Pub Date : 2016-10-14DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000162
A. Sharma, Maniratna Nareda, Sanaa Aziz, Deepak Sharma, S. Garg
Fentanyl is a potent analgesic that is almost a hundred times accented than morphine, the use of fentanyl is pain allayer and anesthetic was adopted in the medical primed. Fentanyl was first introduced by Dr. Jansen in 1959. Many type of fentanyl derivatives have been developed by adding respective substituents to the canonic molecule inorder to alter the potency, some of the ensunting molecules may exist as isomers. (The isomers of 3-methylfentanyl), which have different types of analgesic potencies depends on which is used. Bever reported that the 3rd position of a methyl group (-CH3) into the piperidine ring, increases analgesic potency. The Trans isomer was slightly more active agent than fentanyl, but its respective cis form was eight folds more active. They found that activity of the cis (+) 3-methylfentanyl more potent than fentanyl, whereas the cis negative form was less potent.
{"title":"Fentanyl - A Potent Opioid Analgesic: A Review","authors":"A. Sharma, Maniratna Nareda, Sanaa Aziz, Deepak Sharma, S. Garg","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000162","url":null,"abstract":"Fentanyl is a potent analgesic that is almost a hundred times accented than morphine, the use of fentanyl is pain allayer and anesthetic was adopted in the medical primed. Fentanyl was first introduced by Dr. Jansen in 1959. Many type of fentanyl derivatives have been developed by adding respective substituents to the canonic molecule inorder to alter the potency, some of the ensunting molecules may exist as isomers. (The isomers of 3-methylfentanyl), which have different types of analgesic potencies depends on which is used. Bever reported that the 3rd position of a methyl group (-CH3) into the piperidine ring, increases analgesic potency. The Trans isomer was slightly more active agent than fentanyl, but its respective cis form was eight folds more active. They found that activity of the cis (+) 3-methylfentanyl more potent than fentanyl, whereas the cis negative form was less potent.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77552174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-31DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000165
K. A. Salih
Background: Fungi have surrounded us and have affected our life, when changed or getting out from control it should be treated and when change to multi drug resistant it is difficult to treat by antibiotics so we can use plant extracts to produce valuable protection against infection. Objective: In this study, we used agar well diffusion method to investigate the effect of antifungal drug of plant extracts on Candida albicans. Methods: Candida albicans was isolated from oral cavity of Sulaimani Emergency hospital patients. The isolates consisted C. albicans (n=15). The microorganisms were divided into four groups in a factorial design: control, FGE with blackseed, FGE without black seed, black seed without FGE and antibiotic (Fluconazole). The minimum inhibitory concentration of FGE was calculated by using a gradient of concentrations and observing their inhibitory effects on C. albicans. Results: Fresh garlic extract (FGE extract) displayed evident inhibition against Candida albicans by producing more inhibition zone (p<0.05), Black seed extract (BL extract) showed no inhibitory effect on C. albicans at 10% concentration. However, synergism of BI with FGE have shown significant effects on it (P<0.05) and fluconazole had little effect on Candida albicans. Conclusion: The result suggests that FGE can improve the antibiotic sensitivity and BI don’t effect on C. albicans.
