ABSTRACT Guttation is the mechanism by which liquid exudes from hydathodes located on the tip, along the margins, and on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves. In contrast to stomata, hydathodes, also known as water stomata or water pores, are often open, representing the path of least resistance to liquid outflow from them. Guttation fluids are made up of several organic compounds. This paper focuses on the defensive properties of the chemical compositions of the guttation extracts of Oryza sativa, Momordica charantia, Luffa acutnugula, and Ricinus communis extracted using five different solvents, which were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The mass spectra of the compounds present in the guttation fluids were matched by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of guttation fluid extracts of crop plants revealed the existence of compounds with antifungal and antimicrobial properties which may act as barriers to pathogens. The numerous compounds found in plant extracts, such as fatty acids, organic acids, and terpenoids, have a wide range of protective activities and mechanisms that can serve as the first line of defense against pests and diseases.
{"title":"GC - MS analysis of guttation fluids from selected crop plants","authors":"Vidya Venkateswaran, Shalini Muralidharan, Allwyn Vyas Gopalakrishnan, Nagasathiya Krishnan, D. Velmurugan, Pachaiappan Raman","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.2018748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.2018748","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Guttation is the mechanism by which liquid exudes from hydathodes located on the tip, along the margins, and on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves. In contrast to stomata, hydathodes, also known as water stomata or water pores, are often open, representing the path of least resistance to liquid outflow from them. Guttation fluids are made up of several organic compounds. This paper focuses on the defensive properties of the chemical compositions of the guttation extracts of Oryza sativa, Momordica charantia, Luffa acutnugula, and Ricinus communis extracted using five different solvents, which were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The mass spectra of the compounds present in the guttation fluids were matched by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of guttation fluid extracts of crop plants revealed the existence of compounds with antifungal and antimicrobial properties which may act as barriers to pathogens. The numerous compounds found in plant extracts, such as fatty acids, organic acids, and terpenoids, have a wide range of protective activities and mechanisms that can serve as the first line of defense against pests and diseases.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"801 - 815"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41618159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.2000908
A. Soumare, A. Diedhiou, A. Kane
ABSTRACT Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is a drought-tolerant legume in sub-Saharan Africa and is well adapted to marginal agricultural lands. Its seeds have high nutritional value, owing to their protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral element contents. Nevertheless, this crop is still underutilized, not well-known and has almost been ignored by researchers and funding bodies. Meanwhile, Bambara groundnut offers opportunities for crop diversification and has a great potential to significantly contribute to food security, especially in the context of climate change. This paper provides an overview of the origin, distribution, adaptation and resilience to climate change of Bambara groundnut, as well as constraints to production and its diffusion. Furthermore, this review highlights the advantages offered by micropropagation, microbial biofertilizers and plant breeding to improve Bambara groundnut yield. Hence, this review provides useful information and tools to fully exploit the potential of Bambara groundnut.
