Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221092874
T. Wongpreedee, Thidatip Panrot, P. Rojruthai, C. Prapruddivongs
A simple preparation method was established for a low water-soluble citric acid crosslinking starch-based foam containing palm oil. The method was performed by pouring the boiling citric acid solution into the starch compound unlike the citric acid starch crosslinking by conventional solution casting. Thermo-physicochemical properties of the starch-based foams were examined. The I3300/I1149 intensity ratio of non-citric acid-containing foam was higher, suggesting greater amounts of the available -OH groups. The addition of citric acid into the starch matrix exhibited weaker thermal stability that was attributed to the lower thermal stability of the substituted ester bonds. The increment of citric acid concentration increased thermoplastic starch foams densities as well as their cell wall thickness. No differences in moisture absorption behavior were observed after soaking in water, the non-citric acid-filled foam exhibited dissolution and changed from its original shape upon drying. Experimental results showed a promising alternative methodology to prepare low water-soluble citric acid crosslinked starch-based foam to replace conventional solution casting.
{"title":"A simple preparation of low water-soluble crosslinking starch-based foam containing palm oil: Thermo-physicochemical properties","authors":"T. Wongpreedee, Thidatip Panrot, P. Rojruthai, C. Prapruddivongs","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221092874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221092874","url":null,"abstract":"A simple preparation method was established for a low water-soluble citric acid crosslinking starch-based foam containing palm oil. The method was performed by pouring the boiling citric acid solution into the starch compound unlike the citric acid starch crosslinking by conventional solution casting. Thermo-physicochemical properties of the starch-based foams were examined. The I3300/I1149 intensity ratio of non-citric acid-containing foam was higher, suggesting greater amounts of the available -OH groups. The addition of citric acid into the starch matrix exhibited weaker thermal stability that was attributed to the lower thermal stability of the substituted ester bonds. The increment of citric acid concentration increased thermoplastic starch foams densities as well as their cell wall thickness. No differences in moisture absorption behavior were observed after soaking in water, the non-citric acid-filled foam exhibited dissolution and changed from its original shape upon drying. Experimental results showed a promising alternative methodology to prepare low water-soluble citric acid crosslinked starch-based foam to replace conventional solution casting.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"404 1","pages":"673 - 688"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85503764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221085194
Hasti Bizhani, A. Katbab, Mahshid Maroufkhani, R. Verdejo
The use of hybrid fillers in rubbers can provide additional benefits to rubber foams compared to individual micro- or nano-scale particles due to an optimum packaging and synergic effects. The present work reports the development of vulcanized ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer nanocomposite hybrid foams filled with barium titanate and multiwall carbon nanotube (BT/MWCNT), prepared via a scalable protocol. The developed foams presented a high shear-thinning behavior, suggesting the formation of a 3D interconnected physical network of MWCNT within the polymer matrix. This network resulted in a notable improvement of the mechanical properties under tension and compression with increasing of MWCNT content. Also, the incorporation of MWCNT and BT enhanced thermal stability and thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, BT did not show any influence on the measured physical properties, due to the lack of interaction between BT and the EPDM matrix.
{"title":"Physical and mechanical properties of hybridized elastomeric foam based on ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer, multiwall carbon nanotube, and barium titanate","authors":"Hasti Bizhani, A. Katbab, Mahshid Maroufkhani, R. Verdejo","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221085194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221085194","url":null,"abstract":"The use of hybrid fillers in rubbers can provide additional benefits to rubber foams compared to individual micro- or nano-scale particles due to an optimum packaging and synergic effects. The present work reports the development of vulcanized ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer nanocomposite hybrid foams filled with barium titanate and multiwall carbon nanotube (BT/MWCNT), prepared via a scalable protocol. The developed foams presented a high shear-thinning behavior, suggesting the formation of a 3D interconnected physical network of MWCNT within the polymer matrix. This network resulted in a notable improvement of the mechanical properties under tension and compression with increasing of MWCNT content. Also, the incorporation of MWCNT and BT enhanced thermal stability and thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, BT did not show any influence on the measured physical properties, due to the lack of interaction between BT and the EPDM matrix.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"155 1","pages":"585 - 602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73446146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221087603
Justus Kuhnigk, T. Standau, D. Dörr, Christian Brütting, V. Altstädt, H. Ruckdäschel
For a long time, the number of available bead foam variants limited to standard polymers which restricted their functionality mainly to packaging, thermal insulation (e.g. in construction) and shock absorption (e.g. in transportation). In particular, standard polymers such as expanded polystyrene, expanded polyethylene and expanded polypropylene were used for components requiring good insulating properties and high energy absorption at low cost. Mainly since the last two decades, new polymer variants have found their way into the world of bead foams and are currently adding further functionalities, such as sustainability, flame retardancy, increased thermal stability and enhanced mechanical performance (e.g. improvements in energy absorption and impact resistance). Versatile fields of application open up, revolutionizing both industry and design sectors. This review article emphasizes the special development progress of new bead foam variants and their processing technologies. Upcoming opportunities of digital methods for modelling and simulation are highlighted.
