Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1937763
O. Amusa, L. A. Ogunkanmi, J. Adetumbi, S. Akinyosoye, K. Bolarinwa, O. Ogundipe
ABSTRACT The success of any hybridization outcome in cowpea is dependent on temperature and humidity, which affect flower initiation, pollen fertility and pod setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal environmental parameters (temperature and humidity) favorable for a successful hybridization outcome in selected cowpea accessions. A total of 512 reciprocal crosses were made between TVu 11953 and Ife Brown cowpea accessions, in the mornings (299 crosses) and evenings (213 crosses). In 2014, 115 crosses were made in the morning, and 71 in the evening. In 2015, 184 crosses were made in the morning and 142 in the evening. Relative to pod set, the morning crosses were significantly more successful (18.73% success; n = 56) than evening crosses (4.69% success; n = 10), regardless of the mother plant (χ2 = 32.06, p < 0.01). Although pod set differed between mother plants significantly (χ2 = 17.28, p < 0.01), 71.03% viable hybrid seeds were obtained following hybridization. Hybridization outcomes were also significantly influenced by the interactions between genotype, temperature and humidity in the study. Temperature ranging from 26.8°C to 27.9°C and humidity from 82% to 86.4% were favorable for pod set. Utmost attention, therefore, should be given to temperature and humidity for achieving success in making intraspecific crosses in cowpea.
{"title":"Intraspecific-cross compatibility in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)","authors":"O. Amusa, L. A. Ogunkanmi, J. Adetumbi, S. Akinyosoye, K. Bolarinwa, O. Ogundipe","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1937763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1937763","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The success of any hybridization outcome in cowpea is dependent on temperature and humidity, which affect flower initiation, pollen fertility and pod setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal environmental parameters (temperature and humidity) favorable for a successful hybridization outcome in selected cowpea accessions. A total of 512 reciprocal crosses were made between TVu 11953 and Ife Brown cowpea accessions, in the mornings (299 crosses) and evenings (213 crosses). In 2014, 115 crosses were made in the morning, and 71 in the evening. In 2015, 184 crosses were made in the morning and 142 in the evening. Relative to pod set, the morning crosses were significantly more successful (18.73% success; n = 56) than evening crosses (4.69% success; n = 10), regardless of the mother plant (χ2 = 32.06, p < 0.01). Although pod set differed between mother plants significantly (χ2 = 17.28, p < 0.01), 71.03% viable hybrid seeds were obtained following hybridization. Hybridization outcomes were also significantly influenced by the interactions between genotype, temperature and humidity in the study. Temperature ranging from 26.8°C to 27.9°C and humidity from 82% to 86.4% were favorable for pod set. Utmost attention, therefore, should be given to temperature and humidity for achieving success in making intraspecific crosses in cowpea.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"207 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1937763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47980923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1943732
Anuj Chiluwal, T. Kawashima, Montserrat Salmerón
ABSTRACT The understanding of source-sink dynamics during reproductive stages is essential to increase crop productivity and to describe yield component determination in eco-physiological models. Previous studies in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) evaluated the effect of changes in assimilate supply from the beginning of rapid seed growth but not at different times during the seed-filling phase or at the single-pod level. Two source-sink manipulation experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to quantify the effect of assimilate supply during the seed-filling phase on final seed weight of soybean. One pod on each node containing 3 mm seeds was marked in all plants, and pods not marked were removed at weekly intervals to avoid sink competition for assimilates. Removing pod competition on the day of marking and up to 21 days later increased final seed weight in marked pods by 25% relative to the control and by 18% when pod competition was removed 28 days after marking. Pods acquired mature color 33–35 days after marking. At 21 and 28 days after marking of individual pods, seeds had achieved 73% and 97% of their final seed weight and had 67 and 62% moisture, respectively. Our study provides new evidence that the final seed weight can still respond to increases in assimilate supply applied by the end of the seed-filling phase. These results highlight the potential to increase soybean yield through management practices and breeding efforts that extend the duration of a photosynthetically active canopy and increase assimilate supply to developing seeds during late seed-fill.
