{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite and its Assessment for Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Media","authors":"S. Nabavi","doi":"10.22075/CHEM.2018.3540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22075/CHEM.2018.3540","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"26 1","pages":"29-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81212138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New extraction technology of chenodeoxycholic acid from duck bile paste by calcium salt was investigated. The optimum conditions of extraction were determined by orthogonal experimental design. The results indicated that influencing factors on the extraction efficiency of chenodeoxycholic acid were as follows: hydrogen peroxide, methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, and calcium chloride. The optimum extracting conditions of chenodeoxycholic acid were 1000 mL amount of methyl alcohol, 50 mL amount of hydrogen peroxide, 500 mL amount of 20% calcium chloride, and 600 mL amount of 60% glacial acetic acid for a quantity of duck paste. The yield of chenodeoxycholic acid was 30%.
{"title":"Study on the Factors Influencing the Extraction of Chenodeoxycholic Acid from Duck Bile Paste by Calcium Salt Method","authors":"Hu Xiangzheng, Feng Na, Jiaqi Zhang","doi":"10.1155/2018/7253639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7253639","url":null,"abstract":"New extraction technology of chenodeoxycholic acid from duck bile paste by calcium salt was investigated. The optimum conditions of extraction were determined by orthogonal experimental design. The results indicated that influencing factors on the extraction efficiency of chenodeoxycholic acid were as follows: hydrogen peroxide, methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, and calcium chloride. The optimum extracting conditions of chenodeoxycholic acid were 1000 mL amount of methyl alcohol, 50 mL amount of hydrogen peroxide, 500 mL amount of 20% calcium chloride, and 600 mL amount of 60% glacial acetic acid for a quantity of duck paste. The yield of chenodeoxycholic acid was 30%.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89507855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The release of nutrients, including phosphorus from agricultural residues, is an important potential source of nutrients for subsequent crops. To fully understand the contribution of this residue P as a source of plant P for agricultural production, its chemical nature needs to be understood. In this study P species were identified and quantified in leaf litters and crops residues from cocoa farms, oil palm, rubber, and banana plantations by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Phosphorus in the crop residues was predominantly in the form of inorganic P mainly as orthophosphate and ranged from 45.9 to 89.2%. The highest relative percentage of P as orthophosphate was found in cocoa pod husk (89.2%) and the lowest percentage was found in decaying banana pseudostem (45.9%). Pyrophosphate was detected in trace amounts in all samples (less than 6%) except in fresh palm fronds. However, orthophosphate diester was detected only in fresh palm fronds (11.4%) and phytate was detected only in palm male inflorescence (6.7%). The result implied that cocoa pod husk, palm empty fruit bunch, and palm male inflorescence could be used as organic amendment, based on their high P content and release potential.
{"title":"Phosphorus Speciation by 31P NMR Spectroscopy in Leaf Litters and Crop Residues from Para Rubber, Cocoa, Oil Palm, and Banana Plantations in the Humid Forest Zone of Cameroon","authors":"L. Nanganoa, J. Njukeng","doi":"10.1155/2018/6290236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6290236","url":null,"abstract":"The release of nutrients, including phosphorus from agricultural residues, is an important potential source of nutrients for subsequent crops. To fully understand the contribution of this residue P as a source of plant P for agricultural production, its chemical nature needs to be understood. In this study P species were identified and quantified in leaf litters and crops residues from cocoa farms, oil palm, rubber, and banana plantations by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Phosphorus in the crop residues was predominantly in the form of inorganic P mainly as orthophosphate and ranged from 45.9 to 89.2%. The highest relative percentage of P as orthophosphate was found in cocoa pod husk (89.2%) and the lowest percentage was found in decaying banana pseudostem (45.9%). Pyrophosphate was detected in trace amounts in all samples (less than 6%) except in fresh palm fronds. However, orthophosphate diester was detected only in fresh palm fronds (11.4%) and phytate was detected only in palm male inflorescence (6.7%). The result implied that cocoa pod husk, palm empty fruit bunch, and palm male inflorescence could be used as organic amendment, based on their high P content and release potential.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91037705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The molecular aggregation states of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III) (Alq) adsorbed in the transparent mesoporous silica (MPS) films with the different pore sizes (3.0 and 5.4 nm) were successfully clarified. The Alq molecules were easily incorporated into the films from the solution without the segregation on the surfaces. The adsorbed amount of Alq was controlled by changing the added amount in the initial solution to resultantly give the transparent and yellow-color films. The photoluminescence spectra significantly revealed that the state of Alq molecules in the mesopore varied depending on the adsorbed amount of Alq as well as the pore size, suggesting the characteristic mobility of the adsorbed Alq molecules in the mesopores as compared with that at the bulk or solution state. Therefore, the guest-guest interactions between Alq molecules as well as the host-guest interactions between Alq and mesopore were elucidated. This finding by the use of the mesoporous film hosts will be utilized for including luminescence species and be applicable for optical devices.
