Pub Date : 2015-03-16DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000E139
M. Uddin
Cervical cancer, caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the third largest cause of female mortality over the world with an estimated 500,000 cases and 270,000 deaths annually [1]. Nevertheless there are only two vaccines are available in the world market to protect cervical cancer. Gardasil® (Merck, USA)) and Cervarix® (GlaxoSmithKline, UK) are both Virus Like Particle (VLP) based vaccines and administered intravenously in liquid form along with other adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxyphosphatesulfate, sodium chloride, polysorbate 80 etc [2]. When launched onto the market in 2007 and 2010, the vaccines Cervarix and Gardsil were considered as highly effective and complete safe vaccines. However, the cost of the vaccine itself, the expensive storage system, need for an expert to administer the vaccines tremendously inhibits the mass use of the vaccines globally. Also the antigens in the vaccines are Virus-Like Particles (VLPs), which are grown in the insect (Gardasil) or yeast cells (Cervarix) from the DNA obtained from Human Papillomavirus [2,3]. Growing VLPs is a complicated process and requires special research facilities where virus can be handled with highest safety. Unfortunately most of the resource poor countries where cervical cancer mostly prevails are unable to afford the huge burden of cutting edge technology and conduct sophisticated research. Therefore finding an alternative option to VLP based vaccine is becoming an important research challenge. More importantly, recent controversy over the side effects of both vaccines also calls for a demand to develop an alternative vaccine formulation which will be able to address all the above mentioned issues.
{"title":"Alternative Vaccine Strategies for Cervical Cancer","authors":"M. Uddin","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000E139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000E139","url":null,"abstract":"Cervical cancer, caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the third largest cause of female mortality over the world with an estimated 500,000 cases and 270,000 deaths annually [1]. Nevertheless there are only two vaccines are available in the world market to protect cervical cancer. Gardasil® (Merck, USA)) and Cervarix® (GlaxoSmithKline, UK) are both Virus Like Particle (VLP) based vaccines and administered intravenously in liquid form along with other adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxyphosphatesulfate, sodium chloride, polysorbate 80 etc [2]. When launched onto the market in 2007 and 2010, the vaccines Cervarix and Gardsil were considered as highly effective and complete safe vaccines. However, the cost of the vaccine itself, the expensive storage system, need for an expert to administer the vaccines tremendously inhibits the mass use of the vaccines globally. Also the antigens in the vaccines are Virus-Like Particles (VLPs), which are grown in the insect (Gardasil) or yeast cells (Cervarix) from the DNA obtained from Human Papillomavirus [2,3]. Growing VLPs is a complicated process and requires special research facilities where virus can be handled with highest safety. Unfortunately most of the resource poor countries where cervical cancer mostly prevails are unable to afford the huge burden of cutting edge technology and conduct sophisticated research. Therefore finding an alternative option to VLP based vaccine is becoming an important research challenge. More importantly, recent controversy over the side effects of both vaccines also calls for a demand to develop an alternative vaccine formulation which will be able to address all the above mentioned issues.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87234045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-16DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000E140
Harsh Chauhan
Pharmaceutical drug delivery systems consists of variety of additional constituents other than its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) required for pharmacological activity [1]. These constituents are defined as excipients by International pharmaceutical excipients council and are required to be properly evaluated for safety before included in delivery systems [2]. Excipients, although pharmacological inert are a key determinant of delivery systems performance. They are included in a delivery systems not for their direct therapeutic action, but are added to the delivery systems to either aid in processing during its manufacture (for e.g., vehicles, co-solvents, anti-adherents, polymers), protect, support and enhance stability, bioavailability and patient acceptability (for e.g., anti-oxidants, preservatives, disintegrants, coatings,sweetening agents, flavoring agents), assist in product identification (for e.g colorants), or enhance other attributes of the safety and effectiveness of the drug delivery system during its storage and use [3].