{"title":"Soybean seed weight responds to increases in assimilate supply during late seed-fill phase","authors":"Anuj Chiluwal, T. Kawashima, Montserrat Salmerón","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1943732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1943732","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The understanding of source-sink dynamics during reproductive stages is essential to increase crop productivity and to describe yield component determination in eco-physiological models. Previous studies in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) evaluated the effect of changes in assimilate supply from the beginning of rapid seed growth but not at different times during the seed-filling phase or at the single-pod level. Two source-sink manipulation experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to quantify the effect of assimilate supply during the seed-filling phase on final seed weight of soybean. One pod on each node containing 3 mm seeds was marked in all plants, and pods not marked were removed at weekly intervals to avoid sink competition for assimilates. Removing pod competition on the day of marking and up to 21 days later increased final seed weight in marked pods by 25% relative to the control and by 18% when pod competition was removed 28 days after marking. Pods acquired mature color 33–35 days after marking. At 21 and 28 days after marking of individual pods, seeds had achieved 73% and 97% of their final seed weight and had 67 and 62% moisture, respectively. Our study provides new evidence that the final seed weight can still respond to increases in assimilate supply applied by the end of the seed-filling phase. These results highlight the potential to increase soybean yield through management practices and breeding efforts that extend the duration of a photosynthetically active canopy and increase assimilate supply to developing seeds during late seed-fill.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"222 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1943732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44562312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-13DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1931609
Pakornsiri Bangthong, S. Vuttipongchaikij, P. Kongsil, H. Ceballos, P. Kittipadakul
ABSTRACT Grafting of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) understocks with scions from Manihot glaziovii was proposed to improve the cassava root yield and as a temporal approach to overcoming the problem of cassava mosaic disease (CMD). This work compared performance of nongrafted KU50 with M. esculenta grafted as understock with M. glaziovii, KU50 or HB80 scions. KU50 and HB80 are released M. esculenta varieties. Work was conducted in the field using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates in two seasons (rainy and dry seasons) in Thailand. The M. glaziovii grafted plants were larger than nongrafted controls. Grafting also increased fresh root yield by 25% (dry season) and 37% (rainy season) and dry matter content by 19% (dry season) and 42% (rainy season) over the nongrafted controls. Net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and growth parameters indicated that the grafted plants had a higher photosynthetic capacity and more vigorous growth than nongrafted controls during the dry season. Correlation coefficients of Pn and gs with growth and productivity parameters at different ages of the plant were highly significant during the dry season but not in the rainy season. This study demonstrated that M. glaziovii–cassava grafting improved cassava growth and root yield.
{"title":"Evaluation of manihot glaziovii scion-cassava understock grafting for cassava growth and root yield during rainy and dry seasons","authors":"Pakornsiri Bangthong, S. Vuttipongchaikij, P. Kongsil, H. Ceballos, P. Kittipadakul","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1931609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1931609","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Grafting of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) understocks with scions from Manihot glaziovii was proposed to improve the cassava root yield and as a temporal approach to overcoming the problem of cassava mosaic disease (CMD). This work compared performance of nongrafted KU50 with M. esculenta grafted as understock with M. glaziovii, KU50 or HB80 scions. KU50 and HB80 are released M. esculenta varieties. Work was conducted in the field using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates in two seasons (rainy and dry seasons) in Thailand. The M. glaziovii grafted plants were larger than nongrafted controls. Grafting also increased fresh root yield by 25% (dry season) and 37% (rainy season) and dry matter content by 19% (dry season) and 42% (rainy season) over the nongrafted controls. Net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and growth parameters indicated that the grafted plants had a higher photosynthetic capacity and more vigorous growth than nongrafted controls during the dry season. Correlation coefficients of Pn and gs with growth and productivity parameters at different ages of the plant were highly significant during the dry season but not in the rainy season. This study demonstrated that M. glaziovii–cassava grafting improved cassava growth and root yield.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"193 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1931609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47794528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1930315