{"title":"Synergistic Effects of Plant Extracts and Antifungal Drugs on C. albicans","authors":"K. A. Salih","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000165","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fungi have surrounded us and have affected our life, when changed or getting out from control it should be treated and when change to multi drug resistant it is difficult to treat by antibiotics so we can use plant extracts to produce valuable protection against infection. Objective: In this study, we used agar well diffusion method to investigate the effect of antifungal drug of plant extracts on Candida albicans. Methods: Candida albicans was isolated from oral cavity of Sulaimani Emergency hospital patients. The isolates consisted C. albicans (n=15). The microorganisms were divided into four groups in a factorial design: control, FGE with blackseed, FGE without black seed, black seed without FGE and antibiotic (Fluconazole). The minimum inhibitory concentration of FGE was calculated by using a gradient of concentrations and observing their inhibitory effects on C. albicans. Results: Fresh garlic extract (FGE extract) displayed evident inhibition against Candida albicans by producing more inhibition zone (p<0.05), Black seed extract (BL extract) showed no inhibitory effect on C. albicans at 10% concentration. However, synergism of BI with FGE have shown significant effects on it (P<0.05) and fluconazole had little effect on Candida albicans. Conclusion: The result suggests that FGE can improve the antibiotic sensitivity and BI don’t effect on C. albicans.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78619666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-30DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000159
Ç. Macit, N. Taner, G. Mercanoğlu, F. Mercanoğlu
Like in other industries, the competition among companies in the pharma industry is high. Therefore pharmaceutical companies have to design their strategies in order to achieve competitive advantage. Brand loyalty is a powerful tool in the development of pharmaceutical brands. Physicians play major role in the selection of drugs to consume and can also be considered as the consumer. This descriptive study examines the factors that influence physicians’ choices of medication for their patients. Data was collected using a survey administered to specialists and trainees from Cardiology Department. Total 18 physicians participated in the study. Most of the respondents (85%) declared the scientific literature regarding the drug as their first priority in prescribing. Almost half of the respondents (46%) declared the published clinical trial results as a primary source of information about the launch of new drug. With respect to the inclusion of a newly launched drug in the daily prescribing routine, 85% of the respondents tended to prescribe a new drug after the publication of clinical trials. A vast majority of the participants indicated the patients’ source of payment as a major factor for their preferences; meanwhile 92% of them also emphasized the therapeutic equivalency of the drug for their preferences. More than half of the participants (>70%) tended to prescribe original drugs to patients having chronic disease/comorbidity and special insurance coverage and/or self-payment. Regarding the physicians’ familiarity to the original proprietary names, more than half of the respondents correctly predicted the original proprietary names. This study reflects the physician’s perspective for the establishment of brand loyalty. From the physicians’ standpoint belief in brand is crucial for the creation of brand loyalty and the key for building up trust is the scientific data regarding the effectiveness and safety of the drug obtained from large-scale clinical trials.
{"title":"Brand Loyalty as a Strategy for the Competition with Generic Drugs:Physicians Perspective","authors":"Ç. Macit, N. Taner, G. Mercanoğlu, F. Mercanoğlu","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000159","url":null,"abstract":"Like in other industries, the competition among companies in the pharma industry is high. Therefore pharmaceutical companies have to design their strategies in order to achieve competitive advantage. Brand loyalty is a powerful tool in the development of pharmaceutical brands. Physicians play major role in the selection of drugs to consume and can also be considered as the consumer. This descriptive study examines the factors that influence physicians’ choices of medication for their patients. Data was collected using a survey administered to specialists and trainees from Cardiology Department. Total 18 physicians participated in the study. Most of the respondents (85%) declared the scientific literature regarding the drug as their first priority in prescribing. Almost half of the respondents (46%) declared the published clinical trial results as a primary source of information about the launch of new drug. With respect to the inclusion of a newly launched drug in the daily prescribing routine, 85% of the respondents tended to prescribe a new drug after the publication of clinical trials. A vast majority of the participants indicated the patients’ source of payment as a major factor for their preferences; meanwhile 92% of them also emphasized the therapeutic equivalency of the drug for their preferences. More than half of the participants (>70%) tended to prescribe original drugs to patients having chronic disease/comorbidity and special insurance coverage and/or self-payment. Regarding the physicians’ familiarity to the original proprietary names, more than half of the respondents correctly predicted the original proprietary names. This study reflects the physician’s perspective for the establishment of brand loyalty. From the physicians’ standpoint belief in brand is crucial for the creation of brand loyalty and the key for building up trust is the scientific data regarding the effectiveness and safety of the drug obtained from large-scale clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86127535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-26DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000160
Sonu K. Mishra, V. Gomase, K. Kale
“Dracunculus medinensis” the Guinea Worm Disease (GWD) causing agent belong to the member of ‘Dracunculidae’ family. The infectious female nematode which is up to 800 mm (31 in) in length is the causative agent of the Guinea worm disease in the humans. Cyclops are the intermediate host of this infectious parasite. The healthy individual drinks or consume the contaminated water with Cyclops, which carries the infectious larvae of the Guinea Worm Disease. For the selection of the nonamers, the antigenic peptide the fragments of specific protein can be used, which can be further utilizing for the rational vaccine design and to increase the understanding the immune system response against the disease. The encouraging outcomes of the MHCII (Major Histocompatibility Complex II) analysis shows that the antigenic peptide of the Guinea Worm Disease are important determinant for the protection of the host from parasitic infection. In this study, the Position Specific Scoring Matrices (PSSM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)-algorithms has been use for antigenic design and prediction of the binding affinity of the antigen having the 88 amino acids long residue, which shows 80 nonamers. The binding ability of the antigen to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules prediction will be helpful in the near future for specific targeted drug designing for the Guinea Worm Disease.
