Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1943807
M. Agustini, Anna Baloran, April Bagano, Ana Tan, S. Athanasius, B. Retnawati
ABSTRACT Green marketing has become increasingly important to promote environmental sustainability, and studies on the subject have been conducted, especially in developed countries. Therefore, this research evaluates the green marketing practices and issues of the selected firms in emerging countries. Information from in-depth interviews with three firms each from Indonesian and Philippines, which produce green products were explored and analyzed. The findings showed that the practices were slightly different due to variations in the level of knowledge, and the lack of consumers’ awareness and acceptance of the product was the main issue faced by firms.
{"title":"Green Marketing Practices and Issues: A Comparative Study of Selected Firms in Indonesia and Philippines","authors":"M. Agustini, Anna Baloran, April Bagano, Ana Tan, S. Athanasius, B. Retnawati","doi":"10.1080/10599231.2021.1943807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1943807","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Green marketing has become increasingly important to promote environmental sustainability, and studies on the subject have been conducted, especially in developed countries. Therefore, this research evaluates the green marketing practices and issues of the selected firms in emerging countries. Information from in-depth interviews with three firms each from Indonesian and Philippines, which produce green products were explored and analyzed. The findings showed that the practices were slightly different due to variations in the level of knowledge, and the lack of consumers’ awareness and acceptance of the product was the main issue faced by firms.","PeriodicalId":15043,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-Pacific Business","volume":"22 1","pages":"164 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10599231.2021.1943807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49634708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1943808
Sunetra Ghatak, P. De
ABSTRACT This article investigates the growth and regional disparity scenario that the Asian economies have been facing in the contemporary period. It attempts to investigate whether or not there exists income convergence across Asian economies over the period of 1990 to 2017 and also identifies the potential determinants. It empirically investigates the role of per capita income levels for the Asian countries with the help of β-convergence, σ-convergence and club convergence estimation methods. Using a panel data framework, this article investigates the possible determinants of the conditional convergence by undertaking the problem of endogeneity through different econometric models. The results confirm that the income gap among the countries appears to decline over time and there is a possibility of having unconditional convergence in the long run. The analysis supports the view of trade liberalization and recommends investing in the human capital and infrastructure to narrow down the regional disparity in Asia.
{"title":"Income Convergence Across Asian Economies: An Empirical Exploration","authors":"Sunetra Ghatak, P. De","doi":"10.1080/10599231.2021.1943808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1943808","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates the growth and regional disparity scenario that the Asian economies have been facing in the contemporary period. It attempts to investigate whether or not there exists income convergence across Asian economies over the period of 1990 to 2017 and also identifies the potential determinants. It empirically investigates the role of per capita income levels for the Asian countries with the help of β-convergence, σ-convergence and club convergence estimation methods. Using a panel data framework, this article investigates the possible determinants of the conditional convergence by undertaking the problem of endogeneity through different econometric models. The results confirm that the income gap among the countries appears to decline over time and there is a possibility of having unconditional convergence in the long run. The analysis supports the view of trade liberalization and recommends investing in the human capital and infrastructure to narrow down the regional disparity in Asia.","PeriodicalId":15043,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-Pacific Business","volume":"22 1","pages":"182 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44824167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1943809
A. Arokiasamy
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between perceived organizational support (POS), work engagement, and its implication to expatriate retention. This study used a quantitative method design as explanatory research with the purpose to explain the pattern of correlation between the concepts hypothesized. The focus of this study was the employees working in the private higher education institutions in Vietnam. The population in this study was the expatriates and the sample size used was 221 respondents, using simple random sampling. The analytical method used to test the hypotheses of the research was IBM SPSS AMOS 24.0. POS has a direct effect on work engagement and expatriate retention. The work engagement does not have a direct effect on expatriate retention but mediates the relationship between POS and expatriate retention. This study speculates that before expatriates are hired to work in the private higher education institutions in Vietnam, they should be made aware of the complexities that will arise working in a foreign country with mostly homogeneous workforce and emphasize on positive and proactive behavior to counter stress, challenges and embrace seamless adaptation. This is one of few research studies comprehensively investigating the relationship between POS (independent variable), work engagement (mediating variable), and expatriate retention (dependent variable). The novelty of this research is in its effort to observe the mediation of work engagement with POS and expatriate retention. In this study, work engagement and expatriate retention were found to be negative but significant hence no previous studies have found a relationship between these variables. Furthermore, it is the first to test the model on the private higher education institution sector in Vietnam.
