Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) is a perennial herb known for its medicinal properties and is a common ingredient in Ayurvedic medicine, used for the prevention and treatment of several health disorders. Turmeric is also used as a common product in traditional pest management practices in India. As the pertinent problems associated with long-time exposure to chemical insecticides are becoming well known, the search for more eco-friendly alternatives has become necessary. In the present study, we aim to understand the efficiency of turmeric as a potent botanical against the common stored grain pest of legumes, Callosobruchus chinensis. Computer–based in-silico techniques are used as they allow a faster and more precise assessment of drug action. Direct toxicity tests are performed and the results are corroborated with the in-silico simulations to confirm the efficacy of turmeric as a potent botanical in management of C. chinensis.
{"title":"Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) in management of Callosobruchus chinensis L.: In-silico analysis","authors":"Lupamudra Borah, R. Ahmed, A. Verma, Suraj Chetri","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/31878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/31878","url":null,"abstract":"Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) is a perennial herb known for its medicinal properties and is a common ingredient in Ayurvedic medicine, used for the prevention and treatment of several health disorders. Turmeric is also used as a common product in traditional pest management practices in India. As the pertinent problems associated with long-time exposure to chemical insecticides are becoming well known, the search for more eco-friendly alternatives has become necessary. In the present study, we aim to understand the efficiency of turmeric as a potent botanical against the common stored grain pest of legumes, Callosobruchus chinensis. Computer–based in-silico techniques are used as they allow a faster and more precise assessment of drug action. Direct toxicity tests are performed and the results are corroborated with the in-silico simulations to confirm the efficacy of turmeric as a potent botanical in management of C. chinensis.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86531864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kanchan Mhasagar, A. Sadawarte, Punam N. Madavi, Y. Ingle
Red whitefly fungus, Aschersonia aleyrodis (Webber) is a fungal pathogen of nymphs of blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby) and whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) on the citrus plant. It is used as a promising biological control agent. In the present study, attempts have been made to check the efficacy of A. aleyrodis biopesticides for the management of citrus blackfly and whitefly under laboratory condition. Probit analysis for LC50 values of 2nd instar nymph was calculated 1.1 x 108 spore/ml and 1.8 x 107 spore/ml and LT50 values, 8.14 to 13.77 days and 6.88 to 9.72 days were derived for 2nd instar nymph of citrus blackfly and whitefly at respective concentration. Cross infectivity was found non-pathogenic to citrus aphids and mealybugs. Among the insecticides, Dimethoate 30 % EC was observed compatible with A. aleyrodis as it shows less inhibition at the half and recommended dose of insecticide.
{"title":"Laboratory evaluation of Aschersonia aleyrodis (Webber) against citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby) and whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead)","authors":"Kanchan Mhasagar, A. Sadawarte, Punam N. Madavi, Y. Ingle","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/32200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/32200","url":null,"abstract":"Red whitefly fungus, Aschersonia aleyrodis (Webber) is a fungal pathogen of nymphs of blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby) and whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) on the citrus plant. It is used as a promising biological control agent. In the present study, attempts have been made to check the efficacy of A. aleyrodis biopesticides for the management of citrus blackfly and whitefly under laboratory condition. Probit analysis for LC50 values of 2nd instar nymph was calculated 1.1 x 108 spore/ml and 1.8 x 107 spore/ml and LT50 values, 8.14 to 13.77 days and 6.88 to 9.72 days were derived for 2nd instar nymph of citrus blackfly and whitefly at respective concentration. Cross infectivity was found non-pathogenic to citrus aphids and mealybugs. Among the insecticides, Dimethoate 30 % EC was observed compatible with A. aleyrodis as it shows less inhibition at the half and recommended dose of insecticide.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78370346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ullas Prasanna S., K. V, R. S., V. N. M., S. Nayaka, Raagavalli K., A. S
Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cubense (Foc) race is an archetypally soil-born fungus causing chief fiscal damage to farmers growing banana plants. Supervising Foc is attained by the habit of chemical fungicides which undesirably harm the soil fertility. Our investigations intended to activate the aptitude of Trichoderma strains for activation of PGPR and IIR. The activation and accretion of defence enzymes such as Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) and Peroxidase (PO) are been amplified by inoculation, and treatment with a combination of Trichoderma harzanium and Trichoderma viride strains (T3-H1+V1). Besides combination-based inoculum treatments gave best results than individual and fungicide-treated plantlets for supervising Foc pathogenesis. Based on the results we conclude that usage of T1-H1 and T2-H2 treatments with a combination such as T3-H1+V1 gave promising results and can be used as a prominent biocontrol formulation for inducing defence enzymes and PGPR in Musa paradisica cv. Malnad Rasbale.