M. A. Kent, W. Rooney
ABSTRACT Interest has increased in pop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as an alternative to popcorn as an ingredient in snack foods and as a confectionary snack per se. However, studies on the effect of sorghum genotype, agronomic production and grain processing on popping quality are limited and this has hindered the development of sorghum hybrids specifically for popping. This study assessed the effects of sorghum genotypes, threshing methods, environments and their interactions on sorghum popping quality. Grain from six sorghum genotypes previously documented to have good popping quality was produced in two Texas environments and was threshed using five methods which were expected to cause varying levels of kernel damage. Popping quality, measured as popping efficiency, expansion ratio and flake size was influenced primarily by threshing method, sorghum genotype and to a lesser extent by environment and the genotype × threshing method interaction. The results herein indicate that threshing methods can significantly reduce popping quality and that sorghum genotypes differ in their inclination to threshing-induced kernel damage. Based on these results, popping quality in sorghum is optimized by selecting genotypes for high popping quality and threshing the grain using a method that inflicts minimal damage to the kernel. Abbreviations: ER, Expansion Ration; FS, Flake Size; KHI, Kernel Hardness Index; PE, Popping Efficiency; TKW, Thousand Kernel Weight; UPK, Un-popped Kernels
{"title":"Variation among sorghum genotypes for reduction in popping caused by threshing-induced kernel damage","authors":"M. A. Kent, W. Rooney","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1930315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1930315","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Interest has increased in pop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as an alternative to popcorn as an ingredient in snack foods and as a confectionary snack per se. However, studies on the effect of sorghum genotype, agronomic production and grain processing on popping quality are limited and this has hindered the development of sorghum hybrids specifically for popping. This study assessed the effects of sorghum genotypes, threshing methods, environments and their interactions on sorghum popping quality. Grain from six sorghum genotypes previously documented to have good popping quality was produced in two Texas environments and was threshed using five methods which were expected to cause varying levels of kernel damage. Popping quality, measured as popping efficiency, expansion ratio and flake size was influenced primarily by threshing method, sorghum genotype and to a lesser extent by environment and the genotype × threshing method interaction. The results herein indicate that threshing methods can significantly reduce popping quality and that sorghum genotypes differ in their inclination to threshing-induced kernel damage. Based on these results, popping quality in sorghum is optimized by selecting genotypes for high popping quality and threshing the grain using a method that inflicts minimal damage to the kernel. Abbreviations: ER, Expansion Ration; FS, Flake Size; KHI, Kernel Hardness Index; PE, Popping Efficiency; TKW, Thousand Kernel Weight; UPK, Un-popped Kernels","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"157 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1930315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42744972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-24DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1931608
G. Gebresamuel, Haftu Abrha, Haftom Hagos, E. Elias, M. Haile
ABSTRACT Climate change is expected to alter the growing conditions of agricultural crops. With increasing surface temperature, future suitable areas for crop production will see an altitude shift. Such shift is an adaptation response of crops to climate change. However, in the study area there are a limited number of studies that have dealt with geographical shifts of crops caused by climate change. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing impacts of climate change on altitudinal migration of crops and length of growing period (LGP). The climate and crop modeling study were carried out using ArcGIS, Diva GIS and MaxEnt using 30 years of climate data for the period 1980 to 2009. Results showed that wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) would migrate upward along the altitudinal gradients in the coming 80 years. However, areas under these crops are expected to drop by 16–100%. Highly impacted areas are expected to increase, whereas low impacted and new suitable areas are expected to decline significantly. Suitable areas for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and teff (Eragrostis tef Zucc.) production are expected to increase. While wheat and barley are projected to be highly affected by future climate change, sorghum and teff should be relatively stable. No significant difference was observed in LGP between the considered RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios. Therefore, this study concluded that upward movement of crops was one mechanism to adapt to climate change, and new varieties resilient to future climate change needs to be developed.
