than the previous D614G variant and also indicates the latest outbreak of the mutated strain in an uncontrollable state. This review study aims to reveal these mutations along with discussing several vaccine strategies. The study also aims to describe several alternate detection methods to identify their clade and lineages and try to answer the arising questions from the current situation.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89423128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.230
Fassikaw Kebede, Tsehay Kebede, B. Kebede, Agumas Fentahun Ayalew
Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide spreading pandemic respiratory disease caused by a positive single strand (RNA) virus. The efforts for preventing COVID-19 pandemic remain fruitless and ineffective. So this study aims to assess Seroprevalence, Knowledge and Practice of COVID-19 prevention among quarantined individual in North West Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional-based survey was conducted on COVID-19 suspected quarantined individuals from 21 April-30 December 2020. The collected data were edited and enter into EPI-DATA 3.1 version, then export to STATA/R-14 (SE) software for analysis. Results: Of 4233 quarantined individuals who received the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test, 4230/99.78% were interviewed with a 99.82% response rate. The overall seroprevalence of COVID-19 symptom suspected quarantined individuals in North West Ethiopia was found 5.11, 95% CI (4.4-5.87). The overall knowledge and practice of prevention towards COVID-19 infection on isolated individuals were found 86.17 %( 95%CI: 85.1-87.2), and 62.82%; 95% CI: 60.75-63.8). Conclusion: The sero-prevalence of the quarantined population was high as compared with previously reported. The majority of the respondents know how to prevent themselves from the COVID-19, but changing this prevention knowledge into the practice of tackling was great gap.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Antivirals and Risks of Acquiring among Quarantined Individuals in North West Ethiopia: A Survey Study","authors":"Fassikaw Kebede, Tsehay Kebede, B. Kebede, Agumas Fentahun Ayalew","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.230","url":null,"abstract":"Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide spreading pandemic respiratory disease caused by a positive single strand (RNA) virus. The efforts for preventing COVID-19 pandemic remain fruitless and ineffective. So this study aims to assess Seroprevalence, Knowledge and Practice of COVID-19 prevention among quarantined individual in North West Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional-based survey was conducted on COVID-19 suspected quarantined individuals from 21 April-30 December 2020. The collected data were edited and enter into EPI-DATA 3.1 version, then export to STATA/R-14 (SE) software for analysis. Results: Of 4233 quarantined individuals who received the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test, 4230/99.78% were interviewed with a 99.82% response rate. The overall seroprevalence of COVID-19 symptom suspected quarantined individuals in North West Ethiopia was found 5.11, 95% CI (4.4-5.87). The overall knowledge and practice of prevention towards COVID-19 infection on isolated individuals were found 86.17 %( 95%CI: 85.1-87.2), and 62.82%; 95% CI: 60.75-63.8). Conclusion: The sero-prevalence of the quarantined population was high as compared with previously reported. The majority of the respondents know how to prevent themselves from the COVID-19, but changing this prevention knowledge into the practice of tackling was great gap.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78935810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.206
M. Tayyeb, M. Owais, M. Abbas, W. Ahmad, Syed Arshad Ullah, Ayub Jadoon, H. Khan
To-date humans suffered from a different pandemic disease which causes great loss. At the end of 2019, a few cases of high contagious flu were reported in the Wuhan, China. The death ratio is very high. Some common high-risk patients are cardiovascular disease patients, cancer patients, pregnant women, and foetuses. Ultra-Care is necessary for those pregnant women who are admitted for caesarean section surgery. Society of Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology revealed that in elective caesarean surgery the pregnant women should be a screen for the symptoms of COVID-19 before the procedure. During surgery along with other management, anaesthetic drugs are a key priority element. Among pregnant women, the safest anesthesia for caesarean with COVID-19 is Combine Spinal Epidural Anesthesia (CSEA). In emergency, caesarean surgery of COVID-19 patient general anesthesia with rapid sequence induction and the endotracheal tube is administered. It is recommended that pregnant women should be properly examined for symptoms of COVID-19 before surgery. The healthcare staff should wear proper PPE to avoid the spread of the virus. It is concluded that patient with other disease has increased the morbidity rate up to three-fold. The spinal and epidural anesthesia are safe for elective surgery of pregnant women.
