Some new pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized and their characterization was done by IR, NMR, and mass spectral data. The solubility of these synthesized compounds has been studied in methanol, N,N dimethylformamide (DMF), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) by gravimetrical method from 298.15 to 328.15 K under atmospheric pressure and the solubility data were correlated against temperature. The solubility is found to increase with temperature and order of solubility is DMF > methanol > CCl4. The experimental solubility data is correlated with the modified Apelblat equation. Some thermodynamic parameters such as dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy of dissolution, and entropy of mixing have also been calculated.
{"title":"Measurement and Correlation for Solubility of Some Pyrimidine Derivatives in Different Solvents","authors":"K. Bhesaniya, S. Baluja","doi":"10.1155/2014/450294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/450294","url":null,"abstract":"Some new pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized and their characterization was done by IR, NMR, and mass spectral data. The solubility of these synthesized compounds has been studied in methanol, N,N dimethylformamide (DMF), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) by gravimetrical method from 298.15 to 328.15 K under atmospheric pressure and the solubility data were correlated against temperature. The solubility is found to increase with temperature and order of solubility is DMF > methanol > CCl4. The experimental solubility data is correlated with the modified Apelblat equation. Some thermodynamic parameters such as dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy of dissolution, and entropy of mixing have also been calculated.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75424848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The corrosion protective performance of polyaniline/palm oil (PAni-PO) blend coated on mild steel in 3% NaCl aqueous solutions has been evaluated by electrochemical methods, namely, open circuit potential (ocp), potentiodynamic polarization, and EIS spectroscopy. The surface of mild steel was covered by a dark green protective layer due to the physical interaction between the coating and steel. The permanent shifts of ocp and potentiodynamic polarization towards higher positive value of oxidation potential by about 800 mV and by a decrease in corrosion current density by sixfold in magnitude and an increase of 10 orders of magnitude in charge transfer resistance are due to protective coating.
{"title":"Polyaniline/Palm Oil Blend for Anticorrosion of Mild Steel in Saline Environment","authors":"M. Rashid, S. Sabir, A. A. Rahim, U. Waware","doi":"10.1155/2014/973653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/973653","url":null,"abstract":"The corrosion protective performance of polyaniline/palm oil (PAni-PO) blend coated on mild steel in 3% NaCl aqueous solutions has been evaluated by electrochemical methods, namely, open circuit potential (ocp), potentiodynamic polarization, and EIS spectroscopy. The surface of mild steel was covered by a dark green protective layer due to the physical interaction between the coating and steel. The permanent shifts of ocp and potentiodynamic polarization towards higher positive value of oxidation potential by about 800 mV and by a decrease in corrosion current density by sixfold in magnitude and an increase of 10 orders of magnitude in charge transfer resistance are due to protective coating.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"126 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76389688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Mutembei, A. Salim, O. A. onditi, W. Waudo, A. O. Yusuf
Levels of concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury) and nutrients in rivers Naka and Irigu were determined in the first three months (January, February and March, 2013) and variation downstream compared. Lead and cadmium were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Hydride generation method was used to determine concentration of arsenic while that of mercury was determined using cold vapour technique. Calorimetric methods were used to determine levels of nitrates and phosphates. Concentration levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic were found to be beyond the permissible levels stipulated by National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water specifications. Lead had the highest concentration with a range of 0.0537±0.103 parts per million (ppm) to 0.765±0.782 ppm followed by cadmium with a concentration range of 0.035 ± 0.006ppm to 0.24±0.0084 ppm in both rivers Naka and Irigu. The high concentration levels of lead in River Naka could be attributed to disposal of wastes directly into the river from Chuka Town due to poor drainage systems. Mercury was found to be below the detection limit. On the other hand, phosphate had a concentration range of 8.31±0.429 ppm to 10.33±0.189 ppm. This was above the specified level of 2.2ppm in drinking water according to NEMA. Only nitrate was below the recommended levels of 50 ppm and 45 ppm NEMA and WHO guidelines respectively for drinking water.