{"title":"Computational Sensitive Quantitative Predictions of MHC Binding Peptides from Dracunculus medinensis","authors":"Sonu K. Mishra, V. Gomase, K. Kale","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000160","url":null,"abstract":"“Dracunculus medinensis” the Guinea Worm Disease (GWD) causing agent belong to the member of ‘Dracunculidae’ family. The infectious female nematode which is up to 800 mm (31 in) in length is the causative agent of the Guinea worm disease in the humans. Cyclops are the intermediate host of this infectious parasite. The healthy individual drinks or consume the contaminated water with Cyclops, which carries the infectious larvae of the Guinea Worm Disease. For the selection of the nonamers, the antigenic peptide the fragments of specific protein can be used, which can be further utilizing for the rational vaccine design and to increase the understanding the immune system response against the disease. The encouraging outcomes of the MHCII (Major Histocompatibility Complex II) analysis shows that the antigenic peptide of the Guinea Worm Disease are important determinant for the protection of the host from parasitic infection. In this study, the Position Specific Scoring Matrices (PSSM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)-algorithms has been use for antigenic design and prediction of the binding affinity of the antigen having the 88 amino acids long residue, which shows 80 nonamers. The binding ability of the antigen to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules prediction will be helpful in the near future for specific targeted drug designing for the Guinea Worm Disease.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"121 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83499479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-11DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000158
M. Stoicescu
Introduction: The main objective of this presentation is to attract the attention about a hot topic regarding menopausal hormone therapy replacement. It is a good option for a woman to follow or no this hormonal therapy replacement during menopause period, taking into account the benefits and also the risks? This is a modern phenomenon in this moment in the medicine field, but is it really safe for a woman to follow this therapy? Much more research has to be done regarding this therapy to not expose many females to unnecessary side effects. Can we force the natural evolution of the mechanisms of the body in this direction? Materials and methods: Further on it will be presented two cases of medical practice, with two major side effects of this therapy, not insignificant, which should give food for thought. The first case develops occurrence of breast malignancy and the second with endometrial cancer after the therapy. Results and discussion: The idea of menopausal hormone replacement therapy appeared with the all best intentions for this difficult period in a woman’s life in menopause, but the reality is that dangerous side effects can occur like mentioned before. Conclusion: The most important conclusion of this presentation is that hormone replacement therapy at menopause is not safe and more research is needed in the future for the best decision.
{"title":"Controversial in Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy","authors":"M. Stoicescu","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000158","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The main objective of this presentation is to attract the attention about a hot topic regarding menopausal hormone therapy replacement. It is a good option for a woman to follow or no this hormonal therapy replacement during menopause period, taking into account the benefits and also the risks? This is a modern phenomenon in this moment in the medicine field, but is it really safe for a woman to follow this therapy? Much more research has to be done regarding this therapy to not expose many females to unnecessary side effects. Can we force the natural evolution of the mechanisms of the body in this direction? \u0000Materials and methods: Further on it will be presented two cases of medical practice, with two major side effects of this therapy, not insignificant, which should give food for thought. The first case develops occurrence of breast malignancy and the second with endometrial cancer after the therapy. \u0000Results and discussion: The idea of menopausal hormone replacement therapy appeared with the all best intentions for this difficult period in a woman’s life in menopause, but the reality is that dangerous side effects can occur like mentioned before. \u0000Conclusion: The most important conclusion of this presentation is that hormone replacement therapy at menopause is not safe and more research is needed in the future for the best decision.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88106387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000157
Newton Amj, R. Sm, K. Sukhjinder
The main aim of this investigation is to develop fast disintegrating oral films of Propranolol hydrochloride by using Pectin and synthetic polymers. The Propranolol HCl oro-dispersible films were formulated by using HPMC E15LV, HPMC regular, pectin, Carbopol, and PVA, as film forming polymers. The selected polymers were natural and synthetic water soluble polymers. Generally solvent casting method was used in the manufacture of the mouth dissolving films. The formula which incorporates pectin HPMC E15 LV 4:2 and pectin: Carbopol 3:2 ratios and also other varying ratio were used in the formulation of Oro-dispersible films. The quantity and type of plasticizer affected the formulation of films; Propranolol HCl has bitter taste so taste masking agents were used. Citric acid was used as a salivary stimulating agent. The prepared films were subjected to the analysis of various evaluation tests such as weight variation, tensile strength, thickness, surface pH, and drug content. The significant parameters such as disintegration and dissolution profiles also studied in detail since the product was prepared for fast dissolving in the oral cavity.