{"title":"Anaesthetic Management for Emergent Caesarean Delivery in a Parturient with Recent Diagnosis of COVID-19","authors":"M. Tayyeb, M. Owais, M. Abbas, W. Ahmad, Syed Arshad Ullah, Ayub Jadoon, H. Khan","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.206","url":null,"abstract":"To-date humans suffered from a different pandemic disease which causes great loss. At the end of 2019, a few cases of high contagious flu were reported in the Wuhan, China. The death ratio is very high. Some common high-risk patients are cardiovascular disease patients, cancer patients, pregnant women, and foetuses. Ultra-Care is necessary for those pregnant women who are admitted for caesarean section surgery. Society of Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology revealed that in elective caesarean surgery the pregnant women should be a screen for the symptoms of COVID-19 before the procedure. During surgery along with other management, anaesthetic drugs are a key priority element. Among pregnant women, the safest anesthesia for caesarean with COVID-19 is Combine Spinal Epidural Anesthesia (CSEA). In emergency, caesarean surgery of COVID-19 patient general anesthesia with rapid sequence induction and the endotracheal tube is administered. It is recommended that pregnant women should be properly examined for symptoms of COVID-19 before surgery. The healthcare staff should wear proper PPE to avoid the spread of the virus. It is concluded that patient with other disease has increased the morbidity rate up to three-fold. The spinal and epidural anesthesia are safe for elective surgery of pregnant women.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90100987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.S20.003
K. Ali, A. Hasab, Noha M Awad, Y. Abed
Background: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, can be self-limiting or progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, HB occurs as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids, could be vertical from mother to baby or horizontal. Aim of the study: To assess the effectiveness of HB vaccine alone versus HBIG combined with HB vaccine in the interruption of neonatal HB viral infection. Methods: A Non-randomized clinical trial was conducted, 228 subjects distributed into two groups, the control group: newborns of mothers with inactive HBV infection were given HBIG and HB vaccine and, the intervention group: Newborns of mothers with inactive HBV infection were given HB vaccine alone. Results: showed that the two immunization regimens were effective in preventing HB vertical infection, GMT of the infants who vaccinated with HB vaccine alone (207.64 IU/L) higher than the infants who vaccinated with HB vaccine combined with HBIG (180.87 IU/L), the overall non-protective rate was 6.6% (15/228), (7.89%) among the control group compared to (5.26%) among the intervention group, RR 2.63, HBV incidence rate was zero. Conclusion: HB vaccine alone completely prevents HBV vertical infection and it`s not inferior to HB vaccine combined with HBIG.
{"title":"Non-Randomized Clinical Trial to Interrupt Vertical Hepatitis B Viral Infection","authors":"K. Ali, A. Hasab, Noha M Awad, Y. Abed","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.S20.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.S20.003","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, can be self-limiting or progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, HB occurs as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids, could be vertical from mother to baby or horizontal. Aim of the study: To assess the effectiveness of HB vaccine alone versus HBIG combined with HB vaccine in the interruption of neonatal HB viral infection. Methods: A Non-randomized clinical trial was conducted, 228 subjects distributed into two groups, the control group: newborns of mothers with inactive HBV infection were given HBIG and HB vaccine and, the intervention group: Newborns of mothers with inactive HBV infection were given HB vaccine alone. Results: showed that the two immunization regimens were effective in preventing HB vertical infection, GMT of the infants who vaccinated with HB vaccine alone (207.64 IU/L) higher than the infants who vaccinated with HB vaccine combined with HBIG (180.87 IU/L), the overall non-protective rate was 6.6% (15/228), (7.89%) among the control group compared to (5.26%) among the intervention group, RR 2.63, HBV incidence rate was zero. Conclusion: HB vaccine alone completely prevents HBV vertical infection and it`s not inferior to HB vaccine combined with HBIG.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87419301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.209
G. Ghosh
Recent media reported in India those weeks after first vaccine dose during the trial, a Minister got Covid-19. It may have hogged the headline in regard to India’s Covaxin produced by Bharat Biotech. But, the company soon issued a statement defending itself on this count stating, “Covaxin clinical trials are based on a two-dose schedule, given 28 days apart, and the vaccine has been designed to be efficacious when subjects receive both doses.”