{"title":"Bambara groundnut: a neglected and underutilized climate-resilient crop with great potential to alleviate food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"A. Soumare, A. Diedhiou, A. Kane","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.2000908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.2000908","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is a drought-tolerant legume in sub-Saharan Africa and is well adapted to marginal agricultural lands. Its seeds have high nutritional value, owing to their protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral element contents. Nevertheless, this crop is still underutilized, not well-known and has almost been ignored by researchers and funding bodies. Meanwhile, Bambara groundnut offers opportunities for crop diversification and has a great potential to significantly contribute to food security, especially in the context of climate change. This paper provides an overview of the origin, distribution, adaptation and resilience to climate change of Bambara groundnut, as well as constraints to production and its diffusion. Furthermore, this review highlights the advantages offered by micropropagation, microbial biofertilizers and plant breeding to improve Bambara groundnut yield. Hence, this review provides useful information and tools to fully exploit the potential of Bambara groundnut.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"747 - 767"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44180642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.2000909
N. Vedenicheva, O. Futorna, M. Shcherbatyuk, I. Kosakivska
ABSTRACT The rise in temperature during autumn is one of the most serious negative factors for winter rye (Secale cereale L.), which leads to wilting, plant damage by fungal diseases and yield losses. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the possibility of overcoming the consequences of heat stress through seed priming with zeatin solution. Rye seeds (cv. Boguslavka) were soaked in zeatin (Z) solution (10−6 M) or water for 3 h. Seedlings were grown at a temperature of +16° C in sand culture. The 7-day-old plants were exposed to heat stress (+35° C) for 2 h (alarm phase of response) or for 6 h for 2 days (acclimation phase of response). Then plants recovered for 5 d under initial conditions. Endogenous cytokinins content was analyzed by HPLC-MS method. Hyperthermia had a differential effect on the content of individual cytokinins and their localization in the shoots and roots of rye plants. Pre-sowing treatment of rye seeds with zeatin solution resulted in significant changes in cytokinin status in shoots and roots of young plants. Effect of hyperthermia on cytokinin amount in plants grown from primed seeds was less pronounced compared with the plants grown from untreated seeds. So, cytokinins are considered an important regulator of rye plants’ response and adaptation to hyperthermia. Seed priming with cytokinins could be a relevant tool to improve growth and development of rye.
{"title":"Effect of seed priming with zeatin on Secale cereale L. growth and cytokinins homeostasis under hyperthermia","authors":"N. Vedenicheva, O. Futorna, M. Shcherbatyuk, I. Kosakivska","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.2000909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.2000909","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The rise in temperature during autumn is one of the most serious negative factors for winter rye (Secale cereale L.), which leads to wilting, plant damage by fungal diseases and yield losses. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the possibility of overcoming the consequences of heat stress through seed priming with zeatin solution. Rye seeds (cv. Boguslavka) were soaked in zeatin (Z) solution (10−6 M) or water for 3 h. Seedlings were grown at a temperature of +16° C in sand culture. The 7-day-old plants were exposed to heat stress (+35° C) for 2 h (alarm phase of response) or for 6 h for 2 days (acclimation phase of response). Then plants recovered for 5 d under initial conditions. Endogenous cytokinins content was analyzed by HPLC-MS method. Hyperthermia had a differential effect on the content of individual cytokinins and their localization in the shoots and roots of rye plants. Pre-sowing treatment of rye seeds with zeatin solution resulted in significant changes in cytokinin status in shoots and roots of young plants. Effect of hyperthermia on cytokinin amount in plants grown from primed seeds was less pronounced compared with the plants grown from untreated seeds. So, cytokinins are considered an important regulator of rye plants’ response and adaptation to hyperthermia. Seed priming with cytokinins could be a relevant tool to improve growth and development of rye.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"656 - 674"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46213412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.2005212
R. Sorensen, M. Lamb, C. Butts
ABSTRACT Economic sustainability is a result of efficient crop management, irrigation system selection, proper crop rotation, and crop yield. A long-term corn (Zea mays L.) yield research project was conducted in Southwest Georgia, USA (84°36”W, 30°44”N) during the 2001 to 2018 crop years, which compared four corn crop rotations, three irrigation systems, and three irrigation levels. Drip and overhead irrigation systems, along with a dryland control, were implemented. Drip systems included shallow subsurface drip (S3DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI). Irrigation levels included dryland, 33%, 50%, 62/66%, and 100% of estimated water use. Crop rotations were 1) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-corn-corn, 2) peanut-corn, 3) peanut-corn-cotton, (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and 4) peanut-corn-corn-cotton. There were yield differences due to crop rotation; however, the differences were not consistent across years, irrigation levels, or irrigation systems. The SSDI system had consistently lower yield (9659 kg/ha) than both the S3DI (11,791 kg/ha) and sprinkler (12,230 kg/ha) at 100% irrigation level when averaged across all crop rotations and years. In wet years, irrigation level had no effect on yield due to total rainfall amount and timing. However, in dry years, corn yield for sprinkler and SSDI were influenced by irrigation level but not always for S3DI. When selecting an irrigation system, long-term yield should not be the only criterion but should consider crop rotation, system installation cost, field size, irrigation system controls, and irrigation and crop system management.