古巴尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cubense, Foc)是一种典型的土生真菌，对种植香蕉的农民造成主要经济损失。监测Foc是通过化学杀菌剂的习惯来实现的，而化学杀菌剂会对土壤肥力造成不良影响。我们的研究旨在激活木霉菌株激活PGPR和IIR的能力。接种哈扎木霉和绿木霉(T3-H1+V1)组合处理可增强多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(PO)等防御酶的激活和增加。此外，联合接种对Foc发病机制的监测效果优于单独接种和杀菌剂接种。综上所述，T1-H1和T2-H2处理与T3-H1+V1组合使用具有良好的效果，可以作为诱导天堂菇防御酶和PGPR的重要生物防治配方。Malnad Rasbale。
{"title":"Trichoderma spp. intervened activation of defensive enzymes in Musa paradisiaca cv. Malnad Rasbale plantlets","authors":"Ullas Prasanna S., K. V, R. S., V. N. M., S. Nayaka, Raagavalli K., A. S","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/29329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/29329","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cubense (Foc) race is an archetypally soil-born fungus causing chief fiscal damage to farmers growing banana plants. Supervising Foc is attained by the habit of chemical fungicides which undesirably harm the soil fertility. Our investigations intended to activate the aptitude of Trichoderma strains for activation of PGPR and IIR. The activation and accretion of defence enzymes such as Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) and Peroxidase (PO) are been amplified by inoculation, and treatment with a combination of Trichoderma harzanium and Trichoderma viride strains (T3-H1+V1). Besides combination-based inoculum treatments gave best results than individual and fungicide-treated plantlets for supervising Foc pathogenesis. Based on the results we conclude that usage of T1-H1 and T2-H2 treatments with a combination such as T3-H1+V1 gave promising results and can be used as a prominent biocontrol formulation for inducing defence enzymes and PGPR in Musa paradisica cv. Malnad Rasbale.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91077844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Debnath A. Roy, A. Bandẏopādhẏāẏa, P. Bhattacharya
Biocontrol agents including microbials and macrobials are being used against several crop pests and diseases. The microbial bioagents should be formulated properly for making the product stable, effective, safer and obviously economic in case of storage and field level application. Several workers reported that amendments like chitin and ammonium sulphate will enhance the bioefficacy of Trichoderma isolates and shows positive effect on multiplication and storage of Trichoderma sp. In the present studies, an attempt was made to develop the Trichoderma sp. formulations in form of talc, sago, dalia and pellets using bentonite and wheat flour. Ammonium sulphate (0.5% and 1%) and chitin (01%) was used to increase the storage life and multiplication of the Trichoderma sp. Sago and dalia proved to be a good substrate of the bioagent under study in comparison to the conventional substrate talc. Among the amendments in the growth media, 1% chitin may be an effective supplement to the growth media for increasing its survival in storage. The interaction studies between different substrates and amendments selected to increase the shelf life, a combination of sago and 1% chitin was found to be effective for rapid multiplication of Trichoderma isolate. The rate of decline in population was found low in alginate prills both in bentonite and wheat and higher in organic substrates as vermicompost, sago and dalia with highest rate in dalia.