{"title":"Covid-19 Pandemic and Vaccine Prospect: Lessons Learnt from HIV/AIDS","authors":"G. Ghosh","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.21.13.209","url":null,"abstract":"Recent media reported in India those weeks after first vaccine dose during the trial, a Minister got Covid-19. It may have hogged the headline in regard to India’s Covaxin produced by Bharat Biotech. But, the company soon issued a statement defending itself on this count stating, “Covaxin clinical trials are based on a two-dose schedule, given 28 days apart, and the vaccine has been designed to be efficacious when subjects receive both doses.”","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84517088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/1948-5964.21.13.221
J. Tunac
Objective: SARS-CoV disease caused by SARS-CoV-1 is of multifactorial etiology consisting of upstream and downstream phases. The upstream phase is the physical breach of the cells protective shield by extraneous stressors including the virus and environmental elements (xeno), while the downstream is a sequela of damages (plexic) manifested in various symptoms, herein called xenoplexic diseases. Symptom targeting drugs are ineffective and palliative at best. SARS-CoV is a xenoplexic disease best treated with a combo therapeutic strategy This study evaluates EmbotricinTM (EMB), a multicomponent compound, to treat SARS-CoV. Materials and methods: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), strain Urbani (200300592), obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta, GA) was used as the test virus. Female BALB/C mice obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA) were the animal host. New Chemical Entities (NCE) including FTX-214, FTX-218, and FTX-219 were formulated as a 3-component combo, herein called Embotricin (EMB). Also, a 4-component compound consisting of EMB plus sodium thiosulfate was evaluated. The 3- and 4-combo compounds were administered 2 days prior to infection, given by per os (PO) daily (q.d.) for 5 days. Poly I:C, a known antiviral compound acting as an immunomodulator was used as a comparative control, administered intraperitoneally (IP). Results: EMB at 3.1 mg/kg fixed dose (1:1:1 ratio) combo reduced viral load by 14.4% compared to 11.8% for poly I:C at 10 mg/kg dose. Addition of sodium thiosulfate (4-combo formulation) further boosted the activity to 16.6%. Increasing the 4-combo dosages to 4.65 mg/kg and 6.2 mg/kg further increased activity to 18.2% and 20.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The individual components synergistically targeted the upstream disease etiology and restore in toto the health of the cell to ward off SARS-CoV-1. Thus, combo therapy may well be a universal platform to treat xenoplexic diseases where monotherapies fail. The combo therapy effectively reduced the viral load of SARS-CoV-1, not by directly inhibiting the virus, but most likely due to enhancing the health of the cell.
{"title":"A Combo Compound Therapy Effectively Reduces SARS-CoV-1 Viral Load in Mouse Lung","authors":"J. Tunac","doi":"10.37421/1948-5964.21.13.221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/1948-5964.21.13.221","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: SARS-CoV disease caused by SARS-CoV-1 is of multifactorial etiology consisting of upstream and downstream phases. The upstream phase is the physical breach of the cells protective shield by extraneous stressors including the virus and environmental elements (xeno), while the downstream is a sequela of damages (plexic) manifested in various symptoms, herein called xenoplexic diseases. Symptom targeting drugs are ineffective and palliative at best. SARS-CoV is a xenoplexic disease best treated with a combo therapeutic strategy This study evaluates EmbotricinTM (EMB), a multicomponent compound, to treat SARS-CoV. Materials and methods: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), strain Urbani (200300592), obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta, GA) was used as the test virus. Female BALB/C mice obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA) were the animal host. New Chemical Entities (NCE) including FTX-214, FTX-218, and FTX-219 were formulated as a 3-component combo, herein called Embotricin (EMB). Also, a 4-component compound consisting of EMB plus sodium thiosulfate was evaluated. The 3- and 4-combo compounds were administered 2 days prior to infection, given by per os (PO) daily (q.d.) for 5 days. Poly I:C, a known antiviral compound acting as an immunomodulator was used as a comparative control, administered intraperitoneally (IP). Results: EMB at 3.1 mg/kg fixed dose (1:1:1 ratio) combo reduced viral load by 14.4% compared to 11.8% for poly I:C at 10 mg/kg dose. Addition of sodium thiosulfate (4-combo formulation) further boosted the activity to 16.6%. Increasing the 4-combo dosages to 4.65 mg/kg and 6.2 mg/kg further increased activity to 18.2% and 20.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The individual components synergistically targeted the upstream disease etiology and restore in toto the health of the cell to ward off SARS-CoV-1. Thus, combo therapy may well be a universal platform to treat xenoplexic diseases where monotherapies fail. The combo therapy effectively reduced the viral load of SARS-CoV-1, not by directly inhibiting the virus, but most likely due to enhancing the health of the cell.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"367 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84917293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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