{"title":"Determination of Heavy Metals and Nutrients in Rivers Naka and Irigu, Chuka, (Kenya) Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and UV/Visible Spectrophotometry","authors":"J. Mutembei, A. Salim, O. A. onditi, W. Waudo, A. O. Yusuf","doi":"10.9790/5736-071118288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-071118288","url":null,"abstract":"Levels of concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury) and nutrients in rivers Naka and Irigu were determined in the first three months (January, February and March, 2013) and variation downstream compared. Lead and cadmium were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Hydride generation method was used to determine concentration of arsenic while that of mercury was determined using cold vapour technique. Calorimetric methods were used to determine levels of nitrates and phosphates. Concentration levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic were found to be beyond the permissible levels stipulated by National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water specifications. Lead had the highest concentration with a range of 0.0537±0.103 parts per million (ppm) to 0.765±0.782 ppm followed by cadmium with a concentration range of 0.035 ± 0.006ppm to 0.24±0.0084 ppm in both rivers Naka and Irigu. The high concentration levels of lead in River Naka could be attributed to disposal of wastes directly into the river from Chuka Town due to poor drainage systems. Mercury was found to be below the detection limit. On the other hand, phosphate had a concentration range of 8.31±0.429 ppm to 10.33±0.189 ppm. This was above the specified level of 2.2ppm in drinking water according to NEMA. Only nitrate was below the recommended levels of 50 ppm and 45 ppm NEMA and WHO guidelines respectively for drinking water.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"56 1","pages":"82-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75973570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DMSO/Ac2O reagent converts 1,3-indandione (1) to an unusual dimer 1H,1′H-2,2′-biindene-1,1′,3,3′(2H,2′H) tetrone and a dimeric condensation product along with an ylide (1a) at room temperature. This reagent also brings about oxidation of secondary alcohols to corresponding ketones, methyl thiomethylation, and N-hydroxymethylation in phthalimide and converts 4-hydroxycoumarins and dicoumarol to different oxidative and degradation products under varying conditions. However, when 1,3-indandione was refluxed with DMSO/Ac2O reagent at 150°C, it afforded a novel compound, 2-spiroindan 1,3-dione (2), a Diels Alder Adduct, analogous to (3) obtained upon treatment of 1,3-indandione with formaldehyde in presence of primary amines.
{"title":"Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Novel Spiroindan-1,3-Dione: A Diels Alder Adduct","authors":"N. D. Zargar, K. Khan","doi":"10.1155/2013/415639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/415639","url":null,"abstract":"DMSO/Ac2O reagent converts 1,3-indandione (1) to an unusual dimer 1H,1′H-2,2′-biindene-1,1′,3,3′(2H,2′H) tetrone and a dimeric condensation product along with an ylide (1a) at room temperature. This reagent also brings about oxidation of secondary alcohols to corresponding ketones, methyl thiomethylation, and N-hydroxymethylation in phthalimide and converts 4-hydroxycoumarins and dicoumarol to different oxidative and degradation products under varying conditions. However, when 1,3-indandione was refluxed with DMSO/Ac2O reagent at 150°C, it afforded a novel compound, 2-spiroindan 1,3-dione (2), a Diels Alder Adduct, analogous to (3) obtained upon treatment of 1,3-indandione with formaldehyde in presence of primary amines.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"132 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75483352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. I. Bel’chinskaya, L. Novikova, V. Khokhlov, Jen Ly Tkhi
The effect of acid and alkaline activation of complex natural aluminosilicate sorbent on its chemical composition, surface properties, and adsorption capacity towards ammonium ions was studied. An increase in specific surface area of the sorbent by 1.3 times after acid treatment and by 1.5 times after alkaline activation was shown. The change of ion-exchange complex of sorbent as a result of activation was observed. Sorption isotherms of ammonium ions on natural and activated samples were obtained and were satisfactorily described by the Langmuir equation. The evaluation and comparison of desorbed cations of alkali and alkaline earth metals were carried out. It was confirmed that ion-exchange processes primarily contributed to sorption of ammonium ions by natural and acid-activated silica-alumina, in contrast to alkali-activated one, for which absorption of nonexchangeable ammonium ions increased adsorption capacity of ammonium ions by 1.5 times.
{"title":"Contribution of Ion-Exchange and Non-Ion-Exchange Reactions to Sorption of Ammonium Ions by Natural and Activated Aluminosilicate Sorbent","authors":"L. I. Bel’chinskaya, L. Novikova, V. Khokhlov, Jen Ly Tkhi","doi":"10.1155/2013/789410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/789410","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of acid and alkaline activation of complex natural aluminosilicate sorbent on its chemical composition, surface properties, and adsorption capacity towards ammonium ions was studied. An increase in specific surface area of the sorbent by 1.3 times after acid treatment and by 1.5 times after alkaline activation was shown. The change of ion-exchange complex of sorbent as a result of activation was observed. Sorption isotherms of ammonium ions on natural and activated samples were obtained and were satisfactorily described by the Langmuir equation. The evaluation and comparison of desorbed cations of alkali and alkaline earth metals were carried out. It was confirmed that ion-exchange processes primarily contributed to sorption of ammonium ions by natural and acid-activated silica-alumina, in contrast to alkali-activated one, for which absorption of nonexchangeable ammonium ions increased adsorption capacity of ammonium ions by 1.5 times.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"123 3 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82282633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrazones are present in many of the bioactive compounds with wide interest because of their diverse pharmacological applications. Hydrazones possess wide variety of biological activities such as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, and other anticipated activities. This created an interest for researchers towards synthesized variety of hydrazone derivatives for different biological activities. Therefore many researchers have synthesized hydrazone derivatives as target structures for their biological activities. This is paper focuses on the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet activities of hydrazones.
