Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2158979
E. Tena, Feyissa Tadesse, Feven Million, Dribu Tesfaye
ABSTRACT Genetic improvement of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) yield is crucial in the improvement of crop productivity. This study was conducted with the objectives to estimate the degree of phenotypic diversity, heritability, and association of various traits and recommend sugarcane genotypes for commercial production and small-scale farmers. Fifteen sugarcane genotypes and one standard check variety were evaluated in plant, first and second ratoon crops for 14 quantitative traits including stalk and juice quality. Highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among the genotypes for all the traits were observed. Phenotypic diversity of genotypes by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis indicated genetically diverse genotypes from divergent cluster groups, which can be exploited as desirable parents to use in hybridization programs. All traits had low to high correlations (r = 0.132 to 0.719) with cane yield. High broad-sense heritability (h2) was detected for single cane weight (82.55), number of millable canes (76.85), plant height (76.79), stalk diameter (73.22), and internode length (73.69) indicating that these traits could be selected for easily. Highest expected genetic gains were recorded in single cane weight (30.12) and number of millable canes (28.6). Path coefficient analysis of cane yield revealed that single cane weight and number of millable canes were the major contributors to cane yield. Results showed that millable cane number and single cane weight can be used as reliable selection criteria to improve sugarcane yield. Genotypes FG03104, FG05414, and FG05300 can be considered for commercial production at Metehara Sugar Estate and similar agroecologies.
{"title":"Phenotypic diversity, heritability, and association of characters in sugarcane genotypes at Metehara Sugar Estate, Ethiopia","authors":"E. Tena, Feyissa Tadesse, Feven Million, Dribu Tesfaye","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2158979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2158979","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Genetic improvement of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) yield is crucial in the improvement of crop productivity. This study was conducted with the objectives to estimate the degree of phenotypic diversity, heritability, and association of various traits and recommend sugarcane genotypes for commercial production and small-scale farmers. Fifteen sugarcane genotypes and one standard check variety were evaluated in plant, first and second ratoon crops for 14 quantitative traits including stalk and juice quality. Highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among the genotypes for all the traits were observed. Phenotypic diversity of genotypes by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis indicated genetically diverse genotypes from divergent cluster groups, which can be exploited as desirable parents to use in hybridization programs. All traits had low to high correlations (r = 0.132 to 0.719) with cane yield. High broad-sense heritability (h2) was detected for single cane weight (82.55), number of millable canes (76.85), plant height (76.79), stalk diameter (73.22), and internode length (73.69) indicating that these traits could be selected for easily. Highest expected genetic gains were recorded in single cane weight (30.12) and number of millable canes (28.6). Path coefficient analysis of cane yield revealed that single cane weight and number of millable canes were the major contributors to cane yield. Results showed that millable cane number and single cane weight can be used as reliable selection criteria to improve sugarcane yield. Genotypes FG03104, FG05414, and FG05300 can be considered for commercial production at Metehara Sugar Estate and similar agroecologies.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"874 - 897"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42206571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2159600
Nantima Churmue, Jittraporn Kuesdrit, P. Chomnunti, E. Chukeatirote, R. Nilthong, S. Nilthong
ABSTRACT Rice blast disease caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Therefore, the use of resistant rice varieties would be the most effective way to control this disease. Based on disease evaluation, upland rice varieties were classified into two groups: resistant (35%) and moderately resistant (65%). Forty upland rice varieties and two lowland rice varieties were genotyped for seven major rice blast resistance genes Pi37, Pid2, Pi9, Pi36(t), Pi5, Pik-m, and Pi54. The gene frequencies of the seven major R genes ranged from 2.38% to 100%. The 42 varieties contained one to five R genes. Two varieties had five blast resistance genes, whereas 21 varieties contained four R genes, 15 varieties contained three R genes, 3 varieties contained two R genes, and only one variety contained one R gene. Furthermore, the relationship between the presence of different R genes and disease reactions was investigated using a multiple stepwise regression model. Three markers, Pi5, Pi54MAS, and Ckm2, for three R genes (Pi5, Pi54, and Pik-m) were moderately correlated with blast disease with partial correlation coefficients of 0.35 to 0.47. These results provide new sources of resistance genes for designing future breeding program to develop leaf blast-resistant rice varieties.