{"title":"Progress in the development of bead foams – A review","authors":"Justus Kuhnigk, T. Standau, D. Dörr, Christian Brütting, V. Altstädt, H. Ruckdäschel","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221087603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221087603","url":null,"abstract":"For a long time, the number of available bead foam variants limited to standard polymers which restricted their functionality mainly to packaging, thermal insulation (e.g. in construction) and shock absorption (e.g. in transportation). In particular, standard polymers such as expanded polystyrene, expanded polyethylene and expanded polypropylene were used for components requiring good insulating properties and high energy absorption at low cost. Mainly since the last two decades, new polymer variants have found their way into the world of bead foams and are currently adding further functionalities, such as sustainability, flame retardancy, increased thermal stability and enhanced mechanical performance (e.g. improvements in energy absorption and impact resistance). Versatile fields of application open up, revolutionizing both industry and design sectors. This review article emphasizes the special development progress of new bead foam variants and their processing technologies. Upcoming opportunities of digital methods for modelling and simulation are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"15 4 1","pages":"707 - 735"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82577347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221096073
Anna Hössinger-Kalteis, M. Reiter, M. Jerabek, Z. Major
The non-linear material behaviour of low density polypropylene foams is investigated under several quasi-static loading conditions with a combined modelling technique based on computed tomography data and Voronoi diagrams. A simulation methodology for determining the linear elastic properties is introduced in Hössinger-Kalteis et al. (2021). In this paper, the methodology is extended regarding the material model, where additionally the non-linear region is considered. The model takes into account property determining microstructural features like orientation-dependent cell wall thicknesses and anisotropic cell shapes. Thus, the anisotropic material behaviour under tension and compression load is estimated for extrusion foams with different densities utilizing the microstructural simulation model. Based on the characterized behaviour under tension and compression, constitutive models are generated. These are implemented in bending test simulations due to lower computational effort. The simulation results are validated with experimental results, which shows that the model gives satisfactory results.
{"title":"Application of computed tomography data–based modelling technique for polymeric low density foams, Part B: Characterization of the mechanical behaviour","authors":"Anna Hössinger-Kalteis, M. Reiter, M. Jerabek, Z. Major","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221096073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221096073","url":null,"abstract":"The non-linear material behaviour of low density polypropylene foams is investigated under several quasi-static loading conditions with a combined modelling technique based on computed tomography data and Voronoi diagrams. A simulation methodology for determining the linear elastic properties is introduced in Hössinger-Kalteis et al. (2021). In this paper, the methodology is extended regarding the material model, where additionally the non-linear region is considered. The model takes into account property determining microstructural features like orientation-dependent cell wall thicknesses and anisotropic cell shapes. Thus, the anisotropic material behaviour under tension and compression load is estimated for extrusion foams with different densities utilizing the microstructural simulation model. Based on the characterized behaviour under tension and compression, constitutive models are generated. These are implemented in bending test simulations due to lower computational effort. The simulation results are validated with experimental results, which shows that the model gives satisfactory results.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"12 4","pages":"689 - 706"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72457942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221088392
AA Maamoun, AA El-Wakil, Tarek M. El-Basheer
The importance of this work is the use of waste seashells WSS (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt.%) as a bio-filler to enhance the mechanical and acoustical characteristics of flexible polyurethane foam (FPU). Petroleum-based polyol was partially replaced by 25% castor oil resulting in high renewable content. The WSS was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemical structure and morphological features for castor oil-based flexible polyurethane waste seashells (CO-FPU-WSS) composites were detected using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. Besides, the mechanical, non-acoustical and acoustical properties were investigated. The results indicated that bio-based FPU composites possessed better compressive strength than neat FPU foam. In addition, FPU composites enhance the sound absorption below 500 Hz. A 6 cm air gap behind the sample shifted the absorption toward 400 Hz (0.85) for CO-FPU-WSS 25% composite with a broader band. Thus, the FPU foam composite is considered a promising candidate for sound absorption applications such as for the automotive and building industries.