{"title":"Studies on the shelf life of Trichoderma isolate in talc, prills, vermicompost, sago and dalia based formulations","authors":"Debnath A. Roy, A. Bandẏopādhẏāẏa, P. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/24976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/24976","url":null,"abstract":"Biocontrol agents including microbials and macrobials are being used against several crop pests and diseases. The microbial bioagents should be formulated properly for making the product stable, effective, safer and obviously economic in case of storage and field level application. Several workers reported that amendments like chitin and ammonium sulphate will enhance the bioefficacy of Trichoderma isolates and shows positive effect on multiplication and storage of Trichoderma sp. In the present studies, an attempt was made to develop the Trichoderma sp. formulations in form of talc, sago, dalia and pellets using bentonite and wheat flour. Ammonium sulphate (0.5% and 1%) and chitin (01%) was used to increase the storage life and multiplication of the Trichoderma sp. Sago and dalia proved to be a good substrate of the bioagent under study in comparison to the conventional substrate talc. Among the amendments in the growth media, 1% chitin may be an effective supplement to the growth media for increasing its survival in storage. The interaction studies between different substrates and amendments selected to increase the shelf life, a combination of sago and 1% chitin was found to be effective for rapid multiplication of Trichoderma isolate. The rate of decline in population was found low in alginate prills both in bentonite and wheat and higher in organic substrates as vermicompost, sago and dalia with highest rate in dalia.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"174 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79627853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Anbazhagan, M. Theradimani, V. Ramamoorthy, P. Vellaikumar, S. Juliet Hepziba
False smut disease of rice incited by Ustilaginoidea virens is an organ-specific pathogen that causes chalkiness of grain which leads to a reduction in 1000 grain test weight and yield. The dual culture assay results revealed that each Trichoderma isolates suppress the mean mycelial growth of U. virens under in-vitro conditions. Among the nine different Trichoderma isolates, 3 isolates were selected as effective isolates viz., TKM1, TKT9 and TTN5. Among these three effective isolates, maximum mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in the isolate TKM1 with 80.18 percentage reduction over control. The SEM photographs revealed that the hyphal round off in U. virens which is mainly due to the production of volatiles through direct antagonistic activity and competition through indirect antagonistic activity in which conidial adherence of T. harzianum over the surface of the mycelial mat of U. virens was observed. In 2020, the field experiment results revealed that the minimum disease severity was recorded when the Trichoderma isolate TKM1 was sprayed during booting stage with 4.61%, 50% PE stage with 17.91% and 100% PE with 21.86%. In 2021 the disease severity varied from 9.21% to 69.59%. The lowest disease severity was recorded in the plots sprayed with propiconazole fungicide with 9.21%. However, the disease severity recorded in fungicide treated plots were statistically on par with the Trichoderma isolate TKM1 treated plots at 50% PE spray with 10.60%. The disease severity recorded in the plots sprayed with TKM1 showed non-significant relationship with the fungicide treated plots which clearly revealed that the control efficacy of both TKM1 and Propiconazole treated plots were similar with each other. Among the Trichoderma treated plots the yield gain varied from 10.01% to17.20%. The yield gain was found to be 18.35% in fungicide treated plots. The yield and yield gain obtained by the effective isolate TKM1 (yield = 6405 kg/ha and yield gain = 17.20%) was statistically on par with propiconazole treated plots and significantly showed better yield and yield gain than the control plots. In 2021 among the Trichoderma treated plots the yield gain varied from 4.10% to 10.16%. The maximum yield gain was recorded in the fungicide treated plots (12.00%).