{"title":"Screening of rice blast resistance in Thai upland rice using pathogenicity assays and molecular markers","authors":"Nantima Churmue, Jittraporn Kuesdrit, P. Chomnunti, E. Chukeatirote, R. Nilthong, S. Nilthong","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2159600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2159600","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rice blast disease caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Therefore, the use of resistant rice varieties would be the most effective way to control this disease. Based on disease evaluation, upland rice varieties were classified into two groups: resistant (35%) and moderately resistant (65%). Forty upland rice varieties and two lowland rice varieties were genotyped for seven major rice blast resistance genes Pi37, Pid2, Pi9, Pi36(t), Pi5, Pik-m, and Pi54. The gene frequencies of the seven major R genes ranged from 2.38% to 100%. The 42 varieties contained one to five R genes. Two varieties had five blast resistance genes, whereas 21 varieties contained four R genes, 15 varieties contained three R genes, 3 varieties contained two R genes, and only one variety contained one R gene. Furthermore, the relationship between the presence of different R genes and disease reactions was investigated using a multiple stepwise regression model. Three markers, Pi5, Pi54MAS, and Ckm2, for three R genes (Pi5, Pi54, and Pik-m) were moderately correlated with blast disease with partial correlation coefficients of 0.35 to 0.47. These results provide new sources of resistance genes for designing future breeding program to develop leaf blast-resistant rice varieties.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"898 - 912"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43440690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2159908
Demilew Deres, T. Feyissa
ABSTRACT DNA-based molecular markers are the most effective methods for developing desirable crop varieties in modern plant breeding. However, these markers have a limited use in plant breeding and their impact is insignificant. Developing them requires prior sequence information that is costly, especially for complex genome. Despite advances in sequencing technology, getting the full genome sequence of polyploidy species is still time-consuming and resource-intensive. This led to slow progress in the genetic improvement of these species using DNA-based molecular markers. Diversity Array Technology (DArT) which is a low-cost and quick-genotyping platform offers the opportunity to screen hundreds of highly polymorphic markers without genome sequence data. Because of their high level of diversity, DArT-based methods are popular among different crop genetic improvement programs. In polyploidy crop improvement, DArT markers are still useful, and exploiting their potential to the fullest is necessary. DArT markers can provide deep genetic diversity analysis, entire genome profiling, and high-density mapping of complex features needed for marker-based breeding. Therefore, molecular analyzes using DArT markers significantly contributed to the improvement of various crop species. The markers will prove useful in future crop breeding programs aimed at improving crop quality and yield. Understanding the concept and potential applications of DArT markers is essential for maximizing their potential. This review summarizes the concepts behind DArT markers and their potential future applications for improving crop genetics.
{"title":"Concepts and applications of diversity array technology (DArT) markers for crop improvement","authors":"Demilew Deres, T. Feyissa","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2159908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2159908","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT DNA-based molecular markers are the most effective methods for developing desirable crop varieties in modern plant breeding. However, these markers have a limited use in plant breeding and their impact is insignificant. Developing them requires prior sequence information that is costly, especially for complex genome. Despite advances in sequencing technology, getting the full genome sequence of polyploidy species is still time-consuming and resource-intensive. This led to slow progress in the genetic improvement of these species using DNA-based molecular markers. Diversity Array Technology (DArT) which is a low-cost and quick-genotyping platform offers the opportunity to screen hundreds of highly polymorphic markers without genome sequence data. Because of their high level of diversity, DArT-based methods are popular among different crop genetic improvement programs. In polyploidy crop improvement, DArT markers are still useful, and exploiting their potential to the fullest is necessary. DArT markers can provide deep genetic diversity analysis, entire genome profiling, and high-density mapping of complex features needed for marker-based breeding. Therefore, molecular analyzes using DArT markers significantly contributed to the improvement of various crop species. The markers will prove useful in future crop breeding programs aimed at improving crop quality and yield. Understanding the concept and potential applications of DArT markers is essential for maximizing their potential. This review summarizes the concepts behind DArT markers and their potential future applications for improving crop genetics.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"913 - 933"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45039423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2156960
Armel Rouamba, H. Shimelis, Inoussa Drabo, A. Shayanowako, E. Mrema, P. Gangashetty
ABSTRACT Striga hermonthica [Del.] Benth. (Sh) is a noxious parasitic weed causing substantial yield loss in sub-Saharan Africa’s pearl millet. The objective of this study was to determine the gene action and inheritance of Sh resistance in newly developed pearl millet populations to guide selection and genetic advancement. Bi-parental crosses were derived from pairs of pearl millet lines by contrasting reactions to Striga infestations. The two sets of parental lines, F1s, F2s, and backcrosses, were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on the number of Striga counted at 60 and 80 days after planting were collected. The analysis of the variance showed significant (P < 0.001) differences among the generations across sets for Sh parameters. Duplicate gene action controlled the inheritance of the number of emerged Sh. Unique F2 individuals with Sh resistance were selected from the two sets for genetic advancement through recurrent selection methods for pearl millet variety development by integrating desirable agronomic and farmer-preferred traits.