{"title":"The Uncharted Territory: Plotting the Relationships between Perceived Organizational Support, Work Engagement and Expatriate Retention in Vietnam","authors":"A. Arokiasamy","doi":"10.1080/10599231.2021.1943809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1943809","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between perceived organizational support (POS), work engagement, and its implication to expatriate retention. This study used a quantitative method design as explanatory research with the purpose to explain the pattern of correlation between the concepts hypothesized. The focus of this study was the employees working in the private higher education institutions in Vietnam. The population in this study was the expatriates and the sample size used was 221 respondents, using simple random sampling. The analytical method used to test the hypotheses of the research was IBM SPSS AMOS 24.0. POS has a direct effect on work engagement and expatriate retention. The work engagement does not have a direct effect on expatriate retention but mediates the relationship between POS and expatriate retention. This study speculates that before expatriates are hired to work in the private higher education institutions in Vietnam, they should be made aware of the complexities that will arise working in a foreign country with mostly homogeneous workforce and emphasize on positive and proactive behavior to counter stress, challenges and embrace seamless adaptation. This is one of few research studies comprehensively investigating the relationship between POS (independent variable), work engagement (mediating variable), and expatriate retention (dependent variable). The novelty of this research is in its effort to observe the mediation of work engagement with POS and expatriate retention. In this study, work engagement and expatriate retention were found to be negative but significant hence no previous studies have found a relationship between these variables. Furthermore, it is the first to test the model on the private higher education institution sector in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":15043,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-Pacific Business","volume":"22 1","pages":"201 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10599231.2021.1943809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47374217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1958282
R. Ajami, Kamel M. Abdallah, H. Karimi
The Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, announced in 2013 an ambitious two-trade corridors: The One Belt and the One Road (OBOR) initiatives to link the Chinese economy with its neighbors to the West and to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The Belt and the maritime Road reach Venice in Europe. The economic geography of the participants is central Asia countries Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan along with Asian boundary countries. Additionally, the route of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is likely to include Guangzhou, Beihai, Haikou, Hanoi, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Colombo, Kolkata, Nairobi, Athens, and Venice. This Chinese-centric scheme represents one-third of the global GDP and an estimated one-fourth of global trade and could provide for significant economic transformation along both the Road and the Belt. The economic scheme is initially estimated to cost .9 trillion dollars during the first phase and an additional 3 trillion dollars in annual investments following the first stage. US President Biden stated at the conclusion of the recent G7 Summit that the participating market-based Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) economies agreed, “to a democratic alternative to the One Belt and One Road initiative.” To the OECD countries, transparency matters, and a market-based transnational-centric approach could provide a better opportunity for economic development. Our article proposes to highlight the important metrics and economic opportunities and challenges of the OBOR initiative. China indicated that its financial institutions and banking sector could provide up to 8 trillion dollars to cover the cost of the needed infrastructure in transportation, highways, and port facilities going through over sixty countries, ultimately benefitting an estimated 60% of the world’s population. The current GDP estimates of China are 18% of the global GDP and of the United States, 25% of global GDP. From the Chinese perspective, OBOR will benefit the lesser economic region of China (Xingong) and other bordering Chinese regions in the west of the country. The Chinese manufacturing center will also benefit, and so will the steel industry, telecommunications, and