{"title":"Enhancement of the mechanical and acoustical properties of flexible polyurethane foam/waste seashell composites for industrial applications","authors":"AA Maamoun, AA El-Wakil, Tarek M. El-Basheer","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221088392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221088392","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of this work is the use of waste seashells WSS (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt.%) as a bio-filler to enhance the mechanical and acoustical characteristics of flexible polyurethane foam (FPU). Petroleum-based polyol was partially replaced by 25% castor oil resulting in high renewable content. The WSS was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemical structure and morphological features for castor oil-based flexible polyurethane waste seashells (CO-FPU-WSS) composites were detected using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. Besides, the mechanical, non-acoustical and acoustical properties were investigated. The results indicated that bio-based FPU composites possessed better compressive strength than neat FPU foam. In addition, FPU composites enhance the sound absorption below 500 Hz. A 6 cm air gap behind the sample shifted the absorption toward 400 Hz (0.85) for CO-FPU-WSS 25% composite with a broader band. Thus, the FPU foam composite is considered a promising candidate for sound absorption applications such as for the automotive and building industries.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"4 1","pages":"645 - 672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79435934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-21DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221087599
D. Cuadra-Rodríguez, X. Qi, S. Barroso‐Solares, M. A. Rodríguez Pérez, J. Pinto
The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) nanoparticles as nucleating agents in gas dissolution foaming processes is presented. In this work, MOF nanoparticles with three different particle sizes were synthetized and introduced in film composites based on polystyrene at 1 wt.%. The addition of nanoparticles with high affinity to CO2, which is the gas used as a physical blowing agent, can contribute to increase the nucleation efficiency in comparison with the classical heterogeneous route using non CO2-philic particles. Nanoparticles dispersion in solids and cellular structure in foams were studied as a function of the particle size and foaming parameters, studying for first time the impact of MOF nanoparticles on the nucleation by gas dissolution foaming. Nucleation efficiencies in the order of 10−2 were achieved for PS/MOF composites. In addition, the thermal stability of the cellular structure in the composites was enhanced regarding to PS matrix, preserving the cellular structure regardless the foaming temperature. Therefore, MOF nanoparticles have emerged as promising nucleating agents in foaming procedures.
{"title":"Microcellular foams production from nanocomposites based on PS using MOF nanoparticles with enhanced CO2 properties as nucleating agent","authors":"D. Cuadra-Rodríguez, X. Qi, S. Barroso‐Solares, M. A. Rodríguez Pérez, J. Pinto","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221087599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221087599","url":null,"abstract":"The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) nanoparticles as nucleating agents in gas dissolution foaming processes is presented. In this work, MOF nanoparticles with three different particle sizes were synthetized and introduced in film composites based on polystyrene at 1 wt.%. The addition of nanoparticles with high affinity to CO2, which is the gas used as a physical blowing agent, can contribute to increase the nucleation efficiency in comparison with the classical heterogeneous route using non CO2-philic particles. Nanoparticles dispersion in solids and cellular structure in foams were studied as a function of the particle size and foaming parameters, studying for first time the impact of MOF nanoparticles on the nucleation by gas dissolution foaming. Nucleation efficiencies in the order of 10−2 were achieved for PS/MOF composites. In addition, the thermal stability of the cellular structure in the composites was enhanced regarding to PS matrix, preserving the cellular structure regardless the foaming temperature. Therefore, MOF nanoparticles have emerged as promising nucleating agents in foaming procedures.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"92 1","pages":"623 - 644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80411870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-14DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221087598
Felix Melzer, R. Breuer, R. Dahlmann, C. Hopmann
In foaming processes, the blowing agent has a significant influence on the material behaviour and the necessary processing parameters. Low-density polypropylene foam sheets are usually produced with aliphatic hydrocarbons or alkanes as physical blowing agent. Due to the necessary safety precautions and the environmental impact, there is great interest in using alternative blowing agents such as CO2. The sole use of CO2 often leads to corrugation, open cells or surface defects on the foam sheet and therefore requires modifications to the process technology. For this reason, blowing agent mixtures based on CO2 and organic solvents are used for the production of foam sheets. For developing a process model describing the melt flow in the extrusion die and the formation of cells, specific material data like diffusion coefficients are necessary. For CO2 and N2 as sole blowing agent, experimental data exist in the literature. Since no experimental data are available for co-blowing agents such as ethanol at elevated temperatures as they occur in the foam process, these data were calculated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The benefit of MD simulations lies in their ability to reduce the experimental effort and, in particular, to provide data in cases where this data is not available through experimental measurements. The calculated diffusion coefficient values are compared to experimental data from the literature and presented for CO2, N2 and ethanol in polypropylene. The calculated diffusion coefficients of CO2 and N2 are compared with literature results and agree well with them. For the ethanol molecules, the diffusion coefficient is compared relative to the both aforementioned ones considered the larger size of the ethanol molecule compared to N2 and CO2. The results of the diffusion coefficients for ethanol are reasonable compared to the values found for the other two molecules.