{"title":"Selection of Polymeric Excipients for Poorly Soluble Drugs","authors":"Harsh Chauhan","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000E140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000E140","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical drug delivery systems consists of variety of additional constituents other than its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) required for pharmacological activity [1]. These constituents are defined as excipients by International pharmaceutical excipients council and are required to be properly evaluated for safety before included in delivery systems [2]. Excipients, although pharmacological inert are a key determinant of delivery systems performance. They are included in a delivery systems not for their direct therapeutic action, but are added to the delivery systems to either aid in processing during its manufacture (for e.g., vehicles, co-solvents, anti-adherents, polymers), protect, support and enhance stability, bioavailability and patient acceptability (for e.g., anti-oxidants, preservatives, disintegrants, coatings,sweetening agents, flavoring agents), assist in product identification (for e.g colorants), or enhance other attributes of the safety and effectiveness of the drug delivery system during its storage and use [3].","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82234758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-05DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000129
N. M. Piero, Kim Ns, Ngeranwa Nj, Orinda Og, Njagi Mj, D. Maina, Agyirifo Sd, K. Gathumbi, King’e Ws, Njagi Eliud En
Lantana rhodesiensis Linn is used traditionally in the management of several diseases including diabetes mellitus; however, its efficacy and safety is not scientifically evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo hypoglycemic activity and safety of aqueous extracts of L. rhodesiensis in white male albino rats. Aqueous extracts were screened for their hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats using the oral and intraperitoneal routes. The safety of these extracts was studied in rats orally or intraperitoneally administered with 1 g/kg body weight daily for 28 days by recording the changes in body and organ weight, hematological and biochemical parameters and histology. Mineral compositions of the extracts were estimated using total reflection X-Ray Fluorescence System (TRXF) while the types of phytochemicals present were assessed using standard procedures. Aqueous extracts orally and intraperitoneally administered at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight demonstrated hypoglycemic activity with the intraperitoneal route being more effective than the oral route. Oral and intraperitoneal dose of 1 g/kg body weight of the extracts significantly reduced the body weight gain, increased the testis and spleen, and decreased the lung weight; reduced the hemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, packed cell volume and increased the neutrophil count; decreased the activity of γ-glutamyltransferase and histologically mildly reduced lymphoid follicles. Orally, the same dose decreased the red blood cell count, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, monocyte and platelet count; increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase. The extract contained phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phylobatannins, resins, and bound anthrax quinones. Potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, lead and zinc levels in the extracts were below the recommended daily allowance. In conclusion, the observed hypoglycemic activity and slight toxicity could be associated with the phytonutrients present in this plant. This study recommends use of this plant as herbal medicine.
{"title":"Antidiabetic and safety of lantana rhodesiensis in alloxan induced diabetic rats","authors":"N. M. Piero, Kim Ns, Ngeranwa Nj, Orinda Og, Njagi Mj, D. Maina, Agyirifo Sd, K. Gathumbi, King’e Ws, Njagi Eliud En","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000129","url":null,"abstract":"Lantana rhodesiensis Linn is used traditionally in the management of several diseases including diabetes mellitus; however, its efficacy and safety is not scientifically evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo hypoglycemic activity and safety of aqueous extracts of L. rhodesiensis in white male albino rats. Aqueous extracts were screened for their hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats using the oral and intraperitoneal routes. The safety of these extracts was studied in rats orally or intraperitoneally administered with 1 g/kg body weight daily for 28 days by recording the changes in body and organ weight, hematological and biochemical parameters and histology. Mineral compositions of the extracts were estimated using total reflection X-Ray Fluorescence System (TRXF) while the types of phytochemicals present were assessed using standard procedures. Aqueous extracts orally and intraperitoneally administered at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight demonstrated hypoglycemic activity with the intraperitoneal route being more effective than the oral route. Oral and intraperitoneal dose of 1 g/kg body weight of the extracts significantly reduced the body weight gain, increased the testis and spleen, and decreased the lung weight; reduced the hemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, packed cell volume and increased the neutrophil count; decreased the activity of γ-glutamyltransferase and histologically mildly reduced lymphoid follicles. Orally, the same dose decreased the red blood cell count, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, monocyte and platelet count; increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase. The extract contained phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phylobatannins, resins, and bound anthrax quinones. Potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, lead and zinc levels in the extracts were below the recommended daily allowance. In conclusion, the observed hypoglycemic activity and slight toxicity could be associated with the phytonutrients present in this plant. This study recommends use of this plant as herbal medicine.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72834098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000149
C. Ihekwereme, Chukwusom Maureen Aniezue, E. Erhirhie, U. Okafor
Background: There is a need for the development of safer, anti-emetic agents effective in several conditions such as in cancer chemotherapy where vomiting is a worrisome feature. Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-emetic potential of crude methanol leaf extract and fractions of Ocimum gratissimum. Method: The anti-emetic activities of the fractions were carried out following the chick emetic model. Test samples and the negative control were administered at a single oral dose of 150 mg/kg to the respective groups (n = 5). Tween 80 (5%, 10 mL/kg) and chlorpromazine (i.p) served as negative and positive controls, respectively. The number of retches each animal produced was counted for 20 minutes and recorded. Anti-emetic activity was determined by calculating percentage reduction in number of retches relative to negative control. Results: The anti-emetic activity decreased in the following order; Chlorpromazine (98.76%) > butanol fraction (92.16%) > aqueous fraction (86.80%) > crude methanol fraction (65.15%) > N-hexane (63.09%) > and Ethyl-acetate fraction (5.98%). Butanol fraction elicited the highest activity among the tested fractions, while ethyl-acetate fraction produced the least activity. Conclusion: This study showed that the butanol extract has better anti-emetic properties than other fractions. Supplementary studies are required to isolate the active principles in butanol fraction of O. gratissimum responsible for the anti-emetic activity and also elucidate its mechanism of action.