{"title":"Eco-friendly management of false smut disease of rice incited by Ustilaginoidea virens through the application of Trichoderma spp","authors":"P. Anbazhagan, M. Theradimani, V. Ramamoorthy, P. Vellaikumar, S. Juliet Hepziba","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/30756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/30756","url":null,"abstract":"False smut disease of rice incited by Ustilaginoidea virens is an organ-specific pathogen that causes chalkiness of grain which leads to a reduction in 1000 grain test weight and yield. The dual culture assay results revealed that each Trichoderma isolates suppress the mean mycelial growth of U. virens under in-vitro conditions. Among the nine different Trichoderma isolates, 3 isolates were selected as effective isolates viz., TKM1, TKT9 and TTN5. Among these three effective isolates, maximum mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in the isolate TKM1 with 80.18 percentage reduction over control. The SEM photographs revealed that the hyphal round off in U. virens which is mainly due to the production of volatiles through direct antagonistic activity and competition through indirect antagonistic activity in which conidial adherence of T. harzianum over the surface of the mycelial mat of U. virens was observed. In 2020, the field experiment results revealed that the minimum disease severity was recorded when the Trichoderma isolate TKM1 was sprayed during booting stage with 4.61%, 50% PE stage with 17.91% and 100% PE with 21.86%. In 2021 the disease severity varied from 9.21% to 69.59%. The lowest disease severity was recorded in the plots sprayed with propiconazole fungicide with 9.21%. However, the disease severity recorded in fungicide treated plots were statistically on par with the Trichoderma isolate TKM1 treated plots at 50% PE spray with 10.60%. The disease severity recorded in the plots sprayed with TKM1 showed non-significant relationship with the fungicide treated plots which clearly revealed that the control efficacy of both TKM1 and Propiconazole treated plots were similar with each other. Among the Trichoderma treated plots the yield gain varied from 10.01% to17.20%. The yield gain was found to be 18.35% in fungicide treated plots. The yield and yield gain obtained by the effective isolate TKM1 (yield = 6405 kg/ha and yield gain = 17.20%) was statistically on par with propiconazole treated plots and significantly showed better yield and yield gain than the control plots. In 2021 among the Trichoderma treated plots the yield gain varied from 4.10% to 10.16%. The maximum yield gain was recorded in the fungicide treated plots (12.00%).","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"397 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77767526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was aimed to document and compare the diversity of vespid wasps (Hymenoptera:Vespidae) in the forest ecosystem and agroecosystem located in the Western Ghats region of Goa, India. We used moericke traps for sampling and collected a total of 231 individuals belonging to 19 species, 12 genera and 4 subfamilies of Vespidae between January to December 2019. It was found that the forest ecosystem with 125 individuals belonging to 19 species, 12 genera and 4 subfamilies was rich in Vespidae diversity as compared to agroecosystem with 106 individuals belonging to 13 species, 7 genera and 3 subfamilies.
{"title":"Diversity of vespid wasps (Hymenoptera:Vespidae) in agroecosystem and forest ecosystem of Western Ghats region of Goa, India","authors":"Sandesh M. Gawas, Ankita Gupta","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/30215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/30215","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was aimed to document and compare the diversity of vespid wasps (Hymenoptera:Vespidae) in the forest ecosystem and agroecosystem located in the Western Ghats region of Goa, India. We used moericke traps for sampling and collected a total of 231 individuals belonging to 19 species, 12 genera and 4 subfamilies of Vespidae between January to December 2019. It was found that the forest ecosystem with 125 individuals belonging to 19 species, 12 genera and 4 subfamilies was rich in Vespidae diversity as compared to agroecosystem with 106 individuals belonging to 13 species, 7 genera and 3 subfamilies.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86022337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brendon Fu-jing Chiew, G. H. Ong, Rui-Rui Wong, K. Wong, K. Loh
Usage of conventional synthetic insecticide to control insect pests has increased to improve crops yield and production to meet the global food demands of a growing population. However, it should not be neglected that synthetic insecticide causes negative impacts on humans, livestock as well as the environment. This review aims to provide data on entomopathogenic fungi species that can be developed into bioinsecticide to control insect pests, in order to reduce the usage of synthetic insecticide. The fungi are discussed based on two criteria, its effectiveness in controlling the targeted pests, and its safety level to humans, non-targeted organisms, and the environment. Relevant data and information on entomopathogenic fungi from various research tools including Google Scholar, NCBI, Science Direct and Researchgate were compiled into tables for comparison and analysed. Six entomopathogenic fungi namely Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Hirsutella thompsonii are proposed as having the required criteria having potential to control targeted insects by means of producing various toxins or metabolites with insecticidal properties. Five out of the six species, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, V. lecanii and N. rileyi are safe to humans, non-targeted organisms, and the environment. Furthermore, all these fungi can be mass produced to ensure their availability to be used as a biocontrol agents. However, future studies are required for further justification for harmful metabolites produced and their impact on environment.