{"title":"A Simple Incorporation Route of Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III) into Transparent Mesoporous Silica Films and Their Photofunctions","authors":"M. Tagaya, K. Shinozaki, Yuri Maruko","doi":"10.1155/2017/7351263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7351263","url":null,"abstract":"The molecular aggregation states of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III) (Alq) adsorbed in the transparent mesoporous silica (MPS) films with the different pore sizes (3.0 and 5.4 nm) were successfully clarified. The Alq molecules were easily incorporated into the films from the solution without the segregation on the surfaces. The adsorbed amount of Alq was controlled by changing the added amount in the initial solution to resultantly give the transparent and yellow-color films. The photoluminescence spectra significantly revealed that the state of Alq molecules in the mesopore varied depending on the adsorbed amount of Alq as well as the pore size, suggesting the characteristic mobility of the adsorbed Alq molecules in the mesopores as compared with that at the bulk or solution state. Therefore, the guest-guest interactions between Alq molecules as well as the host-guest interactions between Alq and mesopore were elucidated. This finding by the use of the mesoporous film hosts will be utilized for including luminescence species and be applicable for optical devices.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81918747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tolerance of Acacia decurrens, an invasive species, was exploited pharmacologically in this study. Phytochemical screening revealed important secondary metabolites. Importantly, the assay shows that ethyl acetate and methanol fractions are sources of phytochemicals compared to the hexane and chloroform fractions. A bioassay-guided in vitro assay of the extracts led to the eventual isolation of four bioactive compounds by column chromatography, identification, and characterisation with the aid of GCMS, UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR. The antimicrobial screening by disc diffusion assay revealed 22.2%, 44.4%, 66.7%, and 77.8% microbial inhibition by 2-methyl-octahydro-indene-4-carboxylic acid (AD1), 6-methyldecahydro-1H-phenanthren-9-one (AD2), 8-hydroxytetradecahydro-chrysene-1-carb aldehyde (AD3), and 8,9-dihydroxy-7-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-9,9a-hexahydro-1H,3H-2-thia-5a-aza cyclopenta[b]anthracen-6-one (AD4), respectively. Compounds AD3 and AD4 are the most potent antibacterial compounds against Gram-positive bacteria with MIC 12.5–6.25 μg/ml. Antioxidant study of the compounds assayed with DPPH and ABTS•+ revealed that compound (AD4) is the most efficient DPPH radical scavenger with IC50 30.07 ± 0.31 and ABTS•+ scavenging activity of 4363.2 ± 452.4 μmol of TE/gDW. This provides scientific information on four pharmacophores with phyto-antioxidants and antimicrobial potential, despite the classification of A. decurrens as a Category 2 invasive plant by the National Water Act.