{"title":"Generation mean analysis of Striga hermonthica resistance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.)","authors":"Armel Rouamba, H. Shimelis, Inoussa Drabo, A. Shayanowako, E. Mrema, P. Gangashetty","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2156960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2156960","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Striga hermonthica [Del.] Benth. (Sh) is a noxious parasitic weed causing substantial yield loss in sub-Saharan Africa’s pearl millet. The objective of this study was to determine the gene action and inheritance of Sh resistance in newly developed pearl millet populations to guide selection and genetic advancement. Bi-parental crosses were derived from pairs of pearl millet lines by contrasting reactions to Striga infestations. The two sets of parental lines, F1s, F2s, and backcrosses, were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on the number of Striga counted at 60 and 80 days after planting were collected. The analysis of the variance showed significant (P < 0.001) differences among the generations across sets for Sh parameters. Duplicate gene action controlled the inheritance of the number of emerged Sh. Unique F2 individuals with Sh resistance were selected from the two sets for genetic advancement through recurrent selection methods for pearl millet variety development by integrating desirable agronomic and farmer-preferred traits.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"834 - 852"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42267628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2151541
Gulaqa Anwari, Tianxu Yao, Abdourazak Alio Moussa, Wentao Zhang, Ajmal Mandozai, M. Gamal, A. El-rahim, J. Feng
ABSTRACT Soil salinization is a major threat to crop production. Biochar and aluminum sulfate as soil amendments are critical for improving rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity under saline-sodic conditions. This study explored the effects of rice-husk biochar and aluminum sulfate on rice growth, biomass, yield, and soil properties under saline-sodic conditions. The experiment was carried out in an experimental field located at the Jilin Agricultural University, China. Five treatments, viz., T0 (no biochar, no aluminum sulfate, no nitrogen), T1 (no biochar, no aluminum sulfate, with NPK), T2 (aluminum sulfate and NPK), T3 (biochar and NPK), and T4 (biochar, aluminum sulfate, and NPK), arranged in a completely randomized design with five biological replicates, were assessed. Compared to T0, plant height, tiller number, leaf dry weight, panicle dry weight, sheath dry weight, stem dry weight, and total dry biomass significantly increased by 14.67%, 56.39%, 60.13%, 59.53%, 39.00%, 58.36%, and 55.99%, respectively, with T1. Compared to T0, the grain yield significantly increased by 82.79% with T1. Additionally, biochar and aluminum sulfate applications significantly decreased the Na+ concentration in different rice organs and considerably increased the K+ concentration and consequently, the K+/Na+ ratio. Moreover, compared to the control, the soil pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32-, and Cl- concentrations under T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatments were substantially improved. Therefore, biochar and aluminum sulfate applications can alleviate saline-sodic stress, improve soil health, and increase rice productivity on saline-sodic soils. The study findings are anticipated to help develop new management strategies for improving rice production under saline-sodic conditions.