{"title":"Preliminary Evaluation of the Anti-Emetic Activity of Crude Methanol Extract and Fractions of Ocimum gratissimum","authors":"C. Ihekwereme, Chukwusom Maureen Aniezue, E. Erhirhie, U. Okafor","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000149","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is a need for the development of safer, anti-emetic agents effective in several conditions such as in cancer chemotherapy where vomiting is a worrisome feature. Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-emetic potential of crude methanol leaf extract and fractions of Ocimum gratissimum. Method: The anti-emetic activities of the fractions were carried out following the chick emetic model. Test samples and the negative control were administered at a single oral dose of 150 mg/kg to the respective groups (n = 5). Tween 80 (5%, 10 mL/kg) and chlorpromazine (i.p) served as negative and positive controls, respectively. The number of retches each animal produced was counted for 20 minutes and recorded. Anti-emetic activity was determined by calculating percentage reduction in number of retches relative to negative control. Results: The anti-emetic activity decreased in the following order; Chlorpromazine (98.76%) > butanol fraction (92.16%) > aqueous fraction (86.80%) > crude methanol fraction (65.15%) > N-hexane (63.09%) > and Ethyl-acetate fraction (5.98%). Butanol fraction elicited the highest activity among the tested fractions, while ethyl-acetate fraction produced the least activity. Conclusion: This study showed that the butanol extract has better anti-emetic properties than other fractions. Supplementary studies are required to isolate the active principles in butanol fraction of O. gratissimum responsible for the anti-emetic activity and also elucidate its mechanism of action.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"357 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73974856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000151
Insaf Ayadi, Yasmine Souissi, Ines Jlassi, F. Peixoto, W. Mnif
Textile industry has been considered for years to be one of the major sources of worldwide pollution problems. Huge amount of wastewater is generated at different stages of textile manufacturing. These waste products are mostly released in the environment without prior consideration. In Fact, they are highly contaminated with lot of chemicals including dyes. For this reason, the investigation of the effects of those compounds over the environment and human health has become a great interest. This review outlines the chemical synonyms, molecular structure and the toxicological effects of 85 textile dyes. The potential fate and effect of those substances on aquatic, human health and ecosystem are discussed in this article.
{"title":"Chemical Synonyms, Molecular Structure and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Synthetic Textile Dyes: A Critical Review","authors":"Insaf Ayadi, Yasmine Souissi, Ines Jlassi, F. Peixoto, W. Mnif","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000151","url":null,"abstract":"Textile industry has been considered for years to be one of the major sources of worldwide pollution problems. Huge amount of wastewater is generated at different stages of textile manufacturing. These waste products are mostly released in the environment without prior consideration. In Fact, they are highly contaminated with lot of chemicals including dyes. For this reason, the investigation of the effects of those compounds over the environment and human health has become a great interest. This review outlines the chemical synonyms, molecular structure and the toxicological effects of 85 textile dyes. The potential fate and effect of those substances on aquatic, human health and ecosystem are discussed in this article.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86874727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000150
E. Trudel, M. Parent, A. Côté
Several international studies have revealed that there are deficiencies and non bioequivalencies in generic drug reports. The purpose of this study is to determine if monographs were available in both of Canada’s official languages for all generics introduced in the Canadian province of Quebec in 2012 and 2013, if the monographs contained all the required 90% confidence interval for the ratios test/reference of the bioequivalency parameters and if the generics were bioequivalent. From the list of solid oral form of generic drugs marketed in 2012 and 2013 in the Canadian province of Quebec, we downloaded the monographs of generics from Health Canada’s website. We then proceeded to gather information on monograph availability, whether they respected Health Canada’s guidelines and if they were bioequivalent. Our study revealed that in 2012, there were 254 eligible generics, 9.8% of them had no monograph available and only 47.6% were available in both of Canada’s official languages. Similarly for 2013, there were 227 eligible generics, 7.0% of them had no monograph available and only 41.0% were available in both of Canada’s official languages. Overall, only 57.09% of generics in 2012 and 65.20% of generics in 2013 were shown bioequivalent to their reference drug. This data indicates that health care professionals amongst others, lack crucial information to make a responsible decision on the use of generics.