{"title":"Empirical modeling of the impact of climate change on altitudinal shift of major cereal crops in South Tigray, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"G. Gebresamuel, Haftu Abrha, Haftom Hagos, E. Elias, M. Haile","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1931608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1931608","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Climate change is expected to alter the growing conditions of agricultural crops. With increasing surface temperature, future suitable areas for crop production will see an altitude shift. Such shift is an adaptation response of crops to climate change. However, in the study area there are a limited number of studies that have dealt with geographical shifts of crops caused by climate change. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing impacts of climate change on altitudinal migration of crops and length of growing period (LGP). The climate and crop modeling study were carried out using ArcGIS, Diva GIS and MaxEnt using 30 years of climate data for the period 1980 to 2009. Results showed that wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) would migrate upward along the altitudinal gradients in the coming 80 years. However, areas under these crops are expected to drop by 16–100%. Highly impacted areas are expected to increase, whereas low impacted and new suitable areas are expected to decline significantly. Suitable areas for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and teff (Eragrostis tef Zucc.) production are expected to increase. While wheat and barley are projected to be highly affected by future climate change, sorghum and teff should be relatively stable. No significant difference was observed in LGP between the considered RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios. Therefore, this study concluded that upward movement of crops was one mechanism to adapt to climate change, and new varieties resilient to future climate change needs to be developed.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"169 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1931608","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48114627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2020.1824952
K. E. Ogunsola, C. Ilori, C. Fatokun, O. Boukar, P. Ogunsanya, P. Kumar
ABSTRACT Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is susceptible to several viruses in West Africa. Cowpea viral diseases are mainly controlled through the use of resistant cultivars. Co-infection with more than one virus is frequent in the fields and the resultant synergistic effect often compromises host resistance identified by screening against individual viruses under field or controlled conditions. In this study, eight improved cowpea breeding lines, identified as resistant to single infections and a susceptible cultivar (Ife Brown), were evaluated for their reactions to single and multiple infections of three viruses endemic in West Africa; viz., bean common mosaic virus-blackeye cowpea mosaic strain (BCMV-BlCM), southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Cowpea seedlings were inoculated with these viruses singly or in combination. Disease incidence and severity were recorded at weekly intervals for eight weeks. Virus infection was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Systemic mosaic, vein-banding, and stunting were observed on inoculated plants. Mixed infection increased symptom severity and the highest severity was found in plants co-infected with CMV. Phenotyping against mixed-infections was more promising for estimating host resistance response in cowpea than single infections. Based on virus incidence and severity, lines IT97K-1069-6 and IT04K-405-5 were found to be resistant to SBMV, whereas IT99K-1060 and IT98K-503-1 were susceptible to the three viruses. IT-98 K-1092-1 was found to be resistant to BCMV and SBMV and tolerant to CMV under mixed inoculation scenario. Cowpea line IT-98 K-1092-1 is, thus, the best resistance source for use in virus resistance-breeding programs.
{"title":"Disease incidence and severity in cowpea lines evaluated for resistance to single and multiple infections of endemic viruses in Nigeria","authors":"K. E. Ogunsola, C. Ilori, C. Fatokun, O. Boukar, P. Ogunsanya, P. Kumar","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2020.1824952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2020.1824952","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is susceptible to several viruses in West Africa. Cowpea viral diseases are mainly controlled through the use of resistant cultivars. Co-infection with more than one virus is frequent in the fields and the resultant synergistic effect often compromises host resistance identified by screening against individual viruses under field or controlled conditions. In this study, eight improved cowpea breeding lines, identified as resistant to single infections and a susceptible cultivar (Ife Brown), were evaluated for their reactions to single and multiple infections of three viruses endemic in West Africa; viz., bean common mosaic virus-blackeye cowpea mosaic strain (BCMV-BlCM), southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Cowpea seedlings were inoculated with these viruses singly or in combination. Disease incidence and severity were recorded at weekly intervals for eight weeks. Virus infection was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Systemic mosaic, vein-banding, and stunting were observed on inoculated plants. Mixed infection increased symptom severity and the highest severity was found in plants co-infected with CMV. Phenotyping against mixed-infections was more promising for estimating host resistance response in cowpea than single infections. Based on virus incidence and severity, lines IT97K-1069-6 and IT04K-405-5 were found to be resistant to SBMV, whereas IT99K-1060 and IT98K-503-1 were susceptible to the three viruses. IT-98 K-1092-1 was found to be resistant to BCMV and SBMV and tolerant to CMV under mixed inoculation scenario. Cowpea line IT-98 K-1092-1 is, thus, the best resistance source for use in virus resistance-breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"35 1","pages":"427 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2020.1824952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42218814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-08DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1895402
A. Agyeman, M. Ewool
ABSTRACT Selecting superior genotypes for varietal release and commercial use is a key breeding objective. The use of appropriate statistical methods to analyze the complex genotype by environment interaction (GEI) phenomena may increase the efficiency in selecting superior genotypes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in diverse environments and identify and recommend high-yielding and stable genotypes for farmer adoption. Seven provitamin A maize varieties, including checks, were evaluated in 11 environments from 2016 to 2018. A linear mixed model analysis was performed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methods to estimate genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) variance components; and predict genetic values. Genetic correlations were also calculated to describe relationships across multiple environments. Genotype main effect plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was performed using BLUP estimates. The effects of genotype, and environment and GEI were significant (P< 0.05) for grain yield. Both the mixed model and the GGE biplot identified PVA SYN 21 (G2) as a superior genotype on the basis of its mean performance. The GGE biplot analysis revealed that this cultivar was also the most stable genotype across the 11 environments. The mixed model analysis allowed for an efficient selection of superior provitamin A maize genotypes.