{"title":"New Pharmacophore from the Stem Bark Fractions of Acacia decurrens (Willd), an Invasive South Africa Tree","authors":"B. Okoli, J. Modise","doi":"10.1155/2017/1815278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1815278","url":null,"abstract":"The tolerance of Acacia decurrens, an invasive species, was exploited pharmacologically in this study. Phytochemical screening revealed important secondary metabolites. Importantly, the assay shows that ethyl acetate and methanol fractions are sources of phytochemicals compared to the hexane and chloroform fractions. A bioassay-guided in vitro assay of the extracts led to the eventual isolation of four bioactive compounds by column chromatography, identification, and characterisation with the aid of GCMS, UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR. The antimicrobial screening by disc diffusion assay revealed 22.2%, 44.4%, 66.7%, and 77.8% microbial inhibition by 2-methyl-octahydro-indene-4-carboxylic acid (AD1), 6-methyldecahydro-1H-phenanthren-9-one (AD2), 8-hydroxytetradecahydro-chrysene-1-carb aldehyde (AD3), and 8,9-dihydroxy-7-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-9,9a-hexahydro-1H,3H-2-thia-5a-aza cyclopenta[b]anthracen-6-one (AD4), respectively. Compounds AD3 and AD4 are the most potent antibacterial compounds against Gram-positive bacteria with MIC 12.5–6.25 μg/ml. Antioxidant study of the compounds assayed with DPPH and ABTS•+ revealed that compound (AD4) is the most efficient DPPH radical scavenger with IC50 30.07 ± 0.31 and ABTS•+ scavenging activity of 4363.2 ± 452.4 μmol of TE/gDW. This provides scientific information on four pharmacophores with phyto-antioxidants and antimicrobial potential, despite the classification of A. decurrens as a Category 2 invasive plant by the National Water Act.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"62 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77595644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. P. Kofa, V. H. Gomdje, C. Telegang, S. N. Koungou
Excessive fluoride in potable water is a serious health problem in rural areas of many developing countries. Hence, there is a need to find a simple and cost-effective method for water defluoridation in such areas. In the northern part of Cameroon, clay pots are used for cooking food and water storage. The firing of these pots consists of intensive burning using fire wood. They were tested as a potential adsorbent for removing excess fluoride from water. Experiments were carried out in a jar test at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). Effects of contact time (0–90 min), pH (4, 5, 7, 8, and 9), stirring speed (60, 90, 120, and 200 rpm), and ionic strength (0–1000 mg/L) were investigated. Results showed that equilibrium was attained in 10 min whatever the pH. Pseudo-second-order and pore diffusion models described well the adsorption process. The highest amount of fluoride adsorbed (1.6 mg/g) was obtained at pH 4-5 and the optimum stirring speed is 120 rpm. Ionic strength has a significant effect on fluoride adsorption.
{"title":"Removal of Fluoride from Water by Adsorption onto Fired Clay Pots: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies","authors":"G. P. Kofa, V. H. Gomdje, C. Telegang, S. N. Koungou","doi":"10.1155/2017/6254683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6254683","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive fluoride in potable water is a serious health problem in rural areas of many developing countries. Hence, there is a need to find a simple and cost-effective method for water defluoridation in such areas. In the northern part of Cameroon, clay pots are used for cooking food and water storage. The firing of these pots consists of intensive burning using fire wood. They were tested as a potential adsorbent for removing excess fluoride from water. Experiments were carried out in a jar test at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). Effects of contact time (0–90 min), pH (4, 5, 7, 8, and 9), stirring speed (60, 90, 120, and 200 rpm), and ionic strength (0–1000 mg/L) were investigated. Results showed that equilibrium was attained in 10 min whatever the pH. Pseudo-second-order and pore diffusion models described well the adsorption process. The highest amount of fluoride adsorbed (1.6 mg/g) was obtained at pH 4-5 and the optimum stirring speed is 120 rpm. Ionic strength has a significant effect on fluoride adsorption.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76068832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Aucha, S. Wandiga, D. Abong’o, V. Madadi, E. M. Osoro
Thestudy investigates the organochlorine pesticides residue level in air and soilat sites in Nairobi and Mount Kenya regions, Kenya. Air and soil samples from four sites were collected and analysed for selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector and confirmed using GC/MS. The targeted pesticides were α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH (lindane), αendosulfan, βendosulfan and Endosulfansulfate. The samples were collected seasonally between the monthsof July 2012 and April 2013. The residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in air samples during month of October ranged between0.027±0.004 to5.735±0.575 ng/M 3 , while during the Month of February the concentration ranged between 0.013±0.00 to 9.375±1.65 ng/M 3 and the levels during the month of April ranged between 0.013±0.00 to 11.508±0.26ng/M 3 . Organochlorine pesticide detected in soil during month of October ranged between BDL to 131.206 ± 14.41ng/Kg, while during the Month of February the concentration ranged between 0.418± 0.01to 38.361 ±5.39 ng/Kg and the levels during the month of April ranged between 0.406± 0.00to 26.877± 8.89 ng/Kg. The residue levels of the analysedPOPs in air and soil were generally high at the Dandora and Industrial area sites. This indicates that industrial activities such as Tetra-Pac, general plastics, Phillips industries waste and stock piles are the main sources of the new POPs in Nairobi. The high concentration level poses a health risk to residents of Dandora and Industrial area workers.