{"title":"Bioequivalence of Generic Drugs Commercialised on the Canadian Market","authors":"E. Trudel, M. Parent, A. Côté","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000150","url":null,"abstract":"Several international studies have revealed that there are deficiencies and non bioequivalencies in generic drug reports. The purpose of this study is to determine if monographs were available in both of Canada’s official languages for all generics introduced in the Canadian province of Quebec in 2012 and 2013, if the monographs contained all the required 90% confidence interval for the ratios test/reference of the bioequivalency parameters and if the generics were bioequivalent. From the list of solid oral form of generic drugs marketed in 2012 and 2013 in the Canadian province of Quebec, we downloaded the monographs of generics from Health Canada’s website. We then proceeded to gather information on monograph availability, whether they respected Health Canada’s guidelines and if they were bioequivalent. Our study revealed that in 2012, there were 254 eligible generics, 9.8% of them had no monograph available and only 47.6% were available in both of Canada’s official languages. Similarly for 2013, there were 227 eligible generics, 7.0% of them had no monograph available and only 41.0% were available in both of Canada’s official languages. Overall, only 57.09% of generics in 2012 and 65.20% of generics in 2013 were shown bioequivalent to their reference drug. This data indicates that health care professionals amongst others, lack crucial information to make a responsible decision on the use of generics.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81065549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000147
Balasubramanian T, Karthikeyan M
Background: Amaranthus hybridus is claimed to be useful in treating dysentery, diarrhoea, hemorrhage of the bowel, ulcers, liver infections and knee pain in Indian traditional system of medicine, and in southern India, the leaves are used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present research was conducted to evaluate the nephron protective effect of ethanol extract of Amaranthus hybridus leaves in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Wister albino rats were induced diabetic by a single dose of STZ (50 mg/kg i.p.). The serum and urine renal function parameters-creatinine, urea, uric acid, albumin and total proteins were measured on 15th day after daily oral administration of Amaranthus hybridus ethanolic leaves extract (AHELE) for 14 days at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The antioxidant potential of extract was also determined. Hence, the effects of the AHELE treatments on the kidney histological profile in STZ nephrotoxic rats were observed. Results: The present study investigation showed that the AHELE significantly (P<0.001) attenuated elevations in the serum levels of creatinine, urea and uric acid, and urine levels of total proteins and albumin, in diabetic treated rats as compared with diabetic control rats. The extract also improved altered serum total protein associated with diabetes nephropathy. A significant decrease in TBARS (P<0.001), and significant increase in SOD (P<0.001), CAT (P<0.01) and reduced glutathione levels (P<0.001) were observed in the kidney of rats treated with AHELE. Furthermore, the histopathological study of kidney in drug treated rats shows significant protective effect against STZ oxidative stress. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Amaranthus hybridus possesses significant nephronprotective effect against oxidative damage in diabetic rats.