{"title":"Influence of biochar and aluminum sulfate on rice growth and production in saline soil","authors":"Gulaqa Anwari, Tianxu Yao, Abdourazak Alio Moussa, Wentao Zhang, Ajmal Mandozai, M. Gamal, A. El-rahim, J. Feng","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2151541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2151541","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soil salinization is a major threat to crop production. Biochar and aluminum sulfate as soil amendments are critical for improving rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity under saline-sodic conditions. This study explored the effects of rice-husk biochar and aluminum sulfate on rice growth, biomass, yield, and soil properties under saline-sodic conditions. The experiment was carried out in an experimental field located at the Jilin Agricultural University, China. Five treatments, viz., T0 (no biochar, no aluminum sulfate, no nitrogen), T1 (no biochar, no aluminum sulfate, with NPK), T2 (aluminum sulfate and NPK), T3 (biochar and NPK), and T4 (biochar, aluminum sulfate, and NPK), arranged in a completely randomized design with five biological replicates, were assessed. Compared to T0, plant height, tiller number, leaf dry weight, panicle dry weight, sheath dry weight, stem dry weight, and total dry biomass significantly increased by 14.67%, 56.39%, 60.13%, 59.53%, 39.00%, 58.36%, and 55.99%, respectively, with T1. Compared to T0, the grain yield significantly increased by 82.79% with T1. Additionally, biochar and aluminum sulfate applications significantly decreased the Na+ concentration in different rice organs and considerably increased the K+ concentration and consequently, the K+/Na+ ratio. Moreover, compared to the control, the soil pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32-, and Cl- concentrations under T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatments were substantially improved. Therefore, biochar and aluminum sulfate applications can alleviate saline-sodic stress, improve soil health, and increase rice productivity on saline-sodic soils. The study findings are anticipated to help develop new management strategies for improving rice production under saline-sodic conditions.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"776 - 795"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42550163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-19DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2148312
A. Muthusamy, Shashikala Tantry, M. R. RADHAKRISHNA RAO, K. Satyamoorthy
ABSTRACT The organogenesis protocol was established for a unique brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) variety, “Mattu Gulla”, which has a distinct size, color and flavor. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable and efficient protocol for the initiation and maturation of somatic embryos into plantlets. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium augmented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (1.0 mg/L) and benzyl aminopurine (BAP) (1.5 mg/L) for callus initiation. The developing calli (45-days old) were transferred onto an MS medium augmented with plant growth regulators to determine the embryogenic potential of the explants. The proportion of embryogenic callus was higher in hypocotyl-derived calli (HC) with indole butyric acid (IBA) (1.5 mg/L) and BAP (1.0 mg/L with 2,4-D and thidiazuron (TDZ) (1.0 mg/L) than in cotyledon and leaf-derived calli. The embryo initiation was recorded on the 23rd day after subculture from HC with the 2,4-D and TDZ (1.0 mg/L) combination, and germination was recorded. The somatic embryos developed from cotyledon-derived calli showed the highest number of plantlets and a significant percentage of ex vitro survival. In contrast, the lowest number of plantlets was noted from the embryos of hypocotyl-derived calli and ex vitro survival of plantlets. Under greenhouse conditions, the acclimatized plantlets thrived and produced fruits with viable seeds. The established protocol in this study should serve as a platform for large-scale somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation of plantlets. The somatic embryo-based manipulation should be exploited as a biotechnological tool in crop breeding and improving desired agronomic traits.
{"title":"High-efficiency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) var. Mattu Gulla","authors":"A. Muthusamy, Shashikala Tantry, M. R. RADHAKRISHNA RAO, K. Satyamoorthy","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2148312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2148312","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The organogenesis protocol was established for a unique brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) variety, “Mattu Gulla”, which has a distinct size, color and flavor. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable and efficient protocol for the initiation and maturation of somatic embryos into plantlets. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium augmented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (1.0 mg/L) and benzyl aminopurine (BAP) (1.5 mg/L) for callus initiation. The developing calli (45-days old) were transferred onto an MS medium augmented with plant growth regulators to determine the embryogenic potential of the explants. The proportion of embryogenic callus was higher in hypocotyl-derived calli (HC) with indole butyric acid (IBA) (1.5 mg/L) and BAP (1.0 mg/L with 2,4-D and thidiazuron (TDZ) (1.0 mg/L) than in cotyledon and leaf-derived calli. The embryo initiation was recorded on the 23rd day after subculture from HC with the 2,4-D and TDZ (1.0 mg/L) combination, and germination was recorded. The somatic embryos developed from cotyledon-derived calli showed the highest number of plantlets and a significant percentage of ex vitro survival. In contrast, the lowest number of plantlets was noted from the embryos of hypocotyl-derived calli and ex vitro survival of plantlets. Under greenhouse conditions, the acclimatized plantlets thrived and produced fruits with viable seeds. The established protocol in this study should serve as a platform for large-scale somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation of plantlets. The somatic embryo-based manipulation should be exploited as a biotechnological tool in crop breeding and improving desired agronomic traits.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"735 - 750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43531908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-19DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2148313