{"title":"China’s One Belt, One Road: Vis À Vis a Market-based Alternative Transnational Economic Framework","authors":"R. Ajami, Kamel M. Abdallah, H. Karimi","doi":"10.1080/10599231.2021.1958282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1958282","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, announced in 2013 an ambitious two-trade corridors: The One Belt and the One Road (OBOR) initiatives to link the Chinese economy with its neighbors to the West and to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The Belt and the maritime Road reach Venice in Europe. The economic geography of the participants is central Asia countries Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan along with Asian boundary countries. Additionally, the route of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is likely to include Guangzhou, Beihai, Haikou, Hanoi, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Colombo, Kolkata, Nairobi, Athens, and Venice. This Chinese-centric scheme represents one-third of the global GDP and an estimated one-fourth of global trade and could provide for significant economic transformation along both the Road and the Belt. The economic scheme is initially estimated to cost .9 trillion dollars during the first phase and an additional 3 trillion dollars in annual investments following the first stage. US President Biden stated at the conclusion of the recent G7 Summit that the participating market-based Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) economies agreed, “to a democratic alternative to the One Belt and One Road initiative.” To the OECD countries, transparency matters, and a market-based transnational-centric approach could provide a better opportunity for economic development. Our article proposes to highlight the important metrics and economic opportunities and challenges of the OBOR initiative. China indicated that its financial institutions and banking sector could provide up to 8 trillion dollars to cover the cost of the needed infrastructure in transportation, highways, and port facilities going through over sixty countries, ultimately benefitting an estimated 60% of the world’s population. The current GDP estimates of China are 18% of the global GDP and of the United States, 25% of global GDP. From the Chinese perspective, OBOR will benefit the lesser economic region of China (Xingong) and other bordering Chinese regions in the west of the country. The Chinese manufacturing center will also benefit, and so will the steel industry, telecommunications, and","PeriodicalId":15043,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-Pacific Business","volume":"22 1","pages":"159 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10599231.2021.1958282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44167562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1905493
Long She, S. Sharif, Hamid Sharif Nia
ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the modified online compulsive buying scale. A convenience sample of 539 Chinese university students were recruited in four major cities in China. The scale was translated from English to Chinese using forward-backward method. Performing a maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis revealed one factor consisting of 10 items, which was confirmed by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability, face validity, content validity, and construct validity of the scale were assessed. The Chinese version of the modified online compulsive buying scale showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .909), and good construct reliability (composite reliability = .911, maximal reliability = .919, McDonald’s omega = .910). Moreover, convergent validity of the scale was established (average variance extracted = .510). The validated instrument can be used in future studies to measure young consumers’ online compulsive buying behavior in China.
{"title":"Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of the Modified Online Compulsive Buying Scale among Chinese Young Consumers","authors":"Long She, S. Sharif, Hamid Sharif Nia","doi":"10.1080/10599231.2021.1905493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905493","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the modified online compulsive buying scale. A convenience sample of 539 Chinese university students were recruited in four major cities in China. The scale was translated from English to Chinese using forward-backward method. Performing a maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis revealed one factor consisting of 10 items, which was confirmed by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability, face validity, content validity, and construct validity of the scale were assessed. The Chinese version of the modified online compulsive buying scale showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .909), and good construct reliability (composite reliability = .911, maximal reliability = .919, McDonald’s omega = .910). Moreover, convergent validity of the scale was established (average variance extracted = .510). The validated instrument can be used in future studies to measure young consumers’ online compulsive buying behavior in China.","PeriodicalId":15043,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-Pacific Business","volume":"22 1","pages":"121 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46997099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1905494
L. T. Dung
ABSTRACT The study explores how employees respond to internal CSR practices and contribute to organizational outcomes at the macro and micro-level with the mediating role of employee intrapreneurial behavior. Based on a primary data sample collected from 607 employees at 23 pharmaceutical firms in Ho Chi Minh City of Vietnam, using a structural equation model (SEM). The estimates results reveal the significant effects of employee perception of internal CSR dimensions on organizational performance and innovative behavior with the mediation role of employee intrapreneurial behaviors. However, the direct effect of internal CSR constructs on organizational outcomes is weakly significant. It is acknowledged that having a particular concern with the welfare of employees will boost the efficient outcomes of the organizations.