{"title":"OrganochlorinePesticides Residue Levels in Airand Soilfrom Nairobiand Mount Kenyaregions, Kenya","authors":"J. Aucha, S. Wandiga, D. Abong’o, V. Madadi, E. M. Osoro","doi":"10.9790/5736-1007020511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-1007020511","url":null,"abstract":"Thestudy investigates the organochlorine pesticides residue level in air and soilat sites in Nairobi and Mount Kenya regions, Kenya. Air and soil samples from four sites were collected and analysed for selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector and confirmed using GC/MS. The targeted pesticides were α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH (lindane), αendosulfan, βendosulfan and Endosulfansulfate. The samples were collected seasonally between the monthsof July 2012 and April 2013. The residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in air samples during month of October ranged between0.027±0.004 to5.735±0.575 ng/M 3 , while during the Month of February the concentration ranged between 0.013±0.00 to 9.375±1.65 ng/M 3 and the levels during the month of April ranged between 0.013±0.00 to 11.508±0.26ng/M 3 . Organochlorine pesticide detected in soil during month of October ranged between BDL to 131.206 ± 14.41ng/Kg, while during the Month of February the concentration ranged between 0.418± 0.01to 38.361 ±5.39 ng/Kg and the levels during the month of April ranged between 0.406± 0.00to 26.877± 8.89 ng/Kg. The residue levels of the analysedPOPs in air and soil were generally high at the Dandora and Industrial area sites. This indicates that industrial activities such as Tetra-Pac, general plastics, Phillips industries waste and stock piles are the main sources of the new POPs in Nairobi. The high concentration level poses a health risk to residents of Dandora and Industrial area workers.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"05-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90081950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ekane Peter Etape, Lambi John Ngolui, J. Foba-Tendo, D. M. Yufanyi, Beckley Victorine Namondo
Copper oxide (CuO), titanium oxide (TiO2), and Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by pyrolysis of their corresponding precursors initially prepared by precipitation in aqueous solution using A. carambola fruit juice as a natural source of the precipitating agent (oxalate). The precursors were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, TGA, and PXRD. The results revealed that the precursors obtained were CuC2O4, TiO2(OH−)2C2O4, copper-doped titanium hydroxyl oxalate, and copper titanium hydroxyl oxalate. Complete decomposition for the as-prepared precursors containing titanium ions occurs at 600°C while impurity free copper oxalate decomposed at 450°C. The as-prepared precursors were decomposed and calcined at 600°C for 4 hours and the calcination products were characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDX. The results revealed the decomposition products to correspond to CuO, TiO2, Cu0.131Ti0.869O2, and CuO/TiO2.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of CuO, TiO2, and CuO-TiO2 Mixed Oxide by a Modified Oxalate Route","authors":"Ekane Peter Etape, Lambi John Ngolui, J. Foba-Tendo, D. M. Yufanyi, Beckley Victorine Namondo","doi":"10.1155/2017/4518654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4518654","url":null,"abstract":"Copper oxide (CuO), titanium oxide (TiO2), and Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by pyrolysis of their corresponding precursors initially prepared by precipitation in aqueous solution using A. carambola fruit juice as a natural source of the precipitating agent (oxalate). The precursors were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, TGA, and PXRD. The results revealed that the precursors obtained were CuC2O4, TiO2(OH−)2C2O4, copper-doped titanium hydroxyl oxalate, and copper titanium hydroxyl oxalate. Complete decomposition for the as-prepared precursors containing titanium ions occurs at 600°C while impurity free copper oxalate decomposed at 450°C. The as-prepared precursors were decomposed and calcined at 600°C for 4 hours and the calcination products were characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDX. The results revealed the decomposition products to correspond to CuO, TiO2, Cu0.131Ti0.869O2, and CuO/TiO2.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80497092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-01DOI: 10.9790/5736-100502101109