{"title":"Fabrication and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Oral Hybrid Films of Propranolol Hydrochloride by Using Pectin and Synthetic Polymers","authors":"Newton Amj, R. Sm, K. Sukhjinder","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000157","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this investigation is to develop fast disintegrating oral films of Propranolol hydrochloride by using Pectin and synthetic polymers. The Propranolol HCl oro-dispersible films were formulated by using HPMC E15LV, HPMC regular, pectin, Carbopol, and PVA, as film forming polymers. The selected polymers were natural and synthetic water soluble polymers. Generally solvent casting method was used in the manufacture of the mouth dissolving films. The formula which incorporates pectin HPMC E15 LV 4:2 and pectin: Carbopol 3:2 ratios and also other varying ratio were used in the formulation of Oro-dispersible films. The quantity and type of plasticizer affected the formulation of films; Propranolol HCl has bitter taste so taste masking agents were used. Citric acid was used as a salivary stimulating agent. The prepared films were subjected to the analysis of various evaluation tests such as weight variation, tensile strength, thickness, surface pH, and drug content. The significant parameters such as disintegration and dissolution profiles also studied in detail since the product was prepared for fast dissolving in the oral cavity.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"100 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75593777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-24DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000155
L. Tutar, K. A. Coskun, Yusuf Tutar
Lutfi Tutar1, Kübra Açıkalın Coskun2 and Yusuf Tutar2* 1Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey 2Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey *Corresponding author: Yusuf Tutar, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey, Tel: +90 3462191010; E-mail: ytutar@yahoo.com
Lutfi Tutar1, k bra Açıkalın Coskun2和Yusuf Tutar2* 1土耳其kahramanmarura大学自然与应用科学研究生院生物学系Sütçü İmam土耳其kahramanmarura大学药学院基础科学系生物化学系*通讯作者:土耳其Sivas Cumhuriyet大学药学院基础科学系生物化学系Yusuf Tutar，电话:+90 3462191010;电子邮件:ytutar@yahoo.com
{"title":"Heat Shock Protein as Emerging Oncologic Drug Targets","authors":"L. Tutar, K. A. Coskun, Yusuf Tutar","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000155","url":null,"abstract":"Lutfi Tutar1, Kübra Açıkalın Coskun2 and Yusuf Tutar2* 1Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey 2Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey *Corresponding author: Yusuf Tutar, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey, Tel: +90 3462191010; E-mail: ytutar@yahoo.com","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"51 1 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91061025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-23DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000E148
Amy Wang
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a devastating disease in the United States and affects almost 12% of patients who are between the ages of 75 to 84. Having AF almost increases the risk of stroke by 5-fold, and therefore, anticoagulation therapy is essential for the prevention of stroke in patients with AF [1]. Warfarin has been the sole oral anticoagulation available for decades. From 2010 to 2012, 3 additional novel oral anticoagulation (NOAC) came onto the market, which includes dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban and offered viable alternatives to warfarin for the management of AF [2-4]. In January 2015, the FDA approved edoxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, to come onto the market for the prevention of stroke in AF patients. Edoxaban is the third factor Xa inhibitor currently available, in addition to rivaroxaban and apixaban [5,6].