{"title":"The Mediating Role of Employee Intrapreneurial Behavior in Nexus between Constructs of Internal Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Organizational Outcomes","authors":"L. T. Dung","doi":"10.1080/10599231.2021.1905494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905494","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study explores how employees respond to internal CSR practices and contribute to organizational outcomes at the macro and micro-level with the mediating role of employee intrapreneurial behavior. Based on a primary data sample collected from 607 employees at 23 pharmaceutical firms in Ho Chi Minh City of Vietnam, using a structural equation model (SEM). The estimates results reveal the significant effects of employee perception of internal CSR dimensions on organizational performance and innovative behavior with the mediation role of employee intrapreneurial behaviors. However, the direct effect of internal CSR constructs on organizational outcomes is weakly significant. It is acknowledged that having a particular concern with the welfare of employees will boost the efficient outcomes of the organizations.","PeriodicalId":15043,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-Pacific Business","volume":"22 1","pages":"134 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43118761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1905492
R. Verma, Abhishek Kumar, Rohit Bansal
ABSTRACT This research examines the impact of the lockdown announcement imposed by the Indian government on the different leading sectors of the economy such as pharmaceuticals, FMCG, Financial services, banking, energy, etc. Event study method has been used to analyze the data. Lockdown announcement day has been considered as the event for our study. We have taken a 40-day event window, i.e., 20 days before and 20 days after the date of the announcement. Secondary data is used in the study and the same is collected from the NSE website. Using MS Excel, we have applied three methods for analysis—mean-adjusted, market-adjusted, and risk-adjusted abnormal return. Auto, Bank, Financial Services, FMCG, IT, Media, Metal, Pharma, Private bank, PSU Bank, Realty, Oil & Gas, and Energy are sectors of NSE that were taken for the study. Our results indicated that most of the sectors performed positively and gained abnormal returns during 21 days after the announcement. It showed that these sectors recovered their position after going down the market index. This shows that investors were confident that the impact was due to the abnormal condition of the market and not due to the fault or fundamental problems of these sectors. Based on the results, investors may decide to hold their position in the stock that has recovered during the period. Also, investors can diversify their portfolio in those sectors to which abnormal return was positive besides the COVID-19 impact. This is the first study to analyze the effects of the announcement of lockdown due to COVID-19 on the stock market performance of different sectors using the event study method in the context Indian stock market.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Different Sectors of the Economy Using Event Study Method: An Indian Perspective","authors":"R. Verma, Abhishek Kumar, Rohit Bansal","doi":"10.1080/10599231.2021.1905492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905492","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research examines the impact of the lockdown announcement imposed by the Indian government on the different leading sectors of the economy such as pharmaceuticals, FMCG, Financial services, banking, energy, etc. Event study method has been used to analyze the data. Lockdown announcement day has been considered as the event for our study. We have taken a 40-day event window, i.e., 20 days before and 20 days after the date of the announcement. Secondary data is used in the study and the same is collected from the NSE website. Using MS Excel, we have applied three methods for analysis—mean-adjusted, market-adjusted, and risk-adjusted abnormal return. Auto, Bank, Financial Services, FMCG, IT, Media, Metal, Pharma, Private bank, PSU Bank, Realty, Oil & Gas, and Energy are sectors of NSE that were taken for the study. Our results indicated that most of the sectors performed positively and gained abnormal returns during 21 days after the announcement. It showed that these sectors recovered their position after going down the market index. This shows that investors were confident that the impact was due to the abnormal condition of the market and not due to the fault or fundamental problems of these sectors. Based on the results, investors may decide to hold their position in the stock that has recovered during the period. Also, investors can diversify their portfolio in those sectors to which abnormal return was positive besides the COVID-19 impact. This is the first study to analyze the effects of the announcement of lockdown due to COVID-19 on the stock market performance of different sectors using the event study method in the context Indian stock market.","PeriodicalId":15043,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-Pacific Business","volume":"22 1","pages":"109 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49355413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1905500