M. MuragaJ, O. WandigaS, D. Abong’o
Twenty one water samples were collected and analysed for dissoved ions and microbial coliforms from selected sites of the Upper Athi River sub-catchment basin. The metal ions analysed included Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn while anions included Cl , CO3 2/HCO3 , F , NO2 /NO3 and SO4 2as well as faecal coliforms. Physical parameters analysed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC) turbidity, total dissolved solids and colour. The analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, titrimetric, ion selective electrode, gravimetric and lactose broth methods. The results showed that levels of dissolved ions in ground water were higher than in surface water while surface water had higher number of faecal coliforms. The high levels of dissolved ions in ground water was attributed to the geology of area while high levels of iron and faecal coliforms in river water samples was attributed to anthropogenic activities
{"title":"Assessment of Dissolved Ions and Microbial Coliform in Water from Selected Sites of the Upper Athi River Sub-Catchment Area, Kenya.","authors":"M. MuragaJ, O. WandigaS, D. Abong’o","doi":"10.9790/5736-100502101109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-100502101109","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty one water samples were collected and analysed for dissoved ions and microbial coliforms from selected sites of the Upper Athi River sub-catchment basin. The metal ions analysed included Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn while anions included Cl , CO3 2/HCO3 , F , NO2 /NO3 and SO4 2as well as faecal coliforms. Physical parameters analysed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC) turbidity, total dissolved solids and colour. The analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, titrimetric, ion selective electrode, gravimetric and lactose broth methods. The results showed that levels of dissolved ions in ground water were higher than in surface water while surface water had higher number of faecal coliforms. The high levels of dissolved ions in ground water was attributed to the geology of area while high levels of iron and faecal coliforms in river water samples was attributed to anthropogenic activities","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"511 1","pages":"101-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77059031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ntumba, A. Mulula, K. T. Kashishi, M. N. Mifundu, R. Robiette, K. Taba
Vegetable oil-based fuels are promising alternative fuels for diesel and light fuel engines because of their environmental and economic strategic advantages. In this study, Ongokea gore oil (OGO) and its fully hydrogenated oil were transesterified by means of ethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) products were confirmed by 1H NMR and characterized by physical-chemical methods in accordance with the ASTM D 6751 and AFNOR M 15-009 specifications for biodiesels and light biofuels. These methods concern determination of color, density, viscosity, flash and pour points, ash, water and sulfur contents, and corrosion on copper. It was found that pure fatty acid ethyl esters of Ongokea gore oil (B100) and its hydrogenated oil (B100-H) meet standard requirements for most of the biodiesel characteristics studied. Only the kinematic viscosity and density values were outside recommended biodiesel standard limits which makes them unsuitable for use in diesel engines. In accordance with the AFNOR M 15-009 specifications of light fuels, they can be used in light fuel engines. Physical-chemical properties of B20, a FAEE blend in petrodiesel, are within the limits prescribed for petrodiesel standards. In brief, Ongokea gore seeds, a nonedible and high-oil-producing feedstock, are suitable starting material for production of light biofuel. The latter blends in petrodiesel can be used as fuel in diesel engines.
植物油基燃料由于其环境和经济战略优势，是柴油和轻型燃料发动机的有前途的替代燃料。本研究以乙醇为原料，在乙氧化钠的存在下，对乌龙果油及其完全氢化油进行酯交换反应。脂肪酸乙酯(FAEE)产品经1H NMR确认，并根据生物柴油和轻型生物燃料的ASTM D 6751和AFNOR M 15-009规范采用物理化学方法进行表征。这些方法涉及铜的颜色、密度、粘度、闪点和倾点、灰分、水和硫含量以及腐蚀的测定。研究发现，龙骨油(B100)及其氢化油(B100- h)的纯脂肪酸乙酯满足大多数生物柴油特性的标准要求。只有运动粘度和密度值超出了推荐的生物柴油标准限制，这使得它们不适合用于柴油发动机。根据AFNOR M 15-009轻燃料规范，它们可用于轻燃料发动机。B20是一种FAEE混合汽油柴油，其理化性能在汽油柴油标准规定的范围内。总之，龙葵种子是一种不可食用的高产油原料，是生产轻型生物燃料的合适原料。后者与石油柴油混合后可用作柴油发动机的燃料。
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