选择优良的基因型用于品种释放和商业利用是育种的关键目标。利用适当的统计方法对环境相互作用(GEI)现象进行复杂基因型分析，可以提高选择优良基因型的效率。本研究的目的是评价玉米(Zea mays L.)基因型在不同环境下的表现，并确定和推荐高产稳定的基因型供农民采用。包括检查在内的7个维生素A原玉米品种在2016年至2018年的11个环境中进行了评估。采用限制最大似然(REML)和最佳线性无偏预测(BLUP)方法进行线性混合模型分析，通过环境相互作用(GEI)方差分量估计基因型、环境和基因型;并预测遗传价值。还计算了遗传相关性来描述多种环境之间的关系。采用BLUP估计进行基因型主效应和环境相互作用(GGE)双图分析。基因型、环境和GEI对籽粒产量的影响显著(P< 0.05)。混合模型和GGE双图均根据PVA SYN 21 (G2)的平均性能确定其为优良基因型。GGE双图分析表明，该品种在11个环境中也是最稳定的基因型。混合模型分析可以有效地选择优质维生素A原玉米基因型。
{"title":"Genotype by environment interaction analysis of grain yield and yield components in provitamin A maize","authors":"A. Agyeman, M. Ewool","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1895402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1895402","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Selecting superior genotypes for varietal release and commercial use is a key breeding objective. The use of appropriate statistical methods to analyze the complex genotype by environment interaction (GEI) phenomena may increase the efficiency in selecting superior genotypes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in diverse environments and identify and recommend high-yielding and stable genotypes for farmer adoption. Seven provitamin A maize varieties, including checks, were evaluated in 11 environments from 2016 to 2018. A linear mixed model analysis was performed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methods to estimate genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) variance components; and predict genetic values. Genetic correlations were also calculated to describe relationships across multiple environments. Genotype main effect plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was performed using BLUP estimates. The effects of genotype, and environment and GEI were significant (P< 0.05) for grain yield. Both the mixed model and the GGE biplot identified PVA SYN 21 (G2) as a superior genotype on the basis of its mean performance. The GGE biplot analysis revealed that this cultivar was also the most stable genotype across the 11 environments. The mixed model analysis allowed for an efficient selection of superior provitamin A maize genotypes.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"1 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1895402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43743029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-04DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1908474
E. Bahrabadi, R. Tavakkol Afshari, M. Mahallati, S. Seyyedi
ABSTRACT The expression of genes that control germination-related processes in corn (Zea mays L.) is influenced by environmental factors. Germination of seeds may be facilitated by hormonal priming. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the effects of different germination temperatures [(5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C), NaCl-induced stress (0, −0.4, −0.8, and −1.2 MPa), and priming solutions (control, hydropriming, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), and salicylic acid (SA)] (Experiment 1). Effects of germination temperatures, PEG 6000-induced stress (0, −0.4, −0.8, and −1.2 MPa), and priming solutions were also evaluated separately (Experiment 2). In both cases, a completely randomized design with four replications was used. Increasing temperatures from 5 to 25°C gradually improved germination percentage and rate, whereas temperatures > 25°C decreased these indices. After imposing drought (PEG 6000-induced stress) or salinity (NaCl-induced stress) treatments, hormonal priming caused germination to occur at a lower base temperature, compared with the non-priming treatment. However, the effect of hormonal priming was dependent on temperature. At sub-optimal temperatures (< 25°C), the highest germination percentage and rate were recorded after GA priming. At above-optimal temperatures (> 25°C), ABA priming resulted in the highest germination percentage and rate. Moreover, hydrothermal time constant decreased in hormone-treated seeds. Based on coefficient of determination (R2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE), a dent-like model predicted cardinal temperatures more accurately than a beta model did. Generally, GA-, SA-, and ABA-priming were recommended under sub-optimal, optimal, and above-optimal temperatures, respectively.