{"title":"Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiplatelet Profile of Hydrazones Containing Synthetic Molecules","authors":"M. Asif, A. Husain","doi":"10.1155/2013/247203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/247203","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrazones are present in many of the bioactive compounds with wide interest because of their diverse pharmacological applications. Hydrazones possess wide variety of biological activities such as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, and other anticipated activities. This created an interest for researchers towards synthesized variety of hydrazone derivatives for different biological activities. Therefore many researchers have synthesized hydrazone derivatives as target structures for their biological activities. This is paper focuses on the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet activities of hydrazones.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"171 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78462301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanopowders of Centella asiatica (L.) were produced using planetary ball mill in order to investigate the differences of water extraction yield of asiatic acid as compared to micropowders of Centella asiatica. Effect of extraction time (20–60 min) on extraction yield of asiatic acid from Centella asiatica was examined. Results showed that water extraction of asiatic acid using Centella asiatica nanopowders exhibits was almost 50% higher extraction yield with 7.09 mg/g as compared to the micropowders of Centella asiatica. It was concluded that nanopowders contributed in enhancing water extraction yield of asiatic acid as compared to micropowders. Thereby utilizing nanopowders in water extraction could improve the extraction of asiatic acid via clean, eco-friendly, and less expensive process.
{"title":"Green Extraction: Enhanced Extraction Yield of Asiatic Acid from Centella asiatica (L.) Nanopowders","authors":"M. Z. Borhan, R. Ahmad, M. Rusop, S. Abdullah","doi":"10.1155/2013/460168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/460168","url":null,"abstract":"Nanopowders of Centella asiatica (L.) were produced using planetary ball mill in order to investigate the differences of water extraction yield of asiatic acid as compared to micropowders of Centella asiatica. Effect of extraction time (20–60 min) on extraction yield of asiatic acid from Centella asiatica was examined. Results showed that water extraction of asiatic acid using Centella asiatica nanopowders exhibits was almost 50% higher extraction yield with 7.09 mg/g as compared to the micropowders of Centella asiatica. It was concluded that nanopowders contributed in enhancing water extraction yield of asiatic acid as compared to micropowders. Thereby utilizing nanopowders in water extraction could improve the extraction of asiatic acid via clean, eco-friendly, and less expensive process.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74422379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Chhalotiya, K. Bhatt, D. Shah, S. Baldania, S. Patel
A rapid, specific, and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for analysis of tolperisone in both bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The HPLC method was performed with a reversed phase C18 SunFire column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 mm particle size), detection at 261 nm and a mixture of methanol, water and pH 7.5 adjusted by use of 1% solution of triethylamine (60 : 40) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1 and effluents were monitored at 261 nm. The retention time of tolperisone was 4.8 min. Tolperisone was subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, chemical oxidation, wet hydrolysis, dry heat degradation, and sunlight degradation. The degraded product peaks were well resolved from the pure drug peak with significant difference in their retention time values. Stressed samples were assayed using developed LC method. The proposed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of tolperisone in tablet dosage forms.