{"title":"Corn yield response to irrigation level, crop rotation, and irrigation system","authors":"R. Sorensen, M. Lamb, C. Butts","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.2005212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.2005212","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Economic sustainability is a result of efficient crop management, irrigation system selection, proper crop rotation, and crop yield. A long-term corn (Zea mays L.) yield research project was conducted in Southwest Georgia, USA (84°36”W, 30°44”N) during the 2001 to 2018 crop years, which compared four corn crop rotations, three irrigation systems, and three irrigation levels. Drip and overhead irrigation systems, along with a dryland control, were implemented. Drip systems included shallow subsurface drip (S3DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI). Irrigation levels included dryland, 33%, 50%, 62/66%, and 100% of estimated water use. Crop rotations were 1) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-corn-corn, 2) peanut-corn, 3) peanut-corn-cotton, (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and 4) peanut-corn-corn-cotton. There were yield differences due to crop rotation; however, the differences were not consistent across years, irrigation levels, or irrigation systems. The SSDI system had consistently lower yield (9659 kg/ha) than both the S3DI (11,791 kg/ha) and sprinkler (12,230 kg/ha) at 100% irrigation level when averaged across all crop rotations and years. In wet years, irrigation level had no effect on yield due to total rainfall amount and timing. However, in dry years, corn yield for sprinkler and SSDI were influenced by irrigation level but not always for S3DI. When selecting an irrigation system, long-term yield should not be the only criterion but should consider crop rotation, system installation cost, field size, irrigation system controls, and irrigation and crop system management.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"701 - 716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46441136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.2001705
B. Olasanmi, R. Eyo, P. Iluebbey
ABSTRACT Starch is a key nutritive component of major staple crops, with cassava giving the highest yield of starch per unit area of any crop known. Cassava breeding should focus on dry (utilizable) root yield, which determines the yield of the final products. Six cassava genotypes (COB-4-75, COB-4-100, COB-5-4, COB-5-53, COB-6-4, and COB-7-25) and two checks (TMS30572 and TMEB419) were evaluated for dry starch yield (DSY) in two seasons in Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with two replications. The plants were harvested 12 months after planting, and data were collected on the fresh root weight and total biomass. The harvest index (HI) and fresh storage root yield (FSRY) were estimated using the field data. Starch content of each genotype was determined and, along with FSRY, was used to estimate the starch yield. The data were subjected to ANOVA and correlation analysis. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for FSRY, HI, and DSY. Genotype COB-4-100 had the highest mean FSRY and DSY of 30.72 and 4.29 t/ha, whereas COB-5-53 had the lowest values of 13.19 and 1.71 t/ha, respectively. The highest HI (0.57) was recorded for COB-7-25, whereas COB-5-53 had the lowest HI (0.28). Correlation coefficients were significant for DSY versus each of HI (r = 0.65) and FSRY (r = 0.91) and also for FSRY versus HI (r = 0.66). Genotypes COB-4-100, COB-5-4, and COB-7-25, with significantly higher DSY than the checks, should be good candidates for release to farmers and further improvement of cassava starch yield.