{"title":"Abscisic, gibberellic, and salicylic acids effects on germination indices of corn under salinity and drought stresses","authors":"E. Bahrabadi, R. Tavakkol Afshari, M. Mahallati, S. Seyyedi","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1908474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1908474","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The expression of genes that control germination-related processes in corn (Zea mays L.) is influenced by environmental factors. Germination of seeds may be facilitated by hormonal priming. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the effects of different germination temperatures [(5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C), NaCl-induced stress (0, −0.4, −0.8, and −1.2 MPa), and priming solutions (control, hydropriming, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), and salicylic acid (SA)] (Experiment 1). Effects of germination temperatures, PEG 6000-induced stress (0, −0.4, −0.8, and −1.2 MPa), and priming solutions were also evaluated separately (Experiment 2). In both cases, a completely randomized design with four replications was used. Increasing temperatures from 5 to 25°C gradually improved germination percentage and rate, whereas temperatures > 25°C decreased these indices. After imposing drought (PEG 6000-induced stress) or salinity (NaCl-induced stress) treatments, hormonal priming caused germination to occur at a lower base temperature, compared with the non-priming treatment. However, the effect of hormonal priming was dependent on temperature. At sub-optimal temperatures (< 25°C), the highest germination percentage and rate were recorded after GA priming. At above-optimal temperatures (> 25°C), ABA priming resulted in the highest germination percentage and rate. Moreover, hydrothermal time constant decreased in hormone-treated seeds. Based on coefficient of determination (R2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE), a dent-like model predicted cardinal temperatures more accurately than a beta model did. Generally, GA-, SA-, and ABA-priming were recommended under sub-optimal, optimal, and above-optimal temperatures, respectively.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"73 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1908474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46734323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-04DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1910092
Miles W. Ingwers, C. J. Steketee, S. Yadav, Zenglu Li
ABSTRACT Interactions between carbon isotope composition (δ13C), foliar nitrogen concentration (foliar N), and biomass accumulation (growth) merit further investigation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and other species as these metrics may be valuable for assessing moisture stress and for screening of drought-resistant varieties. To this end, we examined the response of six soybean genotypes to water-deficit stress in a greenhouse study. Two treatments were imposed: low soil moisture (5–10% volumetric water content) and high soil moisture (30–38% volumetric water content). Above-ground biomass accumulation, foliar N, and δ13C were measured at the end of the experiment. Leaf water potential and midday gas exchange (net assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration) were measured multiple times throughout the experiment. All measurements were affected by water-deficit stress. Significant, but weak, positive relationships were found between δ13C and biomass accumulation in both soil moisture treatments. Foliar N was significantly, but weakly, correlated to growth in the high soil-moisture treatment, but not in the low soil-moisture treatment. The data suggest that selection for genotypes with higher δ13C values could result in improved biomass accumulation. The relationship between foliar N and δ13C was negative under high soil-moisture conditions and positive under low soil-moisture conditions. The relationships between δ13C and foliar N could be a highly informative metric to help understand the effects of water-deficit stress and may further indicate whether water or nitrogen acquisition is limiting in a specific environment, which should help in breeding improved soybean cultivars.
大豆(Glycine max (L.))碳同位素组成(δ13C)、叶面氮浓度(foliar N)和生物量积累(生长)之间的相互作用值得进一步研究。)和其他物种，因为这些指标可能对评估水分胁迫和筛选抗旱品种有价值。为此，我们在温室研究中检测了6种大豆基因型对水分亏缺胁迫的反应。采用低土壤含水量(5-10%体积含水量)和高土壤含水量(30-38%体积含水量)处理。试验结束时测定地上生物量积累量、叶面氮和δ13C。在整个试验过程中，多次测量叶片水势和正午气体交换(净同化、气孔导度和蒸腾)。所有测量结果都受到缺水胁迫的影响。在两种土壤水分处理下，δ13C与生物量积累呈显著而微弱的正相关。叶片氮在高水分处理下与生长呈显著但微弱的相关关系，而在低水分处理下则无显著相关关系。结果表明，选择δ13C值较高的基因型可以提高生物量积累。叶片N与δ13C在高水分条件下呈负相关，在低水分条件下呈正相关。δ13C与叶面氮的关系可以作为一个信息丰富的指标，帮助了解水分亏缺胁迫的影响，并可能进一步表明在特定环境下是否限制了水分或氮的获取，这将有助于育种改良大豆品种。
{"title":"Relationships among carbon isotope composition, growth, and foliar nitrogen in soybean","authors":"Miles W. Ingwers, C. J. Steketee, S. Yadav, Zenglu Li","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1910092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1910092","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Interactions between carbon isotope composition (δ13C), foliar nitrogen concentration (foliar N), and biomass accumulation (growth) merit further investigation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and other species as these metrics may be valuable for assessing moisture stress and for screening of drought-resistant varieties. To this end, we examined the response of six soybean genotypes to water-deficit stress in a greenhouse study. Two treatments were imposed: low soil moisture (5–10% volumetric water content) and high soil