Moureen Nansamba, J. Sibiya, R. Tumuhimbise, D. Karamura, J. Ssekandi, W. Tinzaara, E. Karamura
ABSTRACT Banana (Musa spp.), an important staple food in the tropical and subtropical regions, is highly susceptible to drought. Developing drought-tolerant bananas using available germplasm offers a long-term solution to mitigate drought effects. The East and Central Africa Banana Germplasm Collection in Uganda contains genetically diverse genotypes whose potential for drought tolerance breeding is yet to be established. This study aimed to determine the response of 14 Musa spp. genotypes to drought stress using phenotypic and physiological traits in order to select promising genotypes for use in breeding. Two genotypes with a known reaction to water deficit conditions were included as local checks. Three-month-old tissue culture-derived plantlets were completely deprived of water for four weeks while control plants were regularly irrigated back to field capacity, and both sets maintained under screen-house conditions. Drought stress resulted in significant reductions in plant height, total leaf area, number of leaf cigars and functional leaves, total dry matter, chlorophyll and relative water content. Water use efficiency (WUE) of 12 genotypes increased under stress conditions. Stomatal conductance was affected by the genotype-porometer reading time interaction. Genotype “ITC.0987” was the most tolerant, considering that moisture stress had the least effect on its above-ground growth. Among the improved diploids, “TMB2x9722-1” had the least total dry matter reduction and highest WUE, while “TMB2x9172” showed the least decrease in relative water content and highest root-shoot ratio increase under stress. Thus, “ITC.0987”, “TMB2x9722-1” and “TMB2x9172” are essential drought-tolerant candidates that may be utilized in breeding.
{"title":"Response of banana (Musa spp.) to drought stress based on phenotypic and physiological traits","authors":"Moureen Nansamba, J. Sibiya, R. Tumuhimbise, D. Karamura, J. Ssekandi, W. Tinzaara, E. Karamura","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2148313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2148313","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Banana (Musa spp.), an important staple food in the tropical and subtropical regions, is highly susceptible to drought. Developing drought-tolerant bananas using available germplasm offers a long-term solution to mitigate drought effects. The East and Central Africa Banana Germplasm Collection in Uganda contains genetically diverse genotypes whose potential for drought tolerance breeding is yet to be established. This study aimed to determine the response of 14 Musa spp. genotypes to drought stress using phenotypic and physiological traits in order to select promising genotypes for use in breeding. Two genotypes with a known reaction to water deficit conditions were included as local checks. Three-month-old tissue culture-derived plantlets were completely deprived of water for four weeks while control plants were regularly irrigated back to field capacity, and both sets maintained under screen-house conditions. Drought stress resulted in significant reductions in plant height, total leaf area, number of leaf cigars and functional leaves, total dry matter, chlorophyll and relative water content. Water use efficiency (WUE) of 12 genotypes increased under stress conditions. Stomatal conductance was affected by the genotype-porometer reading time interaction. Genotype “ITC.0987” was the most tolerant, considering that moisture stress had the least effect on its above-ground growth. Among the improved diploids, “TMB2x9722-1” had the least total dry matter reduction and highest WUE, while “TMB2x9172” showed the least decrease in relative water content and highest root-shoot ratio increase under stress. Thus, “ITC.0987”, “TMB2x9722-1” and “TMB2x9172” are essential drought-tolerant candidates that may be utilized in breeding.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"751 - 775"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41916183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2145591
Nicolás Neiff, Lorena González Pérez, Jose Alberto Mendoza Lugo, Carlos Martínez, Belén Araceli Kettler, Thanda Dhliwayo, R. Babu, S. Trachsel
ABSTRACT Heat and drought stresses negatively affect maize (Zea mays L.) productivity. We aimed to identify the genetic basis of tolerance to heat stress (HS) and combined heat and drought stress (HS+DS) and compare how QTL and whole genome selection (GS) could be leveraged to improve tolerance to both stresses. A set of 97 testcross hybrids derived from a maize bi-parental doubled-haploid population was evaluated during the summer seasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016 in Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico, under HS and HS+DS. Grain yield (GY) reached 5.7 t ha−1 under HS and 3.0 t ha−1 under HS+DS. Twenty-six QTL were detected across six environments, with LOD scores ranging from 2.03 to 3.86; the QTL explained 8.6% to 18.6% of the observed phenotypic variation. Hyperspectral biomass and structural index (HBSI) had higher genetic correlation with GY for HS (r = 0.97) and HS+DS (r = 0.74), relative to the correlation with crop water mass or greenness indices. Genetic correlations between GY and canopy temperature for HS (r = −0.89) and HS+DS (r = −0.75) or vegetation indices, along with clusters of QTL in bins 1.02, 1.05, and 2.05, underline the importance of these genomic areas for secondary traits associated with general vigor and greenness. Prediction accuracy of the model used for GS had values below those found in previous studies. We found a high-yielding hybrid that was tolerant to HS and HS+DS.