{"title":"Safeness and effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi for use as bioinsecticide: A mini review","authors":"Brendon Fu-jing Chiew, G. H. Ong, Rui-Rui Wong, K. Wong, K. Loh","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/30415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/30415","url":null,"abstract":"Usage of conventional synthetic insecticide to control insect pests has increased to improve crops yield and production to meet the global food demands of a growing population. However, it should not be neglected that synthetic insecticide causes negative impacts on humans, livestock as well as the environment. This review aims to provide data on entomopathogenic fungi species that can be developed into bioinsecticide to control insect pests, in order to reduce the usage of synthetic insecticide. The fungi are discussed based on two criteria, its effectiveness in controlling the targeted pests, and its safety level to humans, non-targeted organisms, and the environment. Relevant data and information on entomopathogenic fungi from various research tools including Google Scholar, NCBI, Science Direct and Researchgate were compiled into tables for comparison and analysed. Six entomopathogenic fungi namely Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Hirsutella thompsonii are proposed as having the required criteria having potential to control targeted insects by means of producing various toxins or metabolites with insecticidal properties. Five out of the six species, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, V. lecanii and N. rileyi are safe to humans, non-targeted organisms, and the environment. Furthermore, all these fungi can be mass produced to ensure their availability to be used as a biocontrol agents. However, future studies are required for further justification for harmful metabolites produced and their impact on environment.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87077253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Marques, V. P. Abreu, Danilo Rocha De Oliveira, Moisés Rodrigues Silva, Flávio Henrique Caetano Santos, Keren Hapuque Mendes de Castro, M. G. Cunha
Trichoderma is the most studied and used fungal agent in biological disease control worldwide. Its prospection is a necessary routine, in order to select more effective and specific strains for the different existing agro pathosystems. This work reports the in vitro antagonism (Mycelial Growth Inhibition - MGI) of five Trichoderma isolates, obtained from rhizospheric and organic soil of medicinal plants cultivated in Brazil, to five different phytopathogenic fungi and their molecular identification based on actin (act), calmaldulin (cal), rDNA gene (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α). Regarding the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, the MGI varied between 63.33 and 67.03%; for Fusarium verticillioides between 67.20 and 85.92%; Phaeocytostroma sacchari between 84.00 and 92.90%; in the case of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the inhibition was total (100%), and for Sclerotium rolfsii, the antagonism was between 62.03 and 79.07%. According to the molecular phylogeny performed, concatenated analysis of the genetic markers revealed that the five antagonist fungi belong to the Trichoderma afroharzianum species. It is concluded that the T. afroharzianum isolates evaluated showed good levels of in vitro control of the plant pathogenic fungi in question and will be studied via in vivo tests and in plant growth promotion.