{"title":"Therapeutic Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on Diabetic Nephropathy","authors":"Balasubramanian T, Karthikeyan M","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000147","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Amaranthus hybridus is claimed to be useful in treating dysentery, diarrhoea, hemorrhage of the bowel, ulcers, liver infections and knee pain in Indian traditional system of medicine, and in southern India, the leaves are used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present research was conducted to evaluate the nephron protective effect of ethanol extract of Amaranthus hybridus leaves in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Wister albino rats were induced diabetic by a single dose of STZ (50 mg/kg i.p.). The serum and urine renal function parameters-creatinine, urea, uric acid, albumin and total proteins were measured on 15th day after daily oral administration of Amaranthus hybridus ethanolic leaves extract (AHELE) for 14 days at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The antioxidant potential of extract was also determined. Hence, the effects of the AHELE treatments on the kidney histological profile in STZ nephrotoxic rats were observed. Results: The present study investigation showed that the AHELE significantly (P<0.001) attenuated elevations in the serum levels of creatinine, urea and uric acid, and urine levels of total proteins and albumin, in diabetic treated rats as compared with diabetic control rats. The extract also improved altered serum total protein associated with diabetes nephropathy. A significant decrease in TBARS (P<0.001), and significant increase in SOD (P<0.001), CAT (P<0.01) and reduced glutathione levels (P<0.001) were observed in the kidney of rats treated with AHELE. Furthermore, the histopathological study of kidney in drug treated rats shows significant protective effect against STZ oxidative stress. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Amaranthus hybridus possesses significant nephronprotective effect against oxidative damage in diabetic rats.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84477413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000148
Ammar A Daer, A. Abuaffan
Background: Anterior open bites a vertical discrepancy where the upper incisors crowns fail to overlap the lower incisors crown when the mandible brought into the centric occlusion. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of anterior open bite in the permanent dentition in a sample of sample of Yemeni adults, 18-25 years old in Sana’a city. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in Sana’a at the faculties of dentistry (Sana’a, Al-Salam, and Science and Technology Universities) to ensure a mixed ethnic sample from all cities in Yemen for a sample of 1585 students (576 male and 1009 female). The overbite was recorded in the dental clinics for the dental students directly in the oral cavity by measuring with metallic rulers the degree of the vertical overlap of the upper incisors to the lower incisors during centric occlusion. The data was processed and analyzed using computer software program “SPSS” (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 17. A descriptive statistical analysis was used in this study. Results: The overall prevalence of the anterior open bite in the current study was 4.1%, more frequent among male (8%) than female (1.9%). The normal overbite account was 41.2%, increased overbite reported in 26.75% of the sample, reduced over bite in 22.15%, while edge to edge was recorded in 5.8% of the sample. Conclusion: The prevalence of anterior open bite in Yemeni adults was 4.1%. Males generally showed a higher percentage, 4 times more than female (7.99 in male and 1.88 in female).
背景:当下颌骨进入中位咬合时，前开牙是上门牙冠与下门牙冠不能重叠的垂直差异。本研究的目的是确定样本的也门成年人，18-25岁在萨那市的恒牙列前开咬的患病率。材料和方法:该研究在萨那的牙科学院(萨那、萨拉姆和科技大学)进行，以确保来自也门所有城市的1585名学生(576名男性和1009名女性)的混合种族样本。在牙科诊所，用金属尺测量上门牙与下门牙在中心咬合时的垂直重叠程度，直接在口腔内记录复咬合情况。使用SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)第17版计算机软件程序对数据进行处理和分析。本研究采用描述性统计分析。结果:本研究中，前牙开咬的总体患病率为4.1%，男性(8%)高于女性(1.9%)。正常复咬合占41.2%，增加复咬合占26.75%，减少过咬合占22.15%，边缘到边缘占5.8%。结论:也门成年人前牙开咬的患病率为4.1%。男性比例普遍较高，为女性的4倍(男性7.99，女性1.88)。
{"title":"Prevalence of Anterior Open Bite among Yemeni Adults","authors":"Ammar A Daer, A. Abuaffan","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000148","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Anterior open bites a vertical discrepancy where the upper incisors crowns fail to overlap the lower incisors crown when the mandible brought into the centric occlusion. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of anterior open bite in the permanent dentition in a sample of sample of Yemeni adults, 18-25 years old in Sana’a city. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in Sana’a at the faculties of dentistry (Sana’a, Al-Salam, and Science and Technology Universities) to ensure a mixed ethnic sample from all cities in Yemen for a sample of 1585 students (576 male and 1009 female). The overbite was recorded in the dental clinics for the dental students directly in the oral cavity by measuring with metallic rulers the degree of the vertical overlap of the upper incisors to the lower incisors during centric occlusion. The data was processed and analyzed using computer software program “SPSS” (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 17. A descriptive statistical analysis was used in this study. Results: The overall prevalence of the anterior open bite in the current study was 4.1%, more frequent among male (8%) than female (1.9%). The normal overbite account was 41.2%, increased overbite reported in 26.75% of the sample, reduced over bite in 22.15%, while edge to edge was recorded in 5.8% of the sample. Conclusion: The prevalence of anterior open bite in Yemeni adults was 4.1%. Males generally showed a higher percentage, 4 times more than female (7.99 in male and 1.88 in female).","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82764503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-24DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000128
Xiaoqin Hu, Wang Zhirong, Z. Chaoqun, Z. Zhuoqi, S. Hong, Chen Mingyue
Oxidative stress injury plays an important role in the process of atrial remodeling. The mechanisms of oxidative stress injury in atrial by rapid pacing and the protective effects of resveratrol will be explored in this study. Thirty-two isolated rabbit hearts were produced by rapid atrial pacing. They were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (Ctrl group), Rapid Atrial Pacing group (RAP group), Apocynin Pretreatment group (APO group) and Resveratrol Pretreatment group (RES group); each with 8 rabbits. At the end, the indexs of the oxdise stress were measured take advantage of the techniques of the immunohistochemistry, western blotting and reverse transcription PCR.