{"title":"Genotypic variation for starch yield in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"B. Olasanmi, R. Eyo, P. Iluebbey","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.2001705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.2001705","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Starch is a key nutritive component of major staple crops, with cassava giving the highest yield of starch per unit area of any crop known. Cassava breeding should focus on dry (utilizable) root yield, which determines the yield of the final products. Six cassava genotypes (COB-4-75, COB-4-100, COB-5-4, COB-5-53, COB-6-4, and COB-7-25) and two checks (TMS30572 and TMEB419) were evaluated for dry starch yield (DSY) in two seasons in Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with two replications. The plants were harvested 12 months after planting, and data were collected on the fresh root weight and total biomass. The harvest index (HI) and fresh storage root yield (FSRY) were estimated using the field data. Starch content of each genotype was determined and, along with FSRY, was used to estimate the starch yield. The data were subjected to ANOVA and correlation analysis. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for FSRY, HI, and DSY. Genotype COB-4-100 had the highest mean FSRY and DSY of 30.72 and 4.29 t/ha, whereas COB-5-53 had the lowest values of 13.19 and 1.71 t/ha, respectively. The highest HI (0.57) was recorded for COB-7-25, whereas COB-5-53 had the lowest HI (0.28). Correlation coefficients were significant for DSY versus each of HI (r = 0.65) and FSRY (r = 0.91) and also for FSRY versus HI (r = 0.66). Genotypes COB-4-100, COB-5-4, and COB-7-25, with significantly higher DSY than the checks, should be good candidates for release to farmers and further improvement of cassava starch yield.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"687 - 700"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45232343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-14DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1997849
R. A. Ojwang, E. Muge, E. Nyaboga, B. Mbatia, D. Ogoyi
ABSTRACT Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is an underutilized fruit tree crop in East Africa. Despite its importance for food and nutritional security, only limited information exists on the extent of genetic variability among Ugandan and Kenyan jackfruit populations. This study was aimed at analyzing the extent of genetic diversity in jackfruit germplasm from selected regions of Kenya and Uganda. A total of 30 mature fruit samples were collected randomly from three districts (Kampala, Wakiso and Mbale) in Uganda and five counties (Siaya, Kwale, Mombasa, Busia, and Murang’a) in Kenya. Genetic characterization was using six simple sequence repeat (SSR) and nine sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. The results revealed that 62.50% of the loci for SSR and 82.14% for SRAP markers were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information contentwas 0.48 for SSR and 0.56 for SRAP markers. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.55 to 1.0 for SSR and from 0.33 to 0.93 for SRAP markers, indicating considerable genetic diversity among jackfruit germplasm. Based on combined SSR and SRAP data, analysis of molecular variance revealed greater genetic diversity within the populations (76%) than among the eight populations (24%). Dendrogram and principal coordinate analysis separated the germplasm into two clusters, with several intermediates. The germplasm distribution among the clusters and sub-clusters was not associated with the geographical region. The significant genetic variability existing in Ugandan and Kenyan jackfruit germplasm can be used to improve jackfruit through breeding. The substantial genetic diversity should enable jackfruit breeders to develop high-yielding varieties with improved quality traits.
{"title":"Genetic diversity and relationships among populations of jackfruit, an underutilized nutrient-rich climate-smart fruit tree crop in Kenya and Uganda","authors":"R. A. Ojwang, E. Muge, E. Nyaboga, B. Mbatia, D. Ogoyi","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1997849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1997849","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is an underutilized fruit tree crop in East Africa. Despite its importance for food and nutritional security, only limited information exists on the extent of genetic variability among Ugandan and Kenyan jackfruit populations. This study was aimed at analyzing the extent of genetic diversity in jackfruit germplasm from selected regions of Kenya and Uganda. A total of 30 mature fruit samples were collected randomly from three districts (Kampala, Wakiso and Mbale) in Uganda and five counties (Siaya, Kwale, Mombasa, Busia, and Murang’a) in Kenya. Genetic characterization was using six simple sequence repeat (SSR) and nine sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. The results revealed that 62.50% of the loci for SSR and 82.14% for SRAP markers were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information contentwas 0.48 for SSR and 0.56 for SRAP markers. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.55 to 1.0 for SSR and from 0.33 to 0.93 for SRAP markers, indicating considerable genetic diversity among jackfruit germplasm. Based on combined SSR and SRAP data, analysis of molecular variance revealed greater genetic diversity within the populations (76%) than among the eight populations (24%). Dendrogram and principal coordinate analysis separated the germplasm into two clusters, with several intermediates. The germplasm distribution among the clusters and sub-clusters was not associated with the geographical region. The significant genetic variability existing in Ugandan and Kenyan jackfruit germplasm can be used to improve jackfruit through breeding. The substantial genetic diversity should enable jackfruit breeders to develop high-yielding varieties with improved quality traits.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"619 - 637"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41729768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-10DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1998940