{"title":"Calculating diffusion coefficients from molecular dynamics simulations for foam extrusion modelling of polypropylene with CO2, N2 and ethanol","authors":"Felix Melzer, R. Breuer, R. Dahlmann, C. Hopmann","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221087598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221087598","url":null,"abstract":"In foaming processes, the blowing agent has a significant influence on the material behaviour and the necessary processing parameters. Low-density polypropylene foam sheets are usually produced with aliphatic hydrocarbons or alkanes as physical blowing agent. Due to the necessary safety precautions and the environmental impact, there is great interest in using alternative blowing agents such as CO2. The sole use of CO2 often leads to corrugation, open cells or surface defects on the foam sheet and therefore requires modifications to the process technology. For this reason, blowing agent mixtures based on CO2 and organic solvents are used for the production of foam sheets. For developing a process model describing the melt flow in the extrusion die and the formation of cells, specific material data like diffusion coefficients are necessary. For CO2 and N2 as sole blowing agent, experimental data exist in the literature. Since no experimental data are available for co-blowing agents such as ethanol at elevated temperatures as they occur in the foam process, these data were calculated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The benefit of MD simulations lies in their ability to reduce the experimental effort and, in particular, to provide data in cases where this data is not available through experimental measurements. The calculated diffusion coefficient values are compared to experimental data from the literature and presented for CO2, N2 and ethanol in polypropylene. The calculated diffusion coefficients of CO2 and N2 are compared with literature results and agree well with them. For the ethanol molecules, the diffusion coefficient is compared relative to the both aforementioned ones considered the larger size of the ethanol molecule compared to N2 and CO2. The results of the diffusion coefficients for ethanol are reasonable compared to the values found for the other two molecules.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"12 1","pages":"603 - 622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78822820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-22DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221080677
Benoît Rainglet, Cindy Le Hel, Yvan Chalamet, V. Bounor-Legaré, C. Forest, P. Cassagnau
The objective of this study is to investigate the ability of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) (materials based on PP/EPDM blend) to foam under CO2 batch conditions. The EPDM phase, which is dispersed into the PP phase, was dynamically crosslinked either by a phenolic resin (Resol) or by a radical peroxide (dicumyl peroxide). The results show an influence of the crosslinking chemistry on the extensional viscosity of the TPV. Regarding radical chemistry, the peroxide induces polypropylene degradation by β-scission reaction during the dynamic crosslinking process. As a result, the ability of the TPV to deform under extensional flow (Hencky deformation at break <0.5) is greatly reduced. On the contrary, the Resol-based TPV has demonstrated a non-linear viscosity behaviour (strain hardening) and a great ability to deform (Hencky deformation at break >1.5). This unexpected result for a non-homogeneous system can be explained by the confinement of the PP phase between EPDM nodules which gives to the PP chains a gel rheological behaviour. In addition, the influence of the addition of carbon black filler has also been studied. Finally, the relationship between extensional viscosity and physical foaming has been investigated. As for a homogeneous polymer, the extensional viscosity has been proved to be a key factor to estimate the foaming behaviour of complex systems like TPV. Hence, the importance of non-linear viscosity for a multi-phasic polymer to ensure foaming ability has been demonstrated.