摘要：高温和干旱胁迫对玉米产量产生负面影响。我们的目的是确定对热胁迫（HS）和热干旱联合胁迫（HS+DS）的耐受性的遗传基础，并比较如何利用QTL和全基因组选择（GS）来提高对这两种胁迫的耐受性。2014年、2015年和2016年夏季，在墨西哥索诺拉州奥夫雷贡市，在HS和HS+DS条件下，对来自玉米双亲双单倍体群体的97个试验杂交种进行了评估。在HS和HS+DS条件下，粮食产量分别达到5.7和3.0 t ha−1。在6个环境中检测到26个QTL，LOD得分在2.03至3.86之间；QTL解释了8.6%-18.6%的表型变异。HS（r=0.97）和HS+DS（r=0.74）的高光谱生物量和结构指数（HBSI）与GY的遗传相关性高于与作物水分或绿色指数的相关性。HS（r=-0.89）和HS+DS（r=-0.75）或植被指数的GY与冠层温度之间的遗传相关性，以及1.02、1.05和2.05中的QTL聚类，强调了这些基因组区域对与一般活力和绿色相关的次要性状的重要性。用于GS的模型的预测精度低于先前研究中发现的值。我们发现了一个对HS和HS+DS具有耐受性的高产杂交种。
{"title":"QTL and genomic prediction accuracy for grain yield and secondary traits in a maize population under heat and heat-drought stresses","authors":"Nicolás Neiff, Lorena González Pérez, Jose Alberto Mendoza Lugo, Carlos Martínez, Belén Araceli Kettler, Thanda Dhliwayo, R. Babu, S. Trachsel","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2145591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2145591","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Heat and drought stresses negatively affect maize (Zea mays L.) productivity. We aimed to identify the genetic basis of tolerance to heat stress (HS) and combined heat and drought stress (HS+DS) and compare how QTL and whole genome selection (GS) could be leveraged to improve tolerance to both stresses. A set of 97 testcross hybrids derived from a maize bi-parental doubled-haploid population was evaluated during the summer seasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016 in Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico, under HS and HS+DS. Grain yield (GY) reached 5.7 t ha−1 under HS and 3.0 t ha−1 under HS+DS. Twenty-six QTL were detected across six environments, with LOD scores ranging from 2.03 to 3.86; the QTL explained 8.6% to 18.6% of the observed phenotypic variation. Hyperspectral biomass and structural index (HBSI) had higher genetic correlation with GY for HS (r = 0.97) and HS+DS (r = 0.74), relative to the correlation with crop water mass or greenness indices. Genetic correlations between GY and canopy temperature for HS (r = −0.89) and HS+DS (r = −0.75) or vegetation indices, along with clusters of QTL in bins 1.02, 1.05, and 2.05, underline the importance of these genomic areas for secondary traits associated with general vigor and greenness. Prediction accuracy of the model used for GS had values below those found in previous studies. We found a high-yielding hybrid that was tolerant to HS and HS+DS.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"709 - 734"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2030447
H. Sakhanokho, N. Islam-Faridi, Barbara J. Smith
ABSTRACT Combretum micranthum G. Don, also known as kinkéliba, is native to West Africa where the plant grows wild as a shrub, liana, or tree and is valued for its numerous attributes including health and nutritional benefits. Despite this, genetic information commensurate with its economic value is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers of C. micranthum germplasm from eastern Senegal, West Africa. Genome size estimates were determined, for the first time, and chromosome number was analyzed using actively growing root tips. The mean, median, minimum, and maximum genome size estimates were 1587.44 Mb, 1540.85 Mb, 1472.24 Mb, and 2146.66 Mb, respectively. Cytological analysis revealed a chromosome number of 2 n = 2x = 26. The results of this investigation can be useful for structural and functional genomics, genome sequencing endeavors, and phylogenic studies as well as breeding and domestication programs.