B. Mutari, J. Sibiya, E. Gasura, Aleck Kondwakwenda, K. Simango, R. Chirwa
ABSTRACT Navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) provides important raw materials for the bean canning industry. This article reviews grain compositional aspects influencing the canning and quality attributes of canned navy beans and breeding methodologies and strategies used to develop genotypes with superior canning-quality traits. Cultivars that are destined for the bean canning industry should meet the set canning-quality standards regardless of their yield potential. A number of phenotypic quality parameters are used to predict the final canning quality of genotypes. Primary quality parameters mainly comprise washed drained weight, processing quality index, and texture. Phenotyping for these traits is very expensive and requires grain quantities that can only be obtained in the advanced filial generations, making it difficult to breed for. Molecular marker-assisted selection has not yet contributed much to the improvement of canning quality in navy beans. However, it has the potential to facilitate the genetic improvement of several canning-quality traits. The review paper concludes with a number of recommendations. There exists a need for harmonizing protocols and standards for canning quality by breeders and processors, development and release of navy bean cultivars that combine high grain Fe and Zn content and drought tolerance with good canning qualities, and evaluation of genotypes across a number of environments. A need exists to identify stable and specifically adapted genotypes with respect to canning quality and drought tolerance, hasten the identification of molecular markers that are linked to canning-quality traits; and mainstream demand-led breeding in breeding programs to satisfy the market requirements.
{"title":"Canning quality improvement in navy beans: genetic, environmental and compositional factors","authors":"B. Mutari, J. Sibiya, E. Gasura, Aleck Kondwakwenda, K. Simango, R. Chirwa","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1998940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1998940","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) provides important raw materials for the bean canning industry. This article reviews grain compositional aspects influencing the canning and quality attributes of canned navy beans and breeding methodologies and strategies used to develop genotypes with superior canning-quality traits. Cultivars that are destined for the bean canning industry should meet the set canning-quality standards regardless of their yield potential. A number of phenotypic quality parameters are used to predict the final canning quality of genotypes. Primary quality parameters mainly comprise washed drained weight, processing quality index, and texture. Phenotyping for these traits is very expensive and requires grain quantities that can only be obtained in the advanced filial generations, making it difficult to breed for. Molecular marker-assisted selection has not yet contributed much to the improvement of canning quality in navy beans. However, it has the potential to facilitate the genetic improvement of several canning-quality traits. The review paper concludes with a number of recommendations. There exists a need for harmonizing protocols and standards for canning quality by breeders and processors, development and release of navy bean cultivars that combine high grain Fe and Zn content and drought tolerance with good canning qualities, and evaluation of genotypes across a number of environments. A need exists to identify stable and specifically adapted genotypes with respect to canning quality and drought tolerance, hasten the identification of molecular markers that are linked to canning-quality traits; and mainstream demand-led breeding in breeding programs to satisfy the market requirements.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"57 3","pages":"717 - 746"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41266321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.2000544
Namphueng Moolphuerk, T. Lawson, Wattana Pattanagul
ABSTRACT The ability of chitosan to promote rice growth, physiological traits, and photosynthetic performance in rice seedlings under drought stress was investigated. Rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML105) were treated with 100 mg l−1 low and high molecular weight (MW) chitosan via a combination of seed priming and foliar spray. The seedlings were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 4 days, which resulted in the U-shaped (scale 5) leaf rolling. The results showed that drought significantly decreased shoot and root growth. Chitosan application, particularly with high MW chitosan, improved shoot and root growth under drought stress. Chitosan treatment also alleviated the effects of drought stress by elevating relative water content, as well as reducing electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were increased in response to chitosan. Additionally, treating the plant with chitosan improved photosynthetic efficiency as evidenced by increased CO2 response, the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity (Vcmax), and photosynthetic rate. We conclude that the exogenous application of chitosan aids the plant in coping with the severity of drought stress. While both low and high MW chitosans were effective at alleviating the effect of drought on rice seedlings, high MW chitosan might have a slight advantage with respect to increased effective duration.