{"title":"Extensional rheology and CO2 foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry","authors":"Benoît Rainglet, Cindy Le Hel, Yvan Chalamet, V. Bounor-Legaré, C. Forest, P. Cassagnau","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221080677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221080677","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to investigate the ability of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) (materials based on PP/EPDM blend) to foam under CO2 batch conditions. The EPDM phase, which is dispersed into the PP phase, was dynamically crosslinked either by a phenolic resin (Resol) or by a radical peroxide (dicumyl peroxide). The results show an influence of the crosslinking chemistry on the extensional viscosity of the TPV. Regarding radical chemistry, the peroxide induces polypropylene degradation by β-scission reaction during the dynamic crosslinking process. As a result, the ability of the TPV to deform under extensional flow (Hencky deformation at break <0.5) is greatly reduced. On the contrary, the Resol-based TPV has demonstrated a non-linear viscosity behaviour (strain hardening) and a great ability to deform (Hencky deformation at break >1.5). This unexpected result for a non-homogeneous system can be explained by the confinement of the PP phase between EPDM nodules which gives to the PP chains a gel rheological behaviour. In addition, the influence of the addition of carbon black filler has also been studied. Finally, the relationship between extensional viscosity and physical foaming has been investigated. As for a homogeneous polymer, the extensional viscosity has been proved to be a key factor to estimate the foaming behaviour of complex systems like TPV. Hence, the importance of non-linear viscosity for a multi-phasic polymer to ensure foaming ability has been demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"11 1","pages":"569 - 582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82733722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221074405
J. Ruamcharoen, Chor Wayakron Phetphaisit, P. Ruamcharoen
The novel renewable source precursors from hydroxyl liquid natural rubbers (HLNRs) with various secondary hydroxyl content of 22% (HLNR22), 35% (HLNR35), and 50% (HLNR50) (or naming macro-hydroxyl polyols) were used to prepare rigid polyurethane foam. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydroxyl content of HLNR precursors and the ratio of HLNRs and commercial polyols on physico-mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams in comparison to foams made from commercial polyols. The increase in hydroxyl content of HLNRs resulted in the foams with larger cell size while the increase in the HLNR portion caused a small and more uniform cell size, which is related to their density and compressive strength. Thermal stability of polyurethane foams was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and the results have demonstrated that the use of HLNR polyols improved thermal stability of polyurethane foams in comparison to commercial foam.
{"title":"Green rigid polyurethane foam from hydroxyl liquid natural rubbers as macro-hydroxyl polyols","authors":"J. Ruamcharoen, Chor Wayakron Phetphaisit, P. Ruamcharoen","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221074405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221074405","url":null,"abstract":"The novel renewable source precursors from hydroxyl liquid natural rubbers (HLNRs) with various secondary hydroxyl content of 22% (HLNR22), 35% (HLNR35), and 50% (HLNR50) (or naming macro-hydroxyl polyols) were used to prepare rigid polyurethane foam. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydroxyl content of HLNR precursors and the ratio of HLNRs and commercial polyols on physico-mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams in comparison to foams made from commercial polyols. The increase in hydroxyl content of HLNRs resulted in the foams with larger cell size while the increase in the HLNR portion caused a small and more uniform cell size, which is related to their density and compressive strength. Thermal stability of polyurethane foams was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and the results have demonstrated that the use of HLNR polyols improved thermal stability of polyurethane foams in comparison to commercial foam.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"46 1","pages":"555 - 568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78566842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0021955X221087019
A styrenic resin foam-molded material in the embodiment of this invention is produced by molding an expandable styrenic resin particle. The expandable styrenic resin particle having a weight average molecular weight of 190,000 to 490,000 includes a polystyrene resin and a foaming agent, and is coated by at least one selected from silicones including aliphatic compounds which are liquids at 5°C and phenyl groups in the amount of 0.01-0.3 mass% based on 100 mass% of the expandable styrenic resin particle.
{"title":"Patents-2022-April","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0021955X221087019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X221087019","url":null,"abstract":"A styrenic resin foam-molded material in the embodiment of this invention is produced by molding an expandable styrenic resin particle. The expandable styrenic resin particle having a weight average molecular weight of 190,000 to 490,000 includes a polystyrene resin and a foaming agent, and is coated by at least one selected from silicones including aliphatic compounds which are liquids at 5°C and phenyl groups in the amount of 0.01-0.3 mass% based on 100 mass% of the expandable styrenic resin particle.","PeriodicalId":15236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Plastics","volume":"106 1","pages":"197 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74830041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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