摘要:微芒豆(Combretum micranthum G. Don)原产于西非，是一种野生灌木、藤本植物或乔木，因其具有多种健康和营养价值而受到重视。尽管如此，缺乏与其经济价值相称的遗传信息。本研究旨在测定西非塞内加尔东部的小红花(C. microranthum)种质的核DNA含量和染色体数目。首次确定了基因组大小的估计值，并利用活跃生长的根尖分析了染色体数目。基因组大小的平均值、中位数、最小值和最大值分别为1587.44 Mb、1540.85 Mb、1472.24 Mb和2146.66 Mb。细胞学分析显示染色体数目为2 n = 2x = 26。该研究结果可用于结构和功能基因组学、基因组测序、系统发育研究以及育种和驯化计划。
{"title":"Nuclear DNA content and chromosome number determination in a Sahel medicinal plant, Combretum micranthum G. Don","authors":"H. Sakhanokho, N. Islam-Faridi, Barbara J. Smith","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2030447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2030447","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Combretum micranthum G. Don, also known as kinkéliba, is native to West Africa where the plant grows wild as a shrub, liana, or tree and is valued for its numerous attributes including health and nutritional benefits. Despite this, genetic information commensurate with its economic value is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers of C. micranthum germplasm from eastern Senegal, West Africa. Genome size estimates were determined, for the first time, and chromosome number was analyzed using actively growing root tips. The mean, median, minimum, and maximum genome size estimates were 1587.44 Mb, 1540.85 Mb, 1472.24 Mb, and 2146.66 Mb, respectively. Cytological analysis revealed a chromosome number of 2 n = 2x = 26. The results of this investigation can be useful for structural and functional genomics, genome sequencing endeavors, and phylogenic studies as well as breeding and domestication programs.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"866 - 874"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42675367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2134072
L. Machida, Francisco Huerta Rodriguez, D. Makumbi, M. Tarusenga
ABSTRACT Breeders routinely evaluate many experimental hybrids that may be of different maturities. In maize (Zea mays L.), days to 50% anthesis and percent grain moisture content are used as proxies for relative maturity. The lack of an easy-to-use statistical tool that gives yield potential of all entries in a trial while classifying them into different relative maturity categories in a single visualization makes it difficult to quickly assess superior genotypes. We report on a tool called REMATTOOL-R to aid breeders in visualizing and assessing the relationship between yield and certain agronomic traits, viz., days to anthesis, percent harvest grain moisture content, and number of harvested plants, and help them in advancing experimental hybrids to the next stage. REMATTOOL-R uses either Best Linear Unbiased Estimators (BLUEs) or Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUPs) of yield and agronomic traits from multilocation trials to perform various computations. The various computations produce graphical and tabular visualizations of the relationship between grain yield and days to anthesis, moisture content, and number of harvested plants that can be used to support selection decisions by the breeder. REMATTOOL-R output tables show entries with at least 5% higher yield than the check varieties in the trial. REMATTOOL-R is a robust, simple, user-friendly, and easily comprehensible tool, convenient for identifying superior genotypes during all the trial stages of a maize breeding program. REMATTOOL-R will be useful to breeders and researchers in related disciplines.
{"title":"REMATTOOL-R: a smart tool for identifying superior maize genotypes from multi-environment yield trials","authors":"L. Machida, Francisco Huerta Rodriguez, D. Makumbi, M. Tarusenga","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2022.2134072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2134072","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Breeders routinely evaluate many experimental hybrids that may be of different maturities. In maize (Zea mays L.), days to 50% anthesis and percent grain moisture content are used as proxies for relative maturity. The lack of an easy-to-use statistical tool that gives yield potential of all entries in a trial while classifying them into different relative maturity categories in a single visualization makes it difficult to quickly assess superior genotypes. We report on a tool called REMATTOOL-R to aid breeders in visualizing and assessing the relationship between yield and certain agronomic traits, viz., days to anthesis, percent harvest grain moisture content, and number of harvested plants, and help them in advancing experimental hybrids to the next stage. REMATTOOL-R uses either Best Linear Unbiased Estimators (BLUEs) or Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUPs) of yield and agronomic traits from multilocation trials to perform various computations. The various computations produce graphical and tabular visualizations of the relationship between grain yield and days to anthesis, moisture content, and number of harvested plants that can be used to support selection decisions by the breeder. REMATTOOL-R output tables show entries with at least 5% higher yield than the check varieties in the trial. REMATTOOL-R is a robust, simple, user-friendly, and easily comprehensible tool, convenient for identifying superior genotypes during all the trial stages of a maize breeding program. REMATTOOL-R will be useful to breeders and researchers in related disciplines.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":"663 - 686"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43443888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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