建立了一种快速、特异、灵敏的反相高效液相色谱分析方法，并对其进行了验证。HPLC法采用反相C18 SunFire色谱柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm，粒径5 mm)，在261 nm处检测，以1%三乙胺溶液(60:40)为流动相，调节甲醇、水和pH为7.5的混合物。流速为1.0 mL min - 1，在261 nm处监测流出物。托佩里松的保留时间为4.8 min。托佩里松经过酸碱水解、化学氧化、湿水解、干热降解和日光降解。降解产物峰与纯药峰分离较好，保留时间差异显著。采用开发的液相色谱法测定应力样品。该方法在线性度、准确度、精密度、鲁棒性等方面进行了验证。该方法成功地应用于片剂中托培里森酮的含量测定。
{"title":"Development of Stability Indicating LC Method for the Estimation of Tolperisone in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form","authors":"U. Chhalotiya, K. Bhatt, D. Shah, S. Baldania, S. Patel","doi":"10.1155/2013/352984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/352984","url":null,"abstract":"A rapid, specific, and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for analysis of tolperisone in both bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The HPLC method was performed with a reversed phase C18 SunFire column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 mm particle size), detection at 261 nm and a mixture of methanol, water and pH 7.5 adjusted by use of 1% solution of triethylamine (60 : 40) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1 and effluents were monitored at 261 nm. The retention time of tolperisone was 4.8 min. Tolperisone was subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, chemical oxidation, wet hydrolysis, dry heat degradation, and sunlight degradation. The degraded product peaks were well resolved from the pure drug peak with significant difference in their retention time values. Stressed samples were assayed using developed LC method. The proposed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of tolperisone in tablet dosage forms.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78886316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM) is an important part of PEM fuel cell. Nafion is a commercially known membrane which gives the satisfactory result in PEM fuel cell operating at low temperature. Present research paper includes functionalization of Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) polymer with phosphonic acid group. The functionalization was done with the help of nickel-based catalyst. Further, the polymer was characterized by the FTIR, EDAX, DSC, TGA, and 1H NMR, and it was found that PEEK polymer was functionalized with phosphonic acid group with good thermal stability in comparison to virgin PEEK. Finally, the thin films of functionalized polymer were prepared by solution casting method, and proton conductivity of film samples was measured by impedance spectra whose value was found satisfactory with good thermal stability in comparison to commercially available Nafion membrane.
{"title":"Modification of Poly(ether ether ketone) Polymer for Fuel Cell Application","authors":"Devesh Shukla, Y. S. Negi, Vijai Kumar","doi":"10.1155/2013/386903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/386903","url":null,"abstract":"Polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM) is an important part of PEM fuel cell. Nafion is a commercially known membrane which gives the satisfactory result in PEM fuel cell operating at low temperature. Present research paper includes functionalization of Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) polymer with phosphonic acid group. The functionalization was done with the help of nickel-based catalyst. Further, the polymer was characterized by the FTIR, EDAX, DSC, TGA, and 1H NMR, and it was found that PEEK polymer was functionalized with phosphonic acid group with good thermal stability in comparison to virgin PEEK. Finally, the thin films of functionalized polymer were prepared by solution casting method, and proton conductivity of film samples was measured by impedance spectra whose value was found satisfactory with good thermal stability in comparison to commercially available Nafion membrane.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77541189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xanthones are one of the biggest classes of compounds in natural product chemistry. A number of xanthones have been isolated from natural sources of higher plants, fungi, ferns, and lichens. They have gradually risen to great importance because of their medicinal properties. This review focuses on the types, isolation, characterization, biological applications, and biosynthesis of naturally occurring xanthones isolated so far. Different physicochemical and instrumental methods such as liquid-solid and liquid-liquid extraction, TLC, flash chromatography, column chromatography, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, GLC, HPLC, GC, and LCMS have been widely used for isolation and structural elucidation of xanthones. Hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antileprosy, antimalarial, antioxidant, anticholinergic, mutagenicity, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, antibone resorption, antiparasitic, neuraminidase inhibitory, anticomplement, antibacterial, antifungal, algicidal, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, antitumoral, antidiabetes, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, analgesic, antiasthmatic, antihistaminic, antiamoebic, diuretic, antidiarrheal, larvicidal, and ovicidal activities have been reported for natural occurring xanthones. To a certain extent, this review provides necessary foundation for further research and development of new medicines.
{"title":"Naturally Occurring Xanthones: Chemistry and Biology","authors":"J. Negi, V. Bisht, P. Singh, M. Rawat, G. Joshi","doi":"10.1155/2013/621459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/621459","url":null,"abstract":"Xanthones are one of the biggest classes of compounds in natural product chemistry. A number of xanthones have been isolated from natural sources of higher plants, fungi, ferns, and lichens. They have gradually risen to great importance because of their medicinal properties. This review focuses on the types, isolation, characterization, biological applications, and biosynthesis of naturally occurring xanthones isolated so far. Different physicochemical and instrumental methods such as liquid-solid and liquid-liquid extraction, TLC, flash chromatography, column chromatography, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, GLC, HPLC, GC, and LCMS have been widely used for isolation and structural elucidation of xanthones. Hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antileprosy, antimalarial, antioxidant, anticholinergic, mutagenicity, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, antibone resorption, antiparasitic, neuraminidase inhibitory, anticomplement, antibacterial, antifungal, algicidal, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, antitumoral, antidiabetes, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, analgesic, antiasthmatic, antihistaminic, antiamoebic, diuretic, antidiarrheal, larvicidal, and ovicidal activities have been reported for natural occurring xanthones. To a certain extent, this review provides necessary foundation for further research and development of new medicines.","PeriodicalId":15303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90762102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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