moisture (30–38% volumetric water content). Above-ground biomass accumulation, foliar N, and δ13C were measured at the end of the experiment. Leaf water potential and midday gas exchange (net assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration) were measured multiple times throughout the experiment. All measurements were affected by water-deficit stress. Significant, but weak, positive relationships were found between δ13C and biomass accumulation in both soil moisture treatments. Foliar N was significantly, but weakly, correlated to growth in the high soil-moisture treatment, but not in the low soil-moisture treatment. The data suggest that selection for genotypes with higher δ13C values could result in improved biomass accumulation. The relationship between foliar N and δ13C was negative under high soil-moisture conditions and positive under low soil-moisture conditions. The relationships between δ13C and foliar N could be a highly informative metric to help understand the effects of water-deficit stress and may further indicate whether water or nitrogen acquisition is limiting in a specific environment, which should help in breeding improved soybean cultivars.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"90 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1910092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43654374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-02DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2021.1906811
F. Kibbou, Keltoum El Bouhmadi, Hélène Marrou, T. Sinclair, M. Ghanem
ABSTRACT Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important traditional pulse crop in many parts of Asia and the Mediterranean region. However, water deficit and temperature, two of the key variables associated with climate variability, can have major negative influences on the development and growth of faba bean. A series of experiments were conducted to study the potential impact of temperature and water deficit on several physiological processes among faba bean genotypes. Development of node number was determined to be dependent on temperature and was found to be essentially constant among genotypes with a value of 56°C accumulated temperature required for appearance of each node. Plant leaf area, which is important in crop carbon accumulation, was estimated by developing allometric relationships between plant leaf area and number of nodes. The coefficients of these relationships varied among genotypes. Water deficit was found to be critical in impacting plant transpiration and nitrogen fixation rates. The threshold for the decrease in transpiration rate with soil drying was found to range from a fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) from 0.22 to 0.60 among 12 genotypes, indicating a genetic resource for improving drought resilience. Results in comparing symbiotic nitrogen fixation on drying soil among genotypes also indicated genetic variation, with one genotype (WW4403/H) being especially drought tolerant. The results of these experiments identified important genotypic differences in sensitivity of specific physiological processes to temperature and water deficit, which can be exploited to improve faba bean resilience to these environmental variables.
{"title":"Impact of drought and temperature constraints on development and growth of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)","authors":"F. Kibbou, Keltoum El Bouhmadi, Hélène Marrou, T. Sinclair, M. Ghanem","doi":"10.1080/15427528.2021.1906811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.1906811","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important traditional pulse crop in many parts of Asia and the Mediterranean region. However, water deficit and temperature, two of the key variables associated with climate variability, can have major negative influences on the development and growth of faba bean. A series of experiments were conducted to study the potential impact of temperature and water deficit on several physiological processes among faba bean genotypes. Development of node number was determined to be dependent on temperature and was found to be essentially constant among genotypes with a value of 56°C accumulated temperature required for appearance of each node. Plant leaf area, which is important in crop carbon accumulation, was estimated by developing allometric relationships between plant leaf area and number of nodes. The coefficients of these relationships varied among genotypes. Water deficit was found to be critical in impacting plant transpiration and nitrogen fixation rates. The threshold for the decrease in transpiration rate with soil drying was found to range from a fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) from 0.22 to 0.60 among 12 genotypes, indicating a genetic resource for improving drought resilience. Results in comparing symbiotic nitrogen fixation on drying soil among genotypes also indicated genetic variation, with one genotype (WW4403/H) being especially drought tolerant. The results of these experiments identified important genotypic differences in sensitivity of specific physiological processes to temperature and water deficit, which can be exploited to improve faba bean resilience to these environmental variables.","PeriodicalId":15468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Improvement","volume":"36 1","pages":"57 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15427528.2021.1906811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46414000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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