{"title":"Antagonism and molecular identification of Trichoderma isolated from rhizosphere of medicinal plants","authors":"E. Marques, V. P. Abreu, Danilo Rocha De Oliveira, Moisés Rodrigues Silva, Flávio Henrique Caetano Santos, Keren Hapuque Mendes de Castro, M. G. Cunha","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/30065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/30065","url":null,"abstract":"Trichoderma is the most studied and used fungal agent in biological disease control worldwide. Its prospection is a necessary routine, in order to select more effective and specific strains for the different existing agro pathosystems. This work reports the in vitro antagonism (Mycelial Growth Inhibition - MGI) of five Trichoderma isolates, obtained from rhizospheric and organic soil of medicinal plants cultivated in Brazil, to five different phytopathogenic fungi and their molecular identification based on actin (act), calmaldulin (cal), rDNA gene (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α). Regarding the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, the MGI varied between 63.33 and 67.03%; for Fusarium verticillioides between 67.20 and 85.92%; Phaeocytostroma sacchari between 84.00 and 92.90%; in the case of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the inhibition was total (100%), and for Sclerotium rolfsii, the antagonism was between 62.03 and 79.07%. According to the molecular phylogeny performed, concatenated analysis of the genetic markers revealed that the five antagonist fungi belong to the Trichoderma afroharzianum species. It is concluded that the T. afroharzianum isolates evaluated showed good levels of in vitro control of the plant pathogenic fungi in question and will be studied via in vivo tests and in plant growth promotion.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76899325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Athira R. Nair, Sible George Varghese, Anit Cyriac, S. Thara, Joy Michal Johnson, Radhika Subramanian, Soni Kb
Chemical fungicides used in plant disease management may have deteriorative effects on humans, animals, and the environment. The use of native strains of Trichoderma spp. against plant diseases may help to reduce the dependence on chemical fungicides. In this study, eleven novel isolates of Trichoderma spp. from virgin forest soils of different agro-climatic zones of Kerala were characterized and evaluated for their efficacy against damping off disease of tomato caused by Pythium aphanidermatum under in vitro and in vivo; and also, against wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum under in vitro conditions. Dual culture assay showed that all the Trichoderma isolates were found to inhibit the growth of P. aphanidermatum and F. oxysporum under in vitro conditions with multiple modes of action. The mycelial colour, texture, and conidial characters varied among all the isolates. The volatile metabolites by isolates of Trichoderma spp. also showed in vitro inhibition of the pathogens. Seed treatment (20 g kg-1) and potting medium addition @ 2 % (w/w) of isolates TRMW-2, TRKR-2, TRPN-3, TRPN-11 and TRPN-17 could effectively reduce pre- and post-emergence damping off of tomato. Among them, isolates TRMW-2, TRKR-2, and TRPN-11 were the most effective ones in reducing pre- and post-emergence damping off to about 72 and 90 percent respectively. Molecular identification of the isolates of Trichoderma spp. using ITS universal primers revealed similarity with certain reference strains of the NCBI Genbank database.
在植物病害管理中使用的化学杀菌剂可能对人类、动物和环境产生恶化影响。利用原生木霉菌株防治植物病害有助于减少对化学杀菌剂的依赖。对喀拉拉邦不同农业气候带原始森林土壤中分离的11株木霉进行了鉴定，并在离体和体内评价了其对番茄霉病的防治效果;在离体条件下对枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌也有一定的抑制作用。双培养实验表明，所有木霉分离菌株在体外条件下均具有多种作用模式，可抑制隐皮霉和尖孢霉的生长。菌丝的颜色、质地和分生孢子的特征在所有菌株中都有所不同。木霉分离物挥发性代谢物对病原菌也有体外抑制作用。种子处理(20 g kg-1)和盆栽培养基中添加@ 2% (w/w)的TRMW-2、TRKR-2、TRPN-3、TRPN-11和TRPN-17可以有效减少番茄出苗期前后的阻尼。其中，分离株TRMW-2、TRKR-2和TRPN-11对减少羽化前和羽化后的衰减最有效，分别达到72%和90%左右。利用ITS通用引物对分离的木霉进行分子鉴定，发现菌株与NCBI Genbank数据库的参考菌株具有相似性。
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R. Oviya, S. Thiruvudainambi, V. Ramamoorthy, R. Thamizh vendan, S. Vellaikumar
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae causing basal rot disease of onion is a destructive phytopathogen resulting in 30-50% yield loss and remains as a major constraint in onion productivity. The management of disease through application of fungicide is not feasible and economically viable. Hence, the present study is focused on investigation of effective Trichoderma sp. and identifying the effective volatile organic compounds produced by it against the basal rot pathogen in onion. A total of ten Trichoderma spp. were isolated from rhizospheric soil of healthy onion plants and tested against virulent Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae isolate FCIM1. The Trichoderma isolate (TIM2) showed 77.40% inhibition on mycelial growth of pathogen followed by the isolate (TIV1) with 70.36% inhibition. The molecular identification of effective Trichoderma isolate through the analysis of the rDNA of Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region revealed isolate TIM2 as Trichoderma hamatum. The GC-MS analysis of Trichoderma hamatum unravelled the important volatile organic compounds like Methyl stearate, n-Hexadecanoic, Eicosane, 9-cyclohexy, Heptadecane, Dodecane, 2-cyclohexyl, to 2H-Pyran-2-one, 6-pentyl, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Tetrapentacontane, 1-Dodecanol, 2-Propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester, Benzene, (2-methylbutyl) and 1,2-Dimethyltryptamine with peak area and retention time. These bioactive compounds exert a strong antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. The scanning electron micrographs of Fusarium paired with effective Trichoderma (TIM2) showed the swollen hyphae with cell wall damage which is clear evident of antagonistic interaction of volatile compounds produced by Trichoderma hamatum.