{"title":"Edoxaban for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation","authors":"Amy Wang","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000E148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000E148","url":null,"abstract":"Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a devastating disease in the United States and affects almost 12% of patients who are between the ages of 75 to 84. Having AF almost increases the risk of stroke by 5-fold, and therefore, anticoagulation therapy is essential for the prevention of stroke in patients with AF [1]. Warfarin has been the sole oral anticoagulation available for decades. From 2010 to 2012, 3 additional novel oral anticoagulation (NOAC) came onto the market, which includes dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban and offered viable alternatives to warfarin for the management of AF [2-4]. In January 2015, the FDA approved edoxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, to come onto the market for the prevention of stroke in AF patients. Edoxaban is the third factor Xa inhibitor currently available, in addition to rivaroxaban and apixaban [5,6].","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"9 Suppl 1 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78354340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-13DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000156
J. Kamau, Nthiga Pm, Mwonjoria Jk, Ngeranwa Jjn, Ngugi Mp
Inflammation causes discomfort, suffering and lower productivity of the victims. Synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are not readily available and have adverse side effects. Alternative herbal medicines possess bioactive compounds that are safer and efficient in the management of various diseases and disorders. The present study evaluated for the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts of Kigelia africana and Acacia hockii in mice to scientifically validate their traditional use among the Embu and Mbeere communities in Kenya. The plant samples were collected with the help of local herbalists in Embu County, Kenya and transported to Kenyatta University biochemistry and biotechnology laboratories for cleaning, air drying, milling, and extraction. Swiss albino mice of either sex were randomly divided into six groups of 5 animals each; normal control, negative control, positive control and three experimental groups. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was compared to reference drug diclofenac. The leaf extract of K. africana reduced inflamed hind paw diameter of mice by between 0.21%- 4.98% while the stem bark extract of A. hockii reduced inflamed hind paw diameter by between 0.6%-5.38%. The diclofenac reduced inflamed hind paw diameter by between 1.11%-4.9%. The qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the presence of saponins, flavonoid, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and cardiac glycosides. The present study demonstrated potent antiinflammatory activities of methanolic extracts of K. africana and A. hockii in a dose-dependent manner, which supports their traditional use. The present study, therefore, recommends the ethnomedicinal use of K. africana and A. hockii in the management of inflammation.
{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Kigelia Africana (Lam.) Benth and Stem Bark Extract of Acacia Hockii De Wild in Mice","authors":"J. Kamau, Nthiga Pm, Mwonjoria Jk, Ngeranwa Jjn, Ngugi Mp","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000156","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammation causes discomfort, suffering and lower productivity of the victims. Synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are not readily available and have adverse side effects. Alternative herbal medicines possess bioactive compounds that are safer and efficient in the management of various diseases and disorders. The present study evaluated for the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts of Kigelia africana and Acacia hockii in mice to scientifically validate their traditional use among the Embu and Mbeere communities in Kenya. The plant samples were collected with the help of local herbalists in Embu County, Kenya and transported to Kenyatta University biochemistry and biotechnology laboratories for cleaning, air drying, milling, and extraction. Swiss albino mice of either sex were randomly divided into six groups of 5 animals each; normal control, negative control, positive control and three experimental groups. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was compared to reference drug diclofenac. The leaf extract of K. africana reduced inflamed hind paw diameter of mice by between 0.21%- 4.98% while the stem bark extract of A. hockii reduced inflamed hind paw diameter by between 0.6%-5.38%. The diclofenac reduced inflamed hind paw diameter by between 1.11%-4.9%. The qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the presence of saponins, flavonoid, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and cardiac glycosides. The present study demonstrated potent antiinflammatory activities of methanolic extracts of K. africana and A. hockii in a dose-dependent manner, which supports their traditional use. The present study, therefore, recommends the ethnomedicinal use of K. africana and A. hockii in the management of inflammation.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87526074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-10DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000154
K. Petrak
Efforts to develop cell-specific drug-delivery systems have been under way for decades but have not as yet generated effective and reliable therapeutic products. The effect of repeatedly unfulfilled promises is starting to cause a decrease in funding support for research and development in this area. In this commentary, principle flaws in the current approaches are listed and discussed. Further, the manner in which approaches and paradigms for further development should change is suggested.
{"title":"Visions but Not False Promises Should Be Funded","authors":"K. Petrak","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000154","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to develop cell-specific drug-delivery systems have been under way for decades but have not as yet generated effective and reliable therapeutic products. The effect of repeatedly unfulfilled promises is starting to cause a decrease in funding support for research and development in this area. In this commentary, principle flaws in the current approaches are listed and discussed. Further, the manner in which approaches and paradigms for further development should change is suggested.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78345947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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