摘要研究了壳聚糖对干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗生长、生理性状和光合性能的影响。水稻幼苗(Oryza sativa L. cv.)以100 mg l−1低分子量和高分子量壳聚糖(MW)为处理剂，通过种子引种和叶面喷雾相结合的方式处理KDML105。幼苗在干旱胁迫下，连续4天不浇水，叶片呈“u”型(5型)卷曲。结果表明，干旱显著降低了地上部和根部的生长。施用壳聚糖，特别是高分子量壳聚糖对干旱胁迫下茎、根生长有改善作用。壳聚糖处理还可以通过提高相对含水量、降低电解质泄漏和丙二醛含量来缓解干旱胁迫的影响。壳聚糖增加了愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性。此外，壳聚糖提高了植株的光合效率，提高了CO2响应、Rubisco羧化酶活性最大值(Vcmax)和光合速率。我们认为外源施用壳聚糖有助于植物应对严重的干旱胁迫。低分子量壳聚糖和高分子量壳聚糖均能有效缓解干旱对水稻幼苗的影响，而高分子量壳聚糖在延长干旱持续时间方面可能略有优势。
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Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1995560
N. Jafarikouhini, S. Kazemeini, T. Sinclair
ABSTRACT Water and nitrogen (N) are the major limitations for maximizing crop yield. However, there has been no detailed examination of these limitations on fresh kernel yield in sweet corn (Zea mays L.). A two-year field study in Shiraz, Iran, was conducted to document sweet corn response to three soil-water regimes (irrigation to field capacity, and 80% and 60% of this amount) and five N fertilizer amounts (0, 75, 125, 175, and 225 kg N ha−1). Decreasing irrigation to 60% of field capacity resulted in yield decreases. The results showed that increasing N amounts increased fresh kernel yield to a maximum at 175 and 225 kg N ha−1. A highly positive, linear correlation was found between fresh kernel yield and kernel number formed per ear (R2 = 0.94), and also between kernel fresh yield and total crop mass (R2 = 0.88). Harvest index (HI) based on dry kernel weight varied between 0.20 and 0.41 in the two years with the lowest HI occurring in the 0 and 75 kg N ha−1 treatments.
水分和氮(N)是作物产量最大化的主要限制。然而，对甜玉米(Zea mays L.)鲜粒产量的这些限制还没有详细的研究。在伊朗设拉子进行了一项为期两年的实地研究，记录了甜玉米对三种土壤-水制度(按农田容量灌溉，灌溉量的80%和60%)和五种氮肥用量(0、75、125、175和225 kg N ha - 1)的响应。灌溉减少到田间容量的60%，导致产量下降。结果表明，施氮量的增加使鲜粒产量在175和225 kg N ha−1时达到最大值。鲜粒产量与每穗形成的粒数呈高度正线性相关(R2 = 0.94)，鲜粒产量与作物总质量呈高度正线性相关(R2 = 0.88)。以干粒重为指标的收获指数在0.20 ~ 0.41之间变化，以0 ~ 75 kg N ha - 1处理的收获指数最低。
{"title":"Fresh sweet corn yield sensitivity to deficit nitrogen and water conditions","authors":"N. Jafarikouhini, S. Kazemeini, T. Sinclair","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1995560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1995560","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Water and nitrogen (N) are the major limitations for maximizing crop yield. However, there has been no detailed examination of these limitations on fresh kernel yield in sweet corn (Zea mays L.). A two-year field study in Shiraz, Iran, was conducted to document sweet corn response to three soil-water regimes (irrigation to field capacity, and 80% and 60% of this amount) and five N fertilizer amounts (0, 75, 125, 175, and 225 kg N ha−1). Decreasing irrigation to 60% of field capacity resulted in yield decreases. The results showed that increasing N amounts increased fresh kernel yield to a maximum at 175 and 225 kg N ha−1. A highly positive, linear correlation was found between fresh kernel yield and kernel number formed per ear (R2 = 0.94), and also between kernel fresh yield and total crop mass (R2 = 0.88). Harvest index (HI) based on dry kernel weight varied between 0.20 and 0.41 in the two years with the lowest HI occurring in the 0 and 75 kg N ha−1 treatments.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"593 - 603"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47811747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1995920
M. Ghaseminezhad, Elaheh Zamani Bahramabadi, F. Rezanejad, D. Afzali