M. Kavoossi
{"title":"Review of Crosswinds: The Way of Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Kavoossi","doi":"10.1080/10599231.2021.1905500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905500","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15043,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asia-Pacific Business","volume":"22 1","pages":"157 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47244615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-24DOI: 10.1080/10599231.2021.1905491
R. Ajami, H. Karimi
China’s economic development and growth during the last part of this century are exemplary. Growth rates and the GDP exceeding 10% have allowed China to achieve economic development for its middle class. A significant proportion of its 1.3 billion individuals have been lifted out of poverty, and following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese GDP for 2021 is estimated to exceed 6%. China is also leading in terms of innovation, artificial intelligence, and transportation. High-speed trains with speeds north of 200 kph have managed to connect the country and have made it possible for the rural population to move about and work in urban areas. Chinese workers in urban communities have managed to create a large financial savings pool and have sent back money to their rural families, making it possible for all Chinese to improve their lifestyles. Today, China’s GDP is second to that of the United States; however, in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), analysts argue that Chinese GDP is higher than its proclaimed value of 11 trillion dollars. Regardless of the numbers, early during the 2030s, China’s GDP will equal or could surpass that of the United States. By that time, also, the Chinese currency could begin to be used as a currency for far more of world trade, investments, and could allow the Chinese currency to compete with the established financial power and liquidity of the US dollar. Another area of arrival and reach of the Chinese economy relates to the fact that technology and Artificial Intelligence are going to be sectors, whereby the Chinese can continue to compete and challenge both the United States and the European economy. Japan, the traditional second-leading economy following the United States, has lost to the Chinese, and not far behind, India, is equally emerging to be a source of technological development, Artificial Intelligence, and with its highly educated population and their ability to speak English, the arrival and reach of China could find potential challenges. In 2020, China was one of the leading exporters, along with the United States and Germany. While continuing its position as a leading exporter, the Chinese government believes that the emerging middle class will make it possible to continue its economic growth without its earlier reliance on exports. China has grown within Asia itself with significant investments in countries like Cambodia and Vietnam, among others. Another aspect of Chinese arrival and its growth in markets outside its country is the ability of JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BUSINESS 2021, VOL. 22, NO. 2, 105–108 https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905491
中国在本世纪后半叶的经济发展和增长堪称典范。增长率和超过10%的GDP使中国能够实现中产阶级的经济发展。中国13亿人口中有相当一部分人摆脱了贫困，预计2021年中国国内生产总值将超过6%。中国在创新、人工智能和交通方面也处于领先地位。时速200公里以上的高铁成功地连接了全国，使农村人口在城市地区流动和工作成为可能。城市社区的中国工人成功地建立了一个庞大的金融储蓄池，并将钱寄回农村家庭，使所有中国人都有可能改善他们的生活方式。今天，中国的GDP仅次于美国;然而，根据购买力平价(PPP)，分析人士认为，中国的GDP高于其宣称的11万亿美元的价值。不管数字如何，本世纪30年代初，中国的GDP将赶上或可能超过美国。到那时，人民币也可以开始在更多的世界贸易和投资中被用作货币，并可能使人民币与美元的既有金融实力和流动性竞争。中国经济到达和触及的另一个领域与技术和人工智能将成为中国可以继续与美国和欧洲经济竞争和挑战的领域有关。日本，传统上仅次于美国的第二大经济体，已经输给了中国，紧随其后的是印度，同样正在成为技术发展和人工智能的来源，由于其受过高等教育的人口和他们说英语的能力，中国的到来和影响可能会遇到潜在的挑战。2020年，中国与美国和德国一起成为主要出口国之一。在继续保持其主要出口国地位的同时，中国政府相信，新兴的中产阶级将使其有可能在不依赖出口的情况下继续经济增长。中国在亚洲内部实现了增长，在柬埔寨和越南等国进行了大量投资。中国的到来及其在国外市场的增长的另一个方面是《亚太商业杂志》(JOURNAL of ASIA-PACIFIC BUSINESS) 2021年第22卷第2期的能力。2,105 - 108 https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905491
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