{"title":"Effects of Resveratrol on Oxidative Stress Injury Induced by Rapid-Pacingin Isolated Rabbit Hearts","authors":"Xiaoqin Hu, Wang Zhirong, Z. Chaoqun, Z. Zhuoqi, S. Hong, Chen Mingyue","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000128","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress injury plays an important role in the process of atrial remodeling. The mechanisms of oxidative stress injury in atrial by rapid pacing and the protective effects of resveratrol will be explored in this study. \u0000Thirty-two isolated rabbit hearts were produced by rapid atrial pacing. They were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (Ctrl group), Rapid Atrial Pacing group (RAP group), Apocynin Pretreatment group (APO group) and Resveratrol Pretreatment group (RES group); each with 8 rabbits. At the end, the indexs of the oxdise stress were measured take advantage of the techniques of the immunohistochemistry, western blotting and reverse transcription PCR.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"183 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80413784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-06DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.1000127
S. Deshp, akishor Duragkar, D. Samiksha, ekar
Objective: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) from fish oil is known to have numerous health benefits including antiinflammatory and antioxidant actions. With the intention of producing an alternative source to fish EPA, we have microbially synthesized EPA (mEPA) from rice bran oil, spectroscopically analysed and was pharmacologically evaluated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mEPA on various hepatic enzyme biomarkers in experimentally induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Animals were divided into 7 groups of six animals each; control being treated with vehicle, another group with standard (Silymarin; 25 mg/kg per day, p.o.); 3 groups with mEPA (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg p. o.) and one with fish oil (1 g/ kg p. o.) for 15 days. The hepatotoxicity was induced in all groups except control by single dose of CCl4 mixed with olive oil as vehicle in 1:1 ratio (3 ml/kg of rat body weight) on 5th day. Biochemical assays for SGOT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin were performed using serum samples. The histopathology of liver of all groups was carried out to compare the pathological changes. Results: The serum levels of SGPT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin were found to be increased in the CCl4 induced hepatotoxic sham control group which were significantly lowered down in the treated groups. The treatment with 50 mg/ kg dose has shown maximum inhibition in enzyme levels and regenerative changes with maintained hepatic architecture compared with standard and fish oil. Conclusion: Thus, microbially synthesized EPA from rice bran oil has shown promising hepato-protective effect and can fulfil the need of alternative source of EPA to fish oil.
{"title":"Effect of Microbially Synthesized Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity","authors":"S. Deshp, akishor Duragkar, D. Samiksha, ekar","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.1000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000127","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) from fish oil is known to have numerous health benefits including antiinflammatory and antioxidant actions. With the intention of producing an alternative source to fish EPA, we have microbially synthesized EPA (mEPA) from rice bran oil, spectroscopically analysed and was pharmacologically evaluated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mEPA on various hepatic enzyme biomarkers in experimentally induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Animals were divided into 7 groups of six animals each; control being treated with vehicle, another group with standard (Silymarin; 25 mg/kg per day, p.o.); 3 groups with mEPA (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg p. o.) and one with fish oil (1 g/ kg p. o.) for 15 days. The hepatotoxicity was induced in all groups except control by single dose of CCl4 mixed with olive oil as vehicle in 1:1 ratio (3 ml/kg of rat body weight) on 5th day. Biochemical assays for SGOT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin were performed using serum samples. The histopathology of liver of all groups was carried out to compare the pathological changes. Results: The serum levels of SGPT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin were found to be increased in the CCl4 induced hepatotoxic sham control group which were significantly lowered down in the treated groups. The treatment with 50 mg/ kg dose has shown maximum inhibition in enzyme levels and regenerative changes with maintained hepatic architecture compared with standard and fish oil. Conclusion: Thus, microbially synthesized EPA from rice bran oil has shown promising hepato-protective effect and can fulfil the need of alternative source of EPA to fish oil.","PeriodicalId":15589,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Drugs","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80243318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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