引起洋葱基腐病的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sps . cepae)是一种破坏性的植物病原体，可导致洋葱产量损失30-50%，是洋葱产量的主要制约因素。通过使用杀菌剂来控制疾病是不可行的，在经济上也是不可行的。因此，本研究的重点是研究有效的木霉，并鉴定其产生的有效的挥发性有机化合物，以对抗洋葱基腐病病菌。从健康洋葱根际土壤中分离到10株木霉，并对毒力强的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae)分离株FCIM1进行了抑菌试验。木霉分离物(TIM2)对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率为77.40%，其次是分离物(TIV1)，抑制率为70.36%。通过内部转录间隔区rDNA分析对有效木霉分离物进行分子鉴定，发现分离物TIM2为哈马特木霉(Trichoderma hamatum)。通过气相色谱-质谱分析，将硬脂酸甲酯、正十六烷、二十烷、9-环己基、十七烷、十二烷、2-环己基等重要挥发性有机化合物分解为2h -吡喃-2- 1、6-戊基、5-羟甲基糠醛、四戊康烷、1-十二醇、2-丙烯酸、五烷基酯、苯、(2-甲基丁基)和1,2-二甲基色胺等具有峰面积和保留时间的化合物。这些生物活性化合物对猪尖孢镰刀菌具有较强的抗真菌活性。镰刀菌与有效木霉(TIM2)配对的扫描电镜显示菌丝肿胀，细胞壁受损，这明显表明了赤霉病菌产生的挥发性化合物的拮抗作用。
{"title":"Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma hamatum against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae causing basal rot disease of onion","authors":"R. Oviya, S. Thiruvudainambi, V. Ramamoorthy, R. Thamizh vendan, S. Vellaikumar","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2022/30754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2022/30754","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae causing basal rot disease of onion is a destructive phytopathogen resulting in 30-50% yield loss and remains as a major constraint in onion productivity. The management of disease through application of fungicide is not feasible and economically viable. Hence, the present study is focused on investigation of effective Trichoderma sp. and identifying the effective volatile organic compounds produced by it against the basal rot pathogen in onion. A total of ten Trichoderma spp. were isolated from rhizospheric soil of healthy onion plants and tested against virulent Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae isolate FCIM1. The Trichoderma isolate (TIM2) showed 77.40% inhibition on mycelial growth of pathogen followed by the isolate (TIV1) with 70.36% inhibition. The molecular identification of effective Trichoderma isolate through the analysis of the rDNA of Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region revealed isolate TIM2 as Trichoderma hamatum. The GC-MS analysis of Trichoderma hamatum unravelled the important volatile organic compounds like Methyl stearate, n-Hexadecanoic, Eicosane, 9-cyclohexy, Heptadecane, Dodecane, 2-cyclohexyl, to 2H-Pyran-2-one, 6-pentyl, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Tetrapentacontane, 1-Dodecanol, 2-Propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester, Benzene, (2-methylbutyl) and 1,2-Dimethyltryptamine with peak area and retention time. These bioactive compounds exert a strong antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. The scanning electron micrographs of Fusarium paired with effective Trichoderma (TIM2) showed the swollen hyphae with cell wall damage which is clear evident of antagonistic interaction of volatile compounds produced by Trichoderma hamatum.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90589643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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