ABSTRACT Application of iron nanoparticles as iron fertilizer can be a functional strategy to manage iron deficiency in agricultural crops. However, the toxicity of iron should not be ignored and its proper concentrations should be determined. The effect of iron nanoparticles and Fe (II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (FeEDTA) on iron accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrate and protein, antioxidant enzymes activity, and lignification were compared in vitro in Solanum villosum. Culture media were prepared in two ways: 1) including 628 mg L−1 FeEDTA as control, and 2) different concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles (628 and 730 mg L−1 in pH of 5.2, and 628 and 830 mg L−1 in pH of 5.9). Seeds were germinated on culture media and biochemical parameters were measured at the end of the fourth week. The iron content, amount of chlorophyll, soluble carbohydrate and protein in leaves and stems of the plants grown using the nanoparticle concentration of 628 mg L−1 decreased compared to the control, but the same parameters increased in concentrations of 730 and 830 mg L−1. Iron nanoparticles decreased catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities. Guaiacol peroxidase activity and carotenoid content showed no significant difference between FeEDTA and nanoparticle treatments. Leaf and stem lignin levels did not differ from control (FeEDTA). FeEDTA can be replaced by optimum concentrations of iron nanoparticle under in vitro conditions. In vivo experiments are needed to generalize these results for field-grown plants, because iron nanoparticles have some advantage over iron chelate, which is highly dependent on soil conditions. Abbreviations: APX: ascorbate peroxidase; CAT: catalase; FeEDTA: Fe (II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate; GP: guaiacol peroxidase; MS: Murashige and Skoog medium
{"title":"In-vitro evaluation of physiological changes caused by iron oxide nanoparticles in Solanum villosum","authors":"M. Ghaseminezhad, Elaheh Zamani Bahramabadi, F. Rezanejad, D. Afzali","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1995920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1995920","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Application of iron nanoparticles as iron fertilizer can be a functional strategy to manage iron deficiency in agricultural crops. However, the toxicity of iron should not be ignored and its proper concentrations should be determined. The effect of iron nanoparticles and Fe (II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (FeEDTA) on iron accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrate and protein, antioxidant enzymes activity, and lignification were compared in vitro in Solanum villosum. Culture media were prepared in two ways: 1) including 628 mg L−1 FeEDTA as control, and 2) different concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles (628 and 730 mg L−1 in pH of 5.2, and 628 and 830 mg L−1 in pH of 5.9). Seeds were germinated on culture media and biochemical parameters were measured at the end of the fourth week. The iron content, amount of chlorophyll, soluble carbohydrate and protein in leaves and stems of the plants grown using the nanoparticle concentration of 628 mg L−1 decreased compared to the control, but the same parameters increased in concentrations of 730 and 830 mg L−1. Iron nanoparticles decreased catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities. Guaiacol peroxidase activity and carotenoid content showed no significant difference between FeEDTA and nanoparticle treatments. Leaf and stem lignin levels did not differ from control (FeEDTA). FeEDTA can be replaced by optimum concentrations of iron nanoparticle under in vitro conditions. In vivo experiments are needed to generalize these results for field-grown plants, because iron nanoparticles have some advantage over iron chelate, which is highly dependent on soil conditions. Abbreviations: APX: ascorbate peroxidase; CAT: catalase; FeEDTA: Fe (II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate; GP: guaiacol peroxidase; MS: Murashige and Skoog medium","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"604